Ko te ahumahi o katatānga: whakatutukitanga me ngā rahunga

I roto i te wawe 20-doma o te rau tau whakamutunga i roto i katoa te raruraru USSR ahumahi tae tona tihi. Kua arahina Taunakitanga o raruraru ki te māramatanga o te hiahia ki te whakatere ahumahi. Otiia i roto i Moscow, ka anga tautohe kaha e pā ana ki te tikanga me ara o tona whakatinanatanga.

ariā aroraa

Tiamana o te Kaunihera Economic Supreme i i taua wa Dzerzhinsky. whakaarohia e ia i roto i te wahi tuatahi ki te tīmata te whakawhanake i ahumahi marama. e whakahaere tenei te whiwhi o te moni tere, me te whakarite i te hua koraha kiritaki. taunaki Tuarua Dzerzhinsky Piatakov te whakaterenga o te whanaketanga o te ahumahi taimaha. tautoko ana tēnei tono e Preobrazhensky, Trotsky ko Stalin. Ko te moni e tika ana mo te hanganga o te tipu hou, me te ao hou, o te tīariari mahara ki te tiki i te reallocating ratou i te rāngai tūmataiti - i roto i te taake o te koraha, collectivization me te utu taurite. I te tau 1926, i te whenua mana haere mo te whakatere o ahumahi. Heoi, i roto i tenei ara tautuhi tonu te raruraru.

Kazakhstan i te wā o te ahumahi

E ai ki nga mahere o te kāwanatanga pokapū, i mahara tenei wāhi ki te kia kotahi o nga wāhanga matua o te kaupapa here öhanga whakatere. Tino whaia he kaupapa here o Moscow F. Goloshchekin. Nāna ia mo te hanganga o te käwanatanga te ahumahi keri me te waka tereina, whakarato te kaweake o ngā rauemi mata. говоря, была направлена на создание материальной базы для передовых промышленных районов СССР. Ko te ahumahi o katatānga, i poto, i hāngai ki te hanga i te pūtake rauemi mō rohe ahumahi matatau o te USSR. Ētahi rangatira rohe arahina e Sadvakasova ātete te kaupapa here taua. . whakaekea e ratou i te akoranga o te ahumahi o katatānga. Ratou whakaaro ko ki te waihanga i tētahi ahumahi pakihi, me te ahumahi marama. Tenei kia tangohia ki pūkete nga ngākau nuitanga o te Republic. tamata mana Local ki te kupu ārai i te huringa o te rohe ki te koroni. Otiia ko nga taumahatanga i runga i te taha o Goloshekin. приобрело неоколониальную форму. Kua riro te whanaketanga o te ahumahi i roto i te katatānga te puka neo-koroni.

hanga rori

началось с транспортной инфраструктуры. tīmata te whakatinanatanga o te ahumahi i roto i katatānga ki te hanganga waka. Ko te hanganga o te rerewē Turkestan-Siberian / d te kaupapa nui tuatahi. hono te reira ki Alama-Ata ko Semipalatinsk. oti Construction i roto i 1931. I te tau 1927 oti ara hanga Petropavlovsk - Kokchetau. I te tau 1931 ka whakaputa te reira ki Akmola. I te tau 1939 i hanga ai ara Rubtsovsk - Ridder, Ileck - Oral, Aqmola - Karaganda, a i roto i te 1940 - Karaganda - Jezkazgan. whakarato ēnei ara te kaweake o ngā rauemi mata i te whenua.

kamupene

Fakataha ki te rori i hanga, ka toe langa whare ahumahi. Na, whakahokia Karsakpay Ridder me otaota. meatia te mahi i roto i te maina waro Karaganda. Timata hanga kaha o te tipu mata Chimkent mo tukatuka, Zhezkazgan ko Balkhash kaitahi, UST-Kamenogorsk mata-konutea whakato. осложнялся нагнетанием темпов и неоправданным завышением планов. I uaua te akoranga o te ahumahi i roto i katatānga i te werohanga o te tere me te mahere ore. I roto i te 1929, ua faaoti te mana ki te whakahou i te mahere-tau e rima tohu matua whakarunga. Tenei hua i roto i te mau fifi i te taputapu me te hōpuni i raro i hanga. He raruraru ki te rauemi raw. Kua te huinga o ngā whare kua whakatotoka. Ahakoa te meka i mahi te kamupene i roto i te rōrahi production etahi, kaha tonu, kihai i taea e ratou piro. длилась в целом до начала Второй мировой. Ahumahi i roto i te katatānga roa te katoa ki te aroaro o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao.

