Kaipaihere me tona tūranga i roto i te whakahou kaiahuwhenua o 1861

I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rautau tekau mā iwa, ko te Russian Empire he raupapa o whakahounga, te whakatakoto rite te whakaaro ki te whakaahua ke i te pūnaha pāpori-tōrangapū i roto i runga i te whakaritenga o te wa, ko tetahi o ratou te whakakāhoretanga o serfdom me te rawa whakaurua hoki tenei pou - te kaiwhakawhanaunga ā.

Ko te pātai kaiahuwhenua i raro i Alexander ahau

Na roto i te waenganui o tenei rau tau, ka haere mai ake Russia ki te ōhanga rawa ngoikore, me te ahuwhenua, te hinga i roto i te pakanga Crimean kua hë atu nga tukanga kino katoa o te mooni Russian. Ake mai i te timatanga o te rau tau XIX, kua tonu maranga te whakakāhoretanga o serfdom i te hapori. Alexander ahau i whakaturia tuatahi ake he rawa ohaoha, me te hinaaro rawa ki te whakatau. Rawa i muri i te wikitoria o to tatou whenua i roto i te Pakanga o 1812 me te pakanga ke o te mana'oo reformist kaha, i roto i te intelligentsia kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i nga peasants, me kaipupuri whenua ahu whakamua-whakaaro. Alexander Pavlovich katoa pai mōhio o, engari e kore e hohoro ki te whakahaere hanganga, me muri i te raupapa o ngā mahi hou i roto i te tahi mau whenua Pākehā, ka whakarerea e tetahi huringa i roto i te tūranga o kaimahi. Ture "i runga i cultivators free" me te whakaoranga i peasants fakafalala āhua Paratiki, i torutoru rawa - mehua katoa tangohia ki te hiki i te āhuatanga o te peasants.

Ko te wāhi o te tirohanga o Nicholas ahau Pavlovich

Ko te kainga o te teina Nicholas o te Hiha, i mohiotia te whānau rite te tino, momo whakatikanga ake nga Decembrists ' i roto i 1825, kua whakakaha atu te reira i roto i tenei aronga. I muri i tona pehanga o te Hiha ka mau ia wahi i roto i te ui ki o ngā kaiuru o whakakeke, a i roto i mua o ia fatata mai mārama pikitia ai hamau katoa o mooni Russian. Nicholas whakaae ahau ki taua faahitiraa parau, e serfdom i Russia - he kino, engari ki te huri i te tahi mea i roto i te mau huru, ua ia he kino noa nui.

Otiia, tona kingitanga o te Kaute tino o te emepera Arakcheev tuhia Tuhinga o nga serfs, nga hiahia o i hiahiatia ia tau e pā ana ki e rima miriona moni, a ka atu te tukanga i roto i te wa mo te wā tuatau. ka karanga Ahakoa tenei rawa iti kaupapa tuwhera ātete i porowhita kāwanatanga. ka mea a Minita Finance Count Kankrin e ahua o te moni i roto i te takotoranga kore, kia hiahia koe ki te kitea te ara i tetahi atu i roto i, ka haere mai ano te tahi atu polupopytki katoa ki tetahi mea. Nicholas ahau mo tona kingitanga nui roa na kahore i meatia ki te whakahaere i te raruraru kaimahi. Na, tonu te ōhanga ki te tupu i te tere puhoi, i hua i atu whanaketanga.

