Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: takoha ki te koiora. Pai me ngā raruraru o te ariā o Lamarck

Ko te ariā matawhānui tuatahi o te kukuwhatanga whakaarohia e Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Takoha ki ōmataora e hāngai ana i runga i nga whakaaro me te mau parau tumu e kua vai i roto i te porowhita pūtaiao o te wā. Ko te nui tino o a ratou ko te whakaaro o Scala naturae, rite pai rite te whakaaro e taea momo rerekē i roto i ngā taiao rerekē.

Scala naturae, «mekameka nui o te" hoki ki a Aristotle, a pea ki te wā o mua. Ko te pūnaha aroākapa whakarōpū, te raro o e reira he kararehe pūtau, me te tihi - te uaua tino.

i tino noa ngā whakaaro e pā ana ki te rerekē haere ngā momo i roto i te tīmatanga o te rautau 19 - e kore ratou e riro i te pakaruhanga Lamarck. Hei tauira, Buffon, tona kaitohutohu, faaite ana whakaaro ake i runga i te tumu parau, ahakoa ko katoa ratou e marama.

Way ki koiora

ko Lamarck he ara tataramoa o te pūtaiao, te wā roa te taviniraa i roto i te ope, a hoki wha nga tau i ako ia rongoā, ngä höia a ia teina tuatahi. riro ia te ākonga o te taiao o Wīwī ārahi Bernard de Jussieu, e arotahi ana ki huaota, a i roto i te 1978 whakaputaina he kohinga e toru-rōrahi o te tipu French, i i faahiahia nui ki te kukume i te aro o Buffon, e ka mau ia i raro i tona parirau, a noaa he wahi i roto i te French Academy o Pūtaiao me te Royal Botanic Gardens . I muri i te French Revolution i roto i 1793 i puta te kari ki te National Museum o Natural History, te wahi i whakatairangatia ana Lamarck ki ahorangi o hātaretare (ahakoa te meka e kore i reira tona makehe), i puritia e ia tae noa ki tona mate.

E kore e nga maitai o ariā o te kukuwhatanga i roto i te koiora Jean-Baptiste Lamarck o iti. E rave rahi o ana whakatutukitanga e tangohia mo homai - te kupu "biology" ko tona tenenga, me te pūnahanaha kāwai "vertebrates", "hātaretare", "pepeke", "Armoured", "pūngāwerewere", "echinoderms", "annelids".

whakaahuatia te whakaako o Jean-Baptiste Lamarck i roto i ngā tānga e toru. ka hiahia i roto i te kukuwhatanga o kōmaka i te Museum o Natural History kohinga o pōhatu me mollusks hou Bruguière, te kaitiaki o mua o te tari o ngā whakaaturanga hätaretare ia. kitea Lamarck e he rite ratou, a na roa ratou tohatoha i te wa, i taea e te ahu i te raina tika i te matamua ki te tauira hōu. Tenei meinga atu whakaaro i te aroaro o ia te pukapuka i roto i te 1801, "whakahaere rangahau o tinana ora."

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: takoha ki koiora

Otiia puta te whakamārama tūturu o te kōrero o te kukuwhatanga i roto i tona mahi nui i roto i 1809, "Ko te kaupapa o te mātauranga kararehe". I roto i 1815 te rōrahi tuatahi o te pukapuka matua "Te Natural History o Tuarā-", e ngā ano nga whakaaro o Lamarck.

Ko te ariā o te "mekameka nui", kua meinga te kokonga o Lamarckian. Ko ia i haere atu i te ana to'ume'á, e ngana ana ki te whakatika i tona tikanga, a kihai tango hoki ano mo homai. te whakaaro ia e te ora kararehe ngā te kaha hanga-i roto i, Kei te hoko te kounga tumu matatini ake, e e whakamārama te aroaro o te whakarōpūtanga aroākapa tūturu. e kore e taea te fakatātaa'i tenei rite te piki arawhata, a kia rite ki te kaupapa o te ara maiangi.

Ko reira i reira ko te tautohe creationist matarohia: ki te tipu tatou i te makimaki, he aha e te tīariari tonu makimaki? takoto te otinga i roto i te meka e Biogenesis - te hanganga o te ora hou - tupu te wa katoa. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, i reira e maha escalators (kotahi mō ia kāwai o Life), ia o nei kua tona wāhi tīmata. Iwi ko te matamua kaiao me kutukutu - te hōu.

