Ko reira taea ki te karo i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao? Tiamana-Soviet Tiriti Frontier (te Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact). Stalin ko Hitler

Ahakoa hītori e kore huru subjunctive, tonu me kairangahau, a kei te tono ratou iwi noa ranei ia e taea te ki te karo i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. Hei whakahoki i tēnei pātai, e ti'a ia tatou titiro i nga take o te pakanga patu nui rawa i roto i te tuatapaparaa o te taata.

E fakafiemālie'i ai te wahine taikaha

I roto i te 1933, ki te kaha i roto i Germany ka haere nga kau Nasí, arahina e Adolf Hitler. he Radicals i roto i te manakohia o whakahöu nga hua o te Pakanga II o te Ao, ka rite ki te hua o nei i to ratou whenua kua tangohia o te wahi nui o tona rohe, a mahue kahore te ope. I te wa ano i hanga Hitler kāwanatanga totalitarian rite i roto i Itari e Penito Mussolini.

I runga i te eve o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ka anga te Fuehrer nga takahanga tuatahi o te mharahara o te whenua o āhua tata. I runga i te ringa kotahi, rapu ia ki te uru fraternal, ko Ateria i te tahi atu - ki te tango atu i te rohe Sudetenland o Czechoslovakia te wahi nui o te taupori, tito te o Tiamana matawaka.

Kua titiro kau taki Western i roto i ona maihao i kōrero kaitaua o Hitler. Otiia ahakoa ko reira taea ki te karo i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao? I teie mahana, e whakapono ai e kua peia tona takenga he "kaupapa here o te whakamarie", i whakahaere i roto i Paris ko London. Na te United Basileia, a France (rite te whenua wikitoria i roto i te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau me te tiai matua o te Tiriti Versailles) e hoatu te pēhanga ki runga i te Führer rite kihai ia i whai wa ki te hanga i tētahi ope kaha, engari i kore. Aha i tupu i te reira? Ko tētahi o nga take nui o te whakamarie ki Hitler ko te wehi o whenua capitalist Western o Communism, me te Soviet Union.

Kāore he pai o te manapori ki Stalin

Mai taua tau, ka haere mai nga mua Russian ki te mana, ko Europe te whakaaro o "revolution ao". E kore kua te pakanga ā-iwi puta ke ki te hīkoi whakamanamana i o te ënei whenua i roto i te Ao Tahito (kowaowaotia ia hoki i roto i Poland). Otiia, katoa o nga 20 me 30 matahiti. kua te whakahaumi taumaha atu te kāwanatanga Soviet i roto i te whakatairanga o ngā whakaaro leftist ki waho. I hanga he International hou ki te āwhina i te revolution ao.

Hoki enei take katoa, no Western Europe ki te USSR rite te riri tika ki tona oraraa. anga ara ōkawa takawaenga whanaunga ki te mua taonga whenua capitalist ki te tīmata anake i roto i te 1930. Ko te putanga o te riri Nasí takahi taea arahi ki te maungārongo i waenganui i nga pūnaha tūturu rua, engari reira e kore tupu.

I muri i te matenga o Lenin i te mana Soviet āta hāngai i roto i te ringa o Stalin. tautuhi te reira i te kaupapa here ke katoa o te whenua, me te, ahakoa i te Soviet Union kahore matenga ōkawa o te kāwanatanga. I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te 1930. tīmataria Stalin te repressions papatipu. I raro i a ratou i te katoa i nga mua tawhito ki te ope, me te iwi noa. "Te wehi nui" atu tahuri atu i Moscou, te feia faatere o te Western. Ko reira taea ki te karo i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao? Ahakoa, ki te pera, kahore i te reira i roto i te take, ina hiahia kaitōrangapū Pākehā uniana ki Stalin e fakafiemālie'i ai Hitler.

Whakaaetanga Munich

Kua tae diplomats Acme kaupapa here uatoko Führer Western Mahuru 30, 1938. i hainatia whakama i tenei ra i te Whakaaetanga Munich, i raro i i haere ki a Germany no ki Czechoslovakia, Sudetenland. hainatia Hitler reira, Mussolini, British te Pirimia a Chamberlain me Wīwī Pirimia Daladier.

