Denver wehewehenga pūira rite te pūtake mō te karyotyping

kaiao ora katoa i roto i karihi o te pūtau hei huinga ngā o te rauemi ira. I roto i ngā pūtau eukaryotic, kua māngai reira e pūira. Hoki te haratau, kaute, me te rangahau pūtaiao systematize karyotype te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rerekē. Maheni ki nga tikanga o te raupapatanga rauemi ira i te hi'oraa o te pūira tangata.

Whakarōpū o pūira tangata

Karyotype - ngä pūira (diploid), kei roto i tetahi o nga pūtau somatic. Ko reira he huru o te rauropi me te taua i roto i ngā pūtau katoa anake te sex.

Pūira karyotype ko:

• autosomes, e kore rerekē i roto i te mau taata o tane rerekē;
• sex (pūira apatoko) rerekē i roto i te hanganga i kararehe o tane rerekē.

Kei roto ngā pūtau tangata DNA whenu 46, o nei 22 takirua o autosomes me kotahi - taihemahema. Tenei 2n diploid whakaturia o rauemi ira. tohu Malí wahine geterohromosom XX, tane - XY, te ti'araa o te karyotype, aua, 44 me te 44 + XX + XY.

Ko te pūtau iroriki (tohuhema) he huinga haploid DNA 1n reira ranei kotahi. Kei roto Oocytes 22 autosomes me kotahi X-pūira pūtau parāoa - 22 autosomes me tetahi o geterohromosom, X Y. ranei

He aha ko te tāutu me te whakarōpū o pūira

Denver ko Paris pūnaha whakarōpū o rauemi tuku, whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te hapori pūtaiao, hangaia ki te whakakotahi me te ahuwhānui te ariā o te karyotype. e hiahiatia ana tētahi huarahi noa te mo te whakaaturanga tika, me te tikanga o ngā hua rangahau i roto i te mara o te iranga, Karyosystematics, tupuranga.

Schematically whakaatu karyotype te whakamahi i ideograms - raupapa systematized ka whakaritea descendingly rahi pūira. whakaata Ideogram nga āhuatanga e kore anake o te DNA helical, engari etahi āhuatanga morphological, a rawa o ratou hanganga tuatahi (hetero- me rohe euchromatin).

Na roto i te tātari i ēnei kauwhata whakapumautia te tohu o te hononga i waenganui i ngā tūmomo rōpū taxonomic o kaiao.

kia waiho te karyotype he rua o autosomes, tata ngā i roto i te rahi, te uaua ki te fakatonutonu te wāhi me te tauanga. Fakakaukau ki he me'a tawhā ngā Denver ko Paris whakarōpū o pūira tangata.

Ko te hua o te amuiraa i roto i Denver, 1960

I roto i taua tau, i roto i te pa o Denver, USA, tū he hui i runga i te pūira tangata. Reira rerekē huarahi ki te codify pūira (rahi, pae centromere tūranga ki rerekē nekehanga o helix me t. D.) I ngā i roto i te pūnaha kotahi.

Whakatau o te Conference ko te Denver whakarōpū pera-ka karanga o pūira tangata. arahina ana tēnei pūnaha e te mau parau tumu o:

1. E taua consecutively autosomes tangata katoa i te 1 ki te 22 ki te hekenga i o ratou roa, chromatids fakasekisualé whakaritea iku'anga X me Y.
2. Pūira karyotype wehea ki 7 ngā rōpū ki te centromere kai, te aroaro o āmiorangi me constrictions tuarua i runga i chromatids.
3. Hei te faaohie i te whakarōpū whakamahia taupū centromeric, tatau nei e wehewehe i te roa o te ringa poto o te roa katoa o te pūira me te faaite rite te ōrau.

Kei te tikanga mohio Denver whakarōpū o pūira i roto i te hapori pūtaiao ao.

rōpū pūira me ratou āhuatanga

Denver pūira whakarōpū ngā whitu ngā rōpū i roto i nei e whakaritea autosomes roto i te tikanga o te tauanga, engari kāore tohaina i roto i te rahinga. Ko e tika ana ki te āhuatanga mō nei e tohaina ratou ki ngā rōpū tenei. Ētahi atu kōrero mō tenei i roto i te tepu.

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, te whakarōpū Denver o pūira e hāngai ana i runga i te tātari Morphology, kahore tetahi whawhe o te DNA.

Paris whakarōpū o pūira tangata

Ko te pūtake o tenei whakarōpūtanga, whakaurua i roto i 1971, e hāngai ana i runga i nga tikanga o te poke pārōnaki o pūpūira. Ka rite ki te hua, peita ngā chromatids katoa riro ona tauira ake o here marama, me te pouri, reira ngāwari tāutuhia i roto i ngā rōpū.

I roto i te maimoatanga o ngā waikano o pūira kitea wāhanga takitahi:

• wāhanga Q-pūira fluoresce rite ki te hua o te pua tae-quinacrine.
• E whakaaturia G-wāhanga i muri tikanga Giemsa poke (te taua rite Q-wāhanga).
• wāhanga R-poke mua e denaturation wera whakahaere.

E whakaurua atu tohu ki te tohu i te wāhi o ira i runga i pūira:

1. Ko te ringa roa o te pūira tohua e te raro q reta take, poto - p pūriki.
2. Roto pokohiwi tohatoha ake ki te 4 ngā wāhi, e kua taua i te centromere ki te mutunga telomere.
3. E hoki Tataunga o huarahi i roto i nga wāhi i roto i te ahunga i te centromere.

Ki te tika te tūranga o te ira i runga i te pūira e mohiotia, ona fakafekau'aki ko te taupū o te Unuhia. A, no te te localization ira iti tino, rawea, kei reira i roto i te ringa roa poto ranei.

Hoki whakamahere tika o ngā pūira, hybridization me te ako mutagenesis he mahuinga tetahi tikanga kotahi. E te tühonohono te Denver pūira whakarōpū me te Paris i roto i tenei take, me te kīnaki i tetahi ki tetahi.