Ko reira te mea he raruraru tuarua. Te whakarōpū aroākapa pērā i "kutukutu, ika, ngokingoki, manu, kararehe, makimaki, te tangata," hei tauira, te ngeru e kore e mahi. I tenei taumata o te nahanaha riro te reira i te mahi horihori, a i konei i reira ko te wahi tino rongonui o te Lamarckian: te tupu o ngā āhuatanga riro. Ko ohie te ariā.

ora tūwhaipapa i Savannah ki nga rakau roroa. te Kereru tenei he "hiahia" i roto i te tūwhaipapa, a taui i te reira i to ratou whanonga ki te tae manga teitei. E ai ki a Lamarck, ka hua te whakamahi atu o te kaki i roto i tona tupu e tika ana ki te nui haere te rere o "inu faufaa". Ko te āhua hou o te kaki, ko te huru whiwhi, a taea te tuku i te reira ki te uri, i te mea he aha e korero tatou e pā ana ki tupu o ngā āhuatanga riro.

Ko hoki te kōrero pono: ki te kore e whakamahia te tinana, he iti te wai e rere i roto i taua mea, a atrophies reira. Hei tauira, whakamārama reira he aha nga tangata o nga ana i reira he kahore kanohi.

Tupu o ngā āhuatanga riro

Ko tētahi atu tauira - reti i waenganui i nga maihao o maha kararehe moana pērā i te poroka, te honu, otters me Beavers. Hei kauhoe i roto i te kararehe i reira he he hiahia ki te pana i te wai e tae mai i roto i te membrane, hua i roto ia ratou whiwhi atu "inu faufaa", rite ki ahau i whakaaro Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Takoha ki te Biology pūtaiao ngā te ariā taketake o te tupu o ngā āhuatanga riro. kihai i te kitea o te whaiaroaro tenei ( "inu faufaa" Kua kore i kitea). Ko te tirohanga pono naturalistic me mechanistic, e i te wa ka tahuri atu ki te hei i te tahae. Kahore he take mo te Atua kia rite ki te matenga o te kukuwhatanga. Ko te ariā hoki i i te aroaro ki te whakaaro e taea anake te puta ke kaiao i roto i te ara tetahi.

Ko te kupu, i reira e rua parau tumu Lamarckian faufaa. Ko te tuatahi ko te whakaaro o te taiao, rārangi ahunga whakamua i runga i te tauine o te uaua. Heoi, ko te ara ki te tino ko tino whanoke: urutau kaiao ki tikanga rohe, hua i roto i te momo o āhua noa i te taumata kotahi o te whīwhiwhi.

E mohio ana he aha te taea te Lamarckian te arotake arohaehae i te pai me ngā raruraru o Jean-Baptiste Lamarck rite te kairangahau ki te wāhi hou o te tirohanga.

e mea Tetahi tangata tohe o te pūtaiao e te whakatakoto i te whāinga tika, me te hanga ake pātai pai-tautuhi hawhe o te rangahau pūtaiao. Ko te reira i te faatura tenei i roto i, me te piro e Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: ona takoha ki te pūtaiao ngā i roto i te meka i matau ia nga raruraru matua wha o hītori taiao i te wa:

1. Aha parawae puka rerekē i Whatahoro?
2. Aha e nui ake uaua atu i etahi etahi rauropi?
3. He aha te mea i reira he momo taua?
4. He aha e pai te taunga kaiao ki to ratou taiao?

takoto Raruraru Jean-Baptiste Lamarck i te meka i rahua ia ki te whakarato i tetahi whakamāramatanga tika, ahakoa kahore ratou te hape. Tangata i roto i tona wahi e mutu i runga i te huinga rite o whakaaro, nui atu i te kōwhiringa tūturu irakētanga ranei.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: te ariā o ngā hapa

Tohe Lamarck e he rerekē nga puka parawae, no te mea he ratou, rite piki te whanaketanga maiangi, whakakapia e atu matatini. Na e matau ana tatou e no te puka parawae ki ngā wāhanga rerekē o te phylogeny, a reira rerekē.

Kahore he mea pēnei i te tauine o te whīwhiwhi. puka Complex puta i roto i te tahi mau taxa rite ki te hua o to ratou oraraa ahurei. Ko te tauira tino angamaheni o te whīwhiwhi - multicellular - he ahurei, me te ko e kore te hua te au noa.

e kore e Variety protrude i haere tonu Biogenesis. ngā mea katoa ki anake te puna o te ora. Ko te momo Ko te hua o te whakamomonga.

Kahore he rauemi pērā i "inu faufaa". E taunga rauropi ki to ratou taiao, pera ratou haere i roto i te mira inexorable kōwhiringa tūturu.