kaupapa here hekenga

возник дефицит в рабочей силе. I roto i nga tau o te ahumahi i roto i katatānga reira ko he kaimahi o hōpuni. ai te reira i te tere tere o te hanganga ahumahi. Hei whakarato kaimahi me ngā whakaurunga ia te whakaora i runga i whakangungu iwi mana rohe mahi huinga o te iwi i roto i nga rohe ki te hauauru o te USSR. I roto i ēnei wāhanga, ko tiketike rawa te auau kore mahi. Hoki te biennium 1931-1940. te Republic i kawea atu atu i 550 mano. iwi. He maha nui o kaimahi e te nuinga o iti-mohio, he peasants i te kainga, me pa pahuatia e collectivization.

raruraru

Ka rite ki te hua o te kaupapa here hekenga i roto i hinonga kua hinga koi, e kore mahi anake, engari ano hoki te ako. I waenganui i nga kaimahi mohio, me te Pakeha kuware, maha i papā kāinga. I roto i te hinonga ka kaha haurangi, whai. tenei katoa nui e aukati ana i te ahumahi. Hei tauira, i roto i te hanganga o Turksib hotoke 1928 i reira ko he pogrom i Sergipole. I i horahia Karsakpay whakato haurangi, hooliganism, i reira e maha pakanga iwi. I Ridder tipu Kazakhs kihai i whakaaetia i roto i te whare ki Russian, utua iti rohe i te manuhiri ki te taua tohu mātauranga. He nga raruraru ki te whiwhi tiaki hauora. ko auau rerekē High i te hinonga.

manene motuhake

Kua mahi ratou rite te puna o ētahi o te kaimahi. ngā tāngata whai Motuhake - peasants peia, Maori o Siberia me rohe pokapū o te whenua. I te 1931 ka whakatutehu ia e pā ana ki 70 mano. Tangata i roto i Karaganda. i whakaturia ratou i roto i te 25 kainga nei tikanga i wehingia. i araia tāngata Motuhake ki haere i waho te rohe o te noho. mahi ratou i roto i nga maina, i runga i te hanga o nga pa, te rerewhenua. Ko te hunga e mahi, riro 600 karamu pararau - 300 karamu o te taro, he ra. Mai i te mate horapa me matekai, mate maha ngā tāngata motuhake. i whakakapi ratou e te iwi hou i kawea mai. I roto i te whānui, ka tono tangata Kazakhstan e pā ana ki 189 mano. Kulaks mua. i kawea mai 150,000 o ratou i roto i 1931. Ko te katoa maha o ngā tāngata whai motuhake i roto i te tau 1937 tae 360 mano.

pūnaha puni

I hanga te reira i roto i te tikanga ki te whakarato hinonga nui mana cheap. I roto i te 1931, i hanga e te puni Karaganda. roto te reira i te tāmitanga o ngā rohe katoa o te Uniana. I roto i te 30-40-doma o te maha puni taua i hanga i roto i te Republic. Katatānga, ko te kupu, kua riro te wahi nui-tauine o te whakarau.

pikinga

проводилась за счет ухудшения качества жизни населения, в частности, крестьянства. I tū te ahumahi o katatānga i te utu o te kounga o te ora, ngā te koraha. I roto i nga tau e rima i 1929 ki te 1934, i reira ko tetahi auau tiketike o te pikinga. tae tupu supply moni 180%, me te utu o taonga hangaia whakatika i 250-300%. Ko te huinga o ngā i roto i te mahere-tau e rima e pā ana ki, i roto i ngā, ahumahi marama, a kihai i i whakatinanatia.

hua pai

, эксперты отмечают существенный рост объема промышленного производства, увеличение доли его продукции в хозяйстве. Ma te haapii i te āhuatanga o te ahumahi i roto i katatānga, tohunga mōhio he hua nui i roto i te rōrahi o te production ahumahi, te whakanui ake i te wahi o tona production i runga i te pāmu. Na roto i te mōhiohio ak. Ashinbaeva, i roto i te mahere-tau e rima tuatahi o 40 hinonga nui, puta noa i whakarewahia te tuarua i roto i te whenua - 120, a he 700 nui-tauine hanga te tuatoru timata Aktobe matū me Balkhash parahi kaitahi, tipu mata i roto i Shymkent, Karaganda waro peihana, me ētahi atu i te kī. tereina Turkestan-Siberian. I tua atu, i te hanga o ngā tipu te mana, me te nui.