Czechoslovakia ki te whakaae i te tikanga hou o nga mea i hanga i roto i te puka o tëtahi. Te Soviet Union, i tangohia e wahi i roto i te kawenata āwhina tahi ki taua whenua, me te France, te tikanga waiho. Stalin ki tona whakaaro i runga i te hiti o tōrangapū ao. He nui i muri Europe i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, manauhea haamana'o te Whakaaetanga Munich, i muri hua he tau i roto i te timatanga o te pakanga patu ati rahi.

Hoki te whakatau a Stalin i Czechoslovakia kahore tona whai wāhitanga ko te whakaitinga whaiaro. Kua whakakaha ngā Munich wehi o te rangatira o nga iwi o te whakatakotoria ana o fascists me te manapori, te hua o nei i taea e te tahuri o fakaaoao Tiamana te rawhiti. I te wa ano, e kore i taea e Stalin ariu ki te take i te tirohanga o to ratou ake kaha. whakakaha te whakarōpūtanga o te Army Whero i e Mahuru 1938, i runga i nga rohe ki te hauauru o te whenua, engari kaitōrangapū ki te Pākehā e papaki utua whakarongo ki te tohu fakahāhaa'i. Kua i Oketopa Tuhinga whakamuri whakamutunga, me te kāwanatanga Soviet ka anga ki te titiro mo te ara takawaenga i roto i o taratahi. I roto i te Kremlin, i whakaritea e te reira ki te pei i te poro i waenganui i te Fuehrer me nga manahune Western.

Ko te wā o te papû ore

I mua Stalin ko Hitler ofi, hanga te rangatira Soviet rave rahi demarches whakahe France me te UK, a, i runga i te anga ke, manihini Germany ki kōrero. Taua ko te kupu i te XVIII Congress o te Pāti i Maehe 1939. ka mea a Stalin e kore e waiho te reira mo te Western kaitōrangapū katania i o te ahi, a huaina ratou provocateurs nei tamata ki kohuru Berlin me Moscow. Just he torutoru ra i muri i tenei kupu, tino nohoia Hitler Czechoslovakia. ka mārama Ahakoa optimists e haere te take ki te whawhai hou nui. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga, whakaaro a Stalin, ko te "kaha toru o", puta reira atu me te nui atu.

Puta noa i te puna, me te raumati o 1939 diplomats Pākehā ngana ana ki te whiriwhiri. Tangata tangata whakawhirinaki me te whakaaetanga unofficial taea hinga motu te ra i muri. I roto i tenei te pakari o ngā whiriwhiringa kaitōrangapū tamata ki te feruri i roto i ranei ia e taea te ki te karo i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. tahuri te reira i roto i taua i reira he.

e kore e pērā i ngā whiriwhiringa ki te USSR, France me Great Britain whakaturia i te timatanga. arahina e ia a ratou ki a te Iwi Commissar mo Foreign Affairs Maxim Litvinov, te hono tona ingoa pai faaitoito ra ope anti-Nasí, me te whai wāhitanga o te Soviet Union. I roto i te Mei 1939, ka tonoa a ia te matenga o te Soviet Union ki tūranga. Ko te taahiraa fakahāhaa'i. këtia e ia te heke mai o te pūtahitanga, hoki i haere ki a Stalin ko Hitler. Commissar o iwi mo Foreign Affairs Molotov timata, me tenei, kahore feaa, ko te tohu hoa ki Germany. Ki te awhina o kaimahi castling Stalin kaupapa here ke tino arotahi i roto i o ratou ringa. Na roto i Molotov reira ki te mahi i nui māmā ake i roto i Litvinov, uaua tae mai na roto i te tari o te rangatira o Kremlin.

kawenata Non-fakaaoao

Ko te tumutumú o te maungārongo Soviet-German ka te Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact. I roto i rite mohiotia he aha tīmataria te hainatanga o tenei tuhinga, ko Hitler. Akina te hui, tapaea e ia Moscow tona tautohe whakamutunga. whakaritea e te Führer kua e kore e taea te mahi i te whakaekenga tata o Poland i waho te auhoaraa ki te rangatira Soviet. August 21, tonoa Hitler he pukapuka whaiaro ki Stalin i roto i nei i te tino mārama tīwhiri e pā ana ki te whawhai tata, ka whakaekea ki te haina i te kawenata fakaaoao-kore.

