Hanganga o te ngota

Hanganga Atomic kaipūtaiao hiahia roa i mua i tona oraraa i kï pūtaiao. Ahakoa mano o nga tau ki muri, Democritus, philosopho Kariki me paari, te whakaaro e ngā tetahi taonga o matūriki iti. A ko reira ia te tangata e whakamahia tuatahi te kupu "ngota". I muri i tona matenga, i reira ko tetahi rōpū o philosopho Kariki, ngana ki te whakawhanake i ana whakaaro nei i te mau melo. i huaina ratou atomists. E whakatakotoria enei whakaaro katoa i Lucretius Roma i roto i tona mahi rongonui "I te āhua o te mau mea." Heoi, i roto i ngā tau tata nei, tae noa ki te timatanga o te Renaissance, i te wā e te whakaaro o tetahi atu paari Kariki Aristotle, hua'tu nei whakakahore te oraraa o ngota.

Ko te tuatahi nei i hanga te whakamātau ki te whakahauora i te parau haapiiraa o Democritus, ko Boyle he Pākehā i tohe tona ariā o "matūriki wehewehe". I fakaongo ia e Newton. Heoi, tohu pūtaiao o te parau haapiiraa Dalton, he kaiwhakaako o te pāngarau. A amo ana i roto i ngā ki hau, kua tuhia te reira e te ōwehenga o te hunga matūriki o hauwai me te hāora, i whai wāhi i roto i te tauhohe matū, hāngai tonu ki te tetahi rahi. Ko te whakamutunga nuinga tohu te ōwehenga o ngā tau iti. Tenei whakahohea te kaiako Ingarihi o te pāngarau ki te whakatakoto i tana ture o "whanaungatanga maha", me muri mai - me te ture o "hononga haere tonu", e hāngai ana i runga i roto i ia pūhui matū, ko nga wa katoa i, te ōwehenga taimaha o nga rauemi tīmata te taua. tonu ana akoranga Bertselliusom me Avogadro.

Ko te take i te hanganga o te ngota ko kaua uaua, kua reira kua kï e physicists te rau tau ki muri. hanga takoha ki tenei kitea nui i te taha o: whakamatauria Thomson te oraraa o hihi pitoiho, Skłodowska-Curie me tana tahu Per Kyuri, whakatuwheratia te ira tūturu o te matū Rezeford, e mea te aroaro i roto i te pokapū o te ngota pai whakatupato karihi me te taea o te transmutation tāwhaiwhai o tetahi huānga ki tetahi, Chadwick, ki te kitea te aroaro o ngā āhuatanga kūpapa ngā iramoe ranei. Ko te hanganga o te ngota tuatahi tino timata ako Thompson, e kitea te irahiko i roto i 1897. i taea e ki te whakamatau i te oraraa o te tinana ara mōkitokito atu ia. Nā ki tona mahi i nui mārama te hanganga o te ngota. kitea e ia e māngai te matūriki e te tohatoha porohita o utu pai, wāhikē rawa kino. Hoki tenei ngota take ko electrically kūpapa.

I roto i te raupapa o ngā rangahau whakahaere e enei me era atu kairangahau, i kitea ai e kore te mea he tinana ōrite te ngota, me te tito o matūriki pērā i ngā iramoe, iraoho me ngā irahiko.

Ko te ngota iraoho karihi rite nui me ngā irahiko i roto i tona anga, ano, te maha o ngā iraoho hāngai ki te maha o te huānga i roto i te ripanga pūmotu. Ko te papatipu o te iraoho he tata ngā me te iramoe. E mau ēnei āhuatanga i roto i te karihi o te ngota e ope motuhake, e hoki i huaina karihi; Ko te tino kaha enei ope, engari mahi i runga i te tawhiti ultrashort, nga ope maha e hira rawa repulsion matūriki. Ko hokiate Taumaha o irahiko. Tata te papatipu katoa o te ngota kei roto i tona karihi, te hanganga o te karihi o te ngota kei roto ngā iramoe me ngā iraoho. Ko te āhuatanga o tenei wahi takoto e ona wāhanga taketake whakahuatia i runga ake. I roto i te ngota e kitea te pera-ka karanga isotonic. Ko enei matūriki o te taonga kotahi i rauemi rerekē i te meka e taea te maha o ngā iramoe rerekē. Ko te tokomaha o ratou iraoho, Heoi, ko te taua tonu. Hei tauira, kei te nuinga o riro te hanganga o ngā ngota waro te aroaro i roto i tona karihi ono matūriki pai whakatupato a kūpapa e ono - 12 anake, i.e. he maha pera-ka karanga waro papatipu tino noa - 12. Heoi, i reira ko nga kanoirite o te huānga i roto i nei te maha o ngā iraoho ōrite ki stably 6 me te maha o ngā iramoe taea rerekē.

Ko kaua anga ngota pūnaha uaua. Kei reira o rerekē subshells ki rerekē taumata pūngao, i roto i te tahuri e wehea ki iti-taumata, me te iti-taumata - i runga i te orbital. rerekē Tata i roto i te āhua me ratou rahi.