ahumahi extractive

I roto i tenei rāngai ka mau ano hoki ahumahi whakatere. в первые довоенные пятилетки акцент ставился на добыче природных ресурсов для удовлетворения народного хозяйства всего Союза в продукции нефтяной, угольной, пищевой и легкой промышленности, цветной металлургии. I roto i katatānga i roto i te mahere-tau e rima i mua i-te pakanga tuatahi, whakanohoia aro i runga i te tangohanga o ngā rauemi māori ki te whakatau i te ōhanga o te hanga Union katoa i roto i te ahumahi hinu, waro, kai me te marama, metallurgy nonferrous. I roto i te 1939, moni te wahi o te Republic i te katoa tuku o te mata, me te parahi i roto i te whenua ki te 84,8%, me te 16.2%, aua. Na roto i te tau 1940, ko Kazakhstan i wahi tuarua i roto i te Union mō metallurgy kore-ferrous, me te tuatoru - mo te hinu me te waro. Ko te wahi o te ahumahi i roto i te putanga kerekere i 63.7% versus 13.5% i te aroaro o te Mahere rima tau tuatahi.

collectivization

I roto i te tau i hanga 1928-1930 i roto i te wehenga whakahaere o te USSR. I roto i te wahi o nga kawanatanga, ka haere mai taone me kauti ki te rohe, me te rohe. Ratou, i roto i te tahuri, wehea ki takiwa. Enei wae i Kauti iti, engari rohe te nuinga o kauti. сопровождалась коллективизацией. I roto i te ahumahi-tau e rima tuatahi i roto i katatānga tahi collectivization. I roto i tona runga i roto i te whenua i te momo hikihiki me āhua-hikihiki atu 550 mano pāmu. haere Collectivisation i hanganga raina pāmu kāwanatanga ngā, haying mīhini-teihana (MSS). I mua i te pakanga, i reira nga feohi papatipu. Hei wāhanga o te pāmu ngā i 99% o pāmu katoa. I tua atu, 4 o te pāmu, kua kua hanga e me 331 MCC.

hapa

I roto i te tukanga o te collectivization uru i tōnounoú. I roto i te wahi tuatahi, me te ahumahi, ko ia e haere ana tere i roto i te wa poto rawa. I roto i te Hui-tanguru 1930, mo te tauira, ka te pāmu ngā neke atu i te 70%, me te i roto i ētahi o ngā wāhanga - ki runga ki te 80% o whare. I tua atu, i te mahi "te tupekepeke" i tetahi ahua o te mahi ki tetahi, kahore te hanga hiahiatanga, tango ki pūkete te pū o te rāngai ahuwhenua o te whenua. Ko E rite nui te whakawhanaunga takoha me te kararehe tara ā-whare. Ko te kararehe i tangohia ara te rawakore. Tenei meinga riri i roto i te koraha. timata iwi ki te hoko i te taonga, kararehe, me te neke ki ngā rohe tata - whenua Central Asia i te rohe o te waenganui me raro Täingäwai, Western Siberia, Bashkiria, a i roto i ētahi wā, me te i roto i ētahi atu whenua - Mongolia, China me ētahi atu.

hua

Kua meinga e te ahumahi o katatānga kino nui ki te ahuwhenua. I roto i te rerekē ki te whakakotahitanga o 80% o te whare i roto i te pāmu ngā i roto i te 1930 (i roto i te puna) o ratou i toe e pā ana ki 10-15%. Hoki rohe o te käwanatanga i mahue atu atu i 180 mano. Farms. tino turakina tenei te ōhanga o katatānga, meinga kino rahi ki te kararehe. I muri, ka tangohia mehua ki te whakakore i te mau hopearaa o te kakai mahia. Heoi, e kore ia e taea te ki whakahoki te taupori ngaro i roto i te mahere i mua i-te whawhai-tau e rima. He wero matua o te tukanga katoa ko te backwardness pāpori-ōhanga. I roto i taua mau huru, i te iwi o te Republic ki te hanga i te tupeke tere i feudalism ki hapori i waho te haere ki te atamira capitalist. I ke kovi ange te āhuatanga i te meka e te ora o te matatini ōhanga i muri i te wawaotanga ke, me te Pakanga Civil nui roa. Na roto i te 1926, kua tae te ahumahi i roto i te whenua% 61 anake o te taumata 1913, i te / s - 82,9%. Ko reira tino iti, taumata mua-hou. I hoatu te wahi ārahi i roto i te ahumahi ki production-tauine iti, e hua taonga te nuinga kiritaki, me te anake ngā hinonga ririki mahi i roto i te tukatuka o kararehe rauemi raw me ngā hua o te ahuwhenua.