Ko te nekehanga i te "wahi mate"

I te 1856 ka haere ia ki te torona o te tama matamua Nicholas, Alexander II. I ia i hanga kē tangata me te tuakiri, o te faufaa rahi i te meka e ko te kaiako kainga Vasiliy Andreevich Zhukovsky, rohi pehe, ohaoha-whakaaro, me te ngana ki te faatupu i roto i a ratou i tona tauira. Mai i nga ra tuatahi kua whakaaturia o te kingitanga o Alexander hiahia ki te whakakahore i tītohunga kino, me te whakama - serfdom. tīmata te reira i katoa ki te tautohetohe tūmatanui i runga i te whakahou, e homai ana e ia he tikanga mārama me te irreversibility. Ko te whakapaipai i reira nga he maha o ngā kaupapa whakahou. I te tau 1859 ka whakaarahia ake e te komiti waihanga, e pai ai ki te tātari me te whakakotahi katoa o nga kaupapa, rapu i te hua tino tika ana mō te nga kaipupuri whenua me peasants. Ko te mahi i roto i te āhuatanga o ngā whakahēnga tino, ahakoa kahore te kingi i hoatu i roto i ki mau fifi, a tohe. Na roto i te timatanga o 1861 kua oti te faaineineraa katoa i, a Pepuere 19 i whakapuakina he Faaiteraa i runga i te whakakāhoretanga o serfdom, hinga huru slavish o nga peasants, engari mo te whakahou e hiahiatia ana ki te waihanga i tētahi rota o tinana hou me rangatira, e pai kia aru e tona mahi. Heoi i reira ko te actuator raro te - kaiwhakawhanaunga ā.

"Freedom"

"Ko te tikanga o te Faaiteraa 1861" tautuhi te raruraru taketake o enei mau taata rite te hononga hoahoa i waenganui i te rangatira, me te ahu whenua i runga i te pūtake o te kawenata i waenganui ia ratou, e mohiotia ana ko "tūtohinga ture." Ka rite ki kaitakawaenga te pai - te iwi mātau mo te mātakitaki o te kāwanatanga ā-rohe wae taiwhenua ngā, te whakaaetanga o tari fili (te kaiahuwhenua tuakana, Pariha kaiwhakahauhau). Ki te tika, he kaiwhakawhanaunga ā taea tango ratou i te tari. Ki te whakaaro ki te peasants, i farii ia ki mana ture, me te pirihimana, ki matau i te ngā pakanga iti, i taea te hopukina ka whakahau whiu kāpara. Wahi e te kaimahi kotahi cover takawaenga e toru ki te rima kauti. Puta noa i ngāue te kingitanga e pā ana ki 1714 o enei rangatira. I whakaritea ratou i roto i te hanahana o te rohe i runga i te tono o te Kawana, me te rangatira o te rangatira. Runga ake aroaro he rārangi o ngā mahi e kua faatiti'aifarohia kaiwhakawhanaunga ā, 1861 i te tino hua, he tokomaha kua whakaritea i roto i ngā kaiwhakarēti ahu whakamua, i roto ia ratou ko Leo Tolstoy, NI Takai. Ka rite ki tonu tatou i ki te neke i te tirotiro o ngā hanga i runga i te takawaenga heke ki ia tau e haere.

Ko te hua o te whakahou

Heoi, kua kairau a ratou he wāhi tino nui i roto i te whakahou. Ko te whakawhetai ki a ratou ki te mau tonu i te toenga o nga ngākau nuitanga o kaimahi, ahakoa e häpainga ratou, engari kihai i whiwhi i te reira āhua taimaha. Na ko te mea tino nui ki te hanga a ratou ngākau nuitanga tahi tika ture o ngā taha e rua o te tuhinga, he aha he tūtohinga. tamata kaitakawaenga te rangimarie ki nga kaiahuwhenua, me te kaiwhakarëti, no te mea kua tukuna taea te tauwhitinga whakaoranga, kia rite ki te pai rite ki te poto mana o peasants kihai i rawa auroa. Mutu nga mahi o enei rangatira i roto i te 1874, ka i hanga hei utu o rua pūtahi motuhake. Heoi, E ratou iti moni i roto i te hiahia o kaimahi, me te hohoro ka wahi o te taero nui o te Russian Empire. Otiia i meatia te mea matua: wetekina nga peasants i, me kaitakawaenga te pai - he tohu o te haere noa mo te peasants.