I roto i te kōwhiringa māori, ko te mea hoki i mohio ai i tenei ra, kua riro te reira ki te pūkete te taupori katoa o giraffes ki rerekē te rahi kaki. Ko te hunga ki roa he kaki taea tae nga manga teitei o nga rakau, a ko te kupu whai wāhi ki atu te kai. homai tenei ratou kaha ake me te painga i roto i te whakaputa uri, i roto i te mata oma roa ki te hanga o te maha nui o uri. Ki te amo tatou i te roa pūtake kaki ira, ka, te nuinga pea, ka e whanau ai he uri roa-maro e hoki whakatupuranga maha whakakapi korotkosheee.

I roto i te tūwhaipapa Lamarckian me tae rakau teitei, me roa ona kaki te, a kua tuku ai ki te uri.

Na te hape kitea o te ariā tuarua o te karihi, i hanga nei e Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

irakētanga Whaihua - i te okotahi, nui atu i te ture

Whai wāhi o te pūtaiao - te whakaaro o te ahunga whakamua i runga i te tauine o te fifi - e kore ano hoki whakapumautia noa i te taumata rāpoi. Kua whakaaturia Motu Kimura ko Tomoko Ohta, kaiwhakatū tino tenei ra, me te okoloneytralnoy ariā kūpapa o te kukuwhatanga rāpoi e irakētanga i roto i te nuinga he kūpapa - e kore ratou e whai i tetahi mana ki runga ki te urutau o te rauropi. Ko te ariā tuarua mau e tokomaha o irakētanga kūpapa ka whai i te pānga he iti rawa ki te kia tino kite. He kino te toenga o nga irakētanga, me anake he maha iti a ratou ko mau whai hua.

Ki te reira i hū kaupapa raina ki tino, e kia painga irakētanga katoa, otiia e kore e tautoko i te reira na roto i te taunaki.

Ko te kupu, e kore e kore te ariā o Lamarck i whakapumautia.

Raau no te teolosia

Ko te whakaaro o "fluids faufaa" kihai i whānui, na te kukuwhatanga Lamarckian ka wero ki te wāhi e rite ana te mahi o te Darwin "Origin o momo" e kore e patua te ao. whakakitea Darwin te vairaa mau o te kukuwhatanga. Otiia, i taka e ia ki te riria katoa i roto i te kōwhiringa tūturu.

Ko te whakaaro o riro āhuatanga riro, i whakamahia e ia ara Darwin, kua meinga faaauhia ki Lamarckism, me te he maha o ariā i whakatika i roto i te pato'iraa ki te kōwhiringa tūturu. Na Lamarckism pera te katoa riro ariā o Darwin i roto i ngā porowhita pūtaiao. Teolosia, e te hawhe rau i mua kaha whakahē Lamarckism, Kei te tino whakaaetia inaianei reira anake te mea e taea te ngāwari pēnei te mahi o te "inu faufaa" ki te atua auaha, kia whakaaro whaitake urutau ki te taiao, ka tahuri te reira i roto i ki te kia nui atu watea atu i te "randomness" o kōwhiringa tūturu.

I roto i te 1900, i mongamonga Lamarckism me selectionism i te huranga o te irakētanga ira, me te haerenga mai o te ariā.

Pakanga i Lamarckism Lysenko

I roto i Russia whakawhanakehia tetahi o nga pene mangu i roto i te hītori o te koiora me te pūtaiao i roto i te whānui: Lysenko. Trofim Lysenko ko te aivanaa kāre ki mana tōrangapū nui, i whakamahia e ia ki te piki ki te tihi o te Soviet pūtaiao koiora, me i te 1930 ka te matenga o te Academy o Agricultural Sciences. Here fakatikitató ia tikanga ki te tangohia tona whakaaro ake o te whanaketanga - "tikanga Michurin", he ahua o Lamarckism, a whaia whakahē geneticists ki tenei tūranga. riro Michurinizm te "koiora hou", Kei te pai i ngā waka mō te collectivization rite ki te uru tōrangapū ki pseudoscience. Ki te Lysenko i mana oti i roto i te 1964.

Ira - te Lamarckism hou?

Ko te kupu, he ariā, he rerekē ki te kōwhiringa tūturu, i katia te mea. Heoi, i roto i te 2013, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, tona whai ki te koiora - kua rahua, ka he tupono noa i whakanohonoho - Lamarckism. Na ka ka whakaputaina te mahi, kia rite ki nei nga kiore whakangungua ki wehi i te haunga o te acetophenone hoatu riro tenei kaha te. makasini Scientist New ingoa haamauraa tupu Lamarckian o āhuatanga riro. Heoi, e hāngai ana te pānga kei i runga i-ira - huringa i roto i te mahi o ira, nui atu i nga ira ratou, i te mea e hāngai ana ki te kōwhiringa tūturu. Ko te kupu, ko te whakaako o te kukuwhatanga ano kia rehabilitated Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.