I pā ana ki te pānui i te reira i tata. August 23, tae i roto i Moscow German Minita Foreign Joachim von Ribbentrop. Stalin ko Molotov huatau oha ia, a ka i hanga he kawenata nonaggression te Soviet Union ko Germany. ka taha e rua he aha ratou hiahia e rua. I te onoonoraa o Stalin me te kawa ngaro i rite. haere ana ia ki roto ki te Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact.

E ai ki tenei tuhinga, wehea te Soviet Union me Germany i waenganui Eastern Europe. rohe Soviet o moni ngā i roto i te wahi o Poland (Western Peraruhia me Ukraine Te Hau-ā-uru), te āhua Baltic, Finland, Bessarabia. hiahia Stalin ki te riro whenua me te faaho'iraa mai o te rohe o te Empire Russian mua. ko Hitler he hiahia ki te whakarite i te haumaru o ona ake rohe i roto i te whawhai ki a Poland me te toenga o Europe. kawenata Nonaggression te Soviet Union ko Germany, ki makona te hiahia o nga kau taki e rua.

hapa pragmatists

whakakitea ngā Future o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao e Nazi - tetahi o te kino rawa hara i roto i te aamu o te taata nei. Heoi, i roto i te 1939, tikanga Stalin, me ngā kaitōrangapū manapori ki Hitler, kia rite ki te huarahi ngāwari. diplomats Western whakatika e fakafiemālie'i ai te kupu Führer rite ki te rongonui "ki te anake i reira ko kahore he whawhai." Whakaaetanga ki a ia e kore i tika, ko noa te pātai katoa i roto i to ratou natura. Acting i roto i runga i te kaupapa here kiko, Stalin, i roto i te tikanga e kore rerekē i te hunga e haina te Whakaaetanga Munich.

Heoi, i reira ko te rerekētanga. Kua anake mawehe diplomats Western i te patu o to ratou whenua ake (te kupu taea Hitler tahuri ki te haehae i te torutoru whenua iti). Otiia kihai i Stalin mutu i tenei awhe "manakohia". faaoti ia ki te tango i tetahi wahi i roto i te wehenga o rohe. Ko te aha e rave rahi o te whenua i roto i te Pakanga II o te Ao te tīmatanga i titiro te Soviet Union hei hoa o Germany.

I tukua Stalin i te ringa Führer ki haere ki te hauauru, whakapono e France me Ingarangi i aki fakaaoao o te Tuatoru Reich ratou i roto i te te rawhiti. Otiia ara, ki te mahi i te rangatira Soviet i runga i te pūtake o te ngā pānga o te USSR, he reira hoatu ano e ia Hitler te tetere whakamutunga mo te pakarutanga o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. No reira (tango ki pūkete hoki te Whakaaetanga Munich), katoa e toru taha o te "kēmu nui" whakaaetia ki te tupu maha nga tau o te mīhini kai toto. Ko te kawenata i te Soviet Union ko Tiamana, ko te kī, engari e kore anake te taahiraa i roto i te ahunga o te ati e wehingia ana.

Rā o te timatanga me te mutunga o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao (1 Mahuru 1939 ki te 1 Mahuru 1945) - te wāhi matua i roto i te hītori o XX rau. Whakauaua tetahi i runga i te mahana o te pakanga patu fokotu'u e ka hua te whawhai i roto i te maha nui taua o aituā, me te kino. Oia atoa, i te wa whakaaetia diplomats korerorero ki te tupu WWI.

Pānga me te taonga tuku o te kawenata

A paraparau e pā ana ki te mana'o turai o te whanonga a Stalin i tona whanaunga ki Hitler, e kore ki te whakahua i te take Japanese. timata papatu Armed i runga i te hoa rawhiti o te Soviet Union i te puna o 1939. I te tuatahi, ngā i roto i Mongolia i hanga e momoho mo te Army Whero. Otiia i roto i te raumati ka timata te āhuatanga ki te huri i. I roto i August, ka hainatia Moscow whakaaetanga Soviet-German, tūranga o te Kremlin i te kōrero ki a Berlin whakakaha tino.

tahuri Pact i mo Japan hinga takawaenga. Na kihai i taea e ia te tatau i runga i te awhina o tona hoa Germany i roto i te whawhai ki te Soviet Union. Ko te toenga whakapumautia o mana i runga i te akoranga katoa o te aha e hohoro kia huaina "II 'a Māmaní". Take wāhanga, e kore e taea te whakaaro te hua o tenei pakanga, kahore tango ki pūkete te hui Japanese. I runga i te eve o te whawhai i runga i Pearl Harbor ki Tokyo tino tautohetohe e pā ana ki te hunga ki te patu i: te Soviet Union te United States ranei. hanga te kōwhiringa i roto i te manakohia o te hōtuhi American e ora te Soviet Union i te whawhai i runga i rua akina.

Hoki Stalin, ko te hainatanga o te kawenata nonaggression te wikitoria rauhanga. Na roto i te waitohu i te kirimana, hoatu ana e ia te tutukinga ki te hoariri pea nui a kite ana etahi ngaro i roto i te pirau o nga rohe Russian Empire. Ko te whakaaro o "tika hītori", e pā ana ki te rironga kotahi te rohe poutaha, tutaki ki te māramatanga me te aroha o te tokomaha tangata Soviet, a tae noa etahi i roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru. I mua i te rangatira Soviet puta te 'amanaki o tuhurihuri ki Tiamana me te whawhai ki ona mana Old World.

Secret wehenga kawa Eastern Europe ki ao o mana, o te akoranga, maka te atarangi i runga i te ingoa o te Soviet Union. Heoi, ka reira ko he pātai e pā ana ki te taea o te whawhai ki a Germany, kihai i manukanuka reira Stalin. I te tahi atu te ringa, i mahue te faufaa ai'a kino e whai ake nei rangatira o te Kremlin. Hoki i ngā tau, i pai mana Soviet ki te ite i te oraraa o te kawa ngaro. kape katoa e puta i roto i te press Western, ka karanga fakes me whakapataritaringa. faaho'ihia mai te parau mau o mua i anake i roto i te tau o perestroika, ka hopea uru te Soviet Union te pono kōrero kino e pā ana ki te Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact.

Ko te wehewehe o Poland

I muri haina i te kawenata fakaaoao-kore ki te Soviet Union, e timata Hitler ki whakatika te whawhai i roto i Europe. Ngā kaupapa whakahaere o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao ka timata Mahuru 1 1939 , ka whakaekea te Tuatoru Reich Poland. Ko tōna hoa France me Ingarangi i ki Germany, engari mau ka mau te wa ki te tomo ki te pakanga toto.

ruarua i ahau ko Stalin. Kua riro kē te wehewehe o Poland i runga i te pepa wahi. Ko te whakaekenga Soviet o Mahuru 17 anake timata i roto i tenei whenua, ka ko reira mārama he aha te putanga o fakaaoao Tiamana. kihai i Stalin hiahia ki te titiro rite te rua o nga rawaho. Na reira, haere te tūranga mōhiohio o te USSR i te meka e nō te Army Whero rohe o Western Peraruhia ko Western Ukraine, tīpakohia e Poland i 1921.

I rerekē i whakatö te mooni. mahi USSR mo o te iwi Belarusian me Ukrainian, engari e kore e te whakaurunga o ngā wāhi hou i roto i te Uniana i rite te huinga o nga iwi fraternal wehea. noho Army Whero te rohe ite Sovietization tere, e haere tahi i te tųkinotanga me te tāmitanga. Hua i roto i ēnei wāhanga ki ngā paerewa-pāpori, whakangaromia te Kremlin hotbeds o dissent, whakakahoretia te pūnaha capitalist ka whakaritea horoi papatipu.

kirimana hou

A, no te ko Poland raro i te mana oti o te Army Whero me te Wehrmacht ohi he tiriti hou o te auhoaraa, me te rohe ki waenganui o te USSR me Germany. Ko te hui e pā ana o tona hainatanga i runga i 28 Mahuru 1939.

Kawa Tuatahi ki te whakahaere i te utu o tangata Tiamana, me te Soviet i noho i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te rohe Polish wehea. whakaritea e rua atu whakaaetanga ngaro te hōkai o ngā ngākau nuitanga o āhua tautuhia te August Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. ko German-Soviet Frontier Tiriti tona tonu arorau. rohe raumati Soviet o te pānga i roto i te Baltic ngā Estonia me Latvia. Na i apitiria ano hoki reira Lithuania. kua waiho tenei whenua he "utu" mo te wahi o te kawanatanga i Lublin me Warsaw e nohoia e te hōia Tiamana (ahakoa i tukua enei rohe ki te Soviet Union).

I muri i te tahi mau wa, te Tiriti o Friendship me te rohe i reira ko te tāpiritanga. I hainatia te reira i roto i Hānuere 1941. Ko te tono whakaritea te rohe Soviet-German tata te Moana Baltic, rite pai rite te tikanga mo te whakanohonoho o Tiamana i te lepupilika Baltic Soviet ki tona Germany taketake. Ko te tāpiritanga ngā tikanga mo te whakataunga o ngā take e pā ana ki tautohetohe rawa. Na, tonu te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao i roto i Europe. Ko te pakanga matua i waenganui i France me Germany (te Tuatoru Reich hinga ohorere tere o te tuatoru Republic).

Ko te whawhai o nga dictators e rua

i whakawhanakehia hononga i waenganui i Stalin ko Hitler rite ki te āhuatanga tōrangapū e taea ana i roto i Europa i mua, me te i roto i te rua tau tuatahi o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. I te kāinga i roto i te Kremlin, kihai i whakakahore i te rangatira Soviet te taea o te pakarutanga o te pakanga patu ki Germany. Heoi, puta ia i te meka e taea te roa te whawhai hoki i te iti rawa tetahi tau torutoru i karo katoa reira ranei. tangohia Hitler te mahere whānui o te whawhai i runga i te Soviet Union i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te tau 1940.

oti te Soviet Union i taua wa te hononga o ngā wāhi wahi e i runga i te rohe mana Tiamana. I muri i nga rohe ki te hauauru o Peraruhia me Ukraine ko te tahuri o te Baltic. Ko te motuhake o Estonia, Latvia, me Lithuania puta i muri i te parariraa o te Russian Empire. Ēnei āhua i ope iti patu kihai i taea e tino whakauaua atu te Army Whero, hua i roto i tuwhera i reira ko kahore he hononga resistance whakaritea. Power i roto i nga whenua Baltic rite ki te hua o ngā whiriwhiringa ngaro ki te mana ā-rohe Molotov i whakawhitia ki te Rōpū Communist. Ko te hunga, i roto i te tahuri, ka mea Moscow ki whakaae ki te Soviet Union.

I roto i te raumati o te tau 1940 i hoatu Romania kohakore Soviet Morotōria. kihai i Monarch Carol II whakahekea te toto, a ka whakaae ki te'alú o Stalin. Heoi, ara i mua i tenei angitu ki te Kremlin whakaekea he kore e wehingia ana. E ai ki te kawenata ki a Tiamana i roto i te rohe o ngā ngākau nuitanga Soviet ngā ano Finland. Kua pai tenei whenua ki te farii i'alú o Stalin. I roto i te Noema 1939, i te Winter War (tonu taua mea mo te toru me te marama i te hawhe). Te Army Whero i tukua parekura nui. awhina Finland motuhake (ahakoa homai etahi rohe rohe o Karelia).

Stalin tokomaha noa whakaaro atu Hitler te kore o te Soviet Union i te kaha ātete ki te Wehrmacht. He marama torutoru i muri i te mutunga o te Winter War i Berlin mahere "Barbarossa" i whāngai. E tenei wa nohoia Germany katoa pato'ii te continental Europe. Ka tutuki te hiahiatia i roto i te uru, i whakaturia e Hitler ana mātanga i runga i te rawhiti. I mua i te whawhai i runga i te Soviet Union i noho nga Balkans me hoa i hanga Romania me Bulgaria - nga whenua i nga i te ao Soviet o mana. Hipanga i te taahiraa tata whawhai ki Germany, engari kihai Stalin ki te whakapono tona timatanga nohopuku. e kore i puta ke ia ahau, ara i muri i te tau'a ore Hitler ana whakamaumahara e pā ana ki te whiriwhiringa takawaenga hou, me ona ake pūrongo ite i popoketanga o nga ope hapai patu i runga i te rohe. Ko te hua o tenei pakeke ka parekura nui, me te nui-tauine taui o te Army Whero i te tuatahi nga marama o te Pakanga Patriotic nui, i timata Pipiri 22, 1941.