Contamination iraruke o oneone me ona pānga

ngā tangata rawa maha pēhia pānga te ao huri noa Whakahākori me āhua popohe. Ko te whanaketanga tere o te ahumahi, ahuwhenua kaha, raruraru whakahaere ururua - tenei katoa tino fakamanamanai te rauropi o te ao. Ki te whanaketanga o te pūngao karihi, me te whakapai ake o patu karihi reira ko tetahi raruraru - te paru o te oneone, wai, huru.

Te tāutu i te raruraru

contamination iraruke o te oneone - nui reira reira nohanga radionuclide i runga i ngä tohu o te auau tīkina mōrahi e tika ana ki te mahi a te tangata.

Kei te āhuatanga e tino pota te taikaha o te te rongo waho, me te ā wāhi poke. Hei tirohia ki nga tikanga o ionizing whakaora te Kōmihana International o Radiation Protection (ICRP), i whakaurua te horopeta ā-tau toharite o te radiation e nga oneone, me toka o 0.25-0.5 microsieverts ia tau (mSv / y). Tenei paerewa tautuhi he haumaru hoki te hauora tangata te nui o radiation me he maha nga wa i raro i taua i pai iku i te matenga o te rauropi ora mo te atu 30 nga ra.

take

Kia pehea te Ko te contamination o te oneone? Rauemi o parahanga - nga rōpū e rua o radionuclides:

• tangata-hanga;
• taiao.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e kei te oneone radionuclides tūturu. Heoi, kei te tino nui haere to ratou kukū tika ki te hanga, te rokiroki o ngā rauemi tūturu raw, tukatuka, te kikiritanga, ratou hanga, waro ngingiha rere whakamahi pungarehu hei otaota fertilizing mo te hanga o ngā rauemi hanga, me ētahi atu ranei

Nā ki te whakanao tere, me te whakamahi o maniua katoa tau te nui o piki oneone radioactively poke. Hei tauira, he take i matau painga o te whakanui ake i te kukū o radionuclides i roto i te oneone e tika ana ki te whakamahi o te tau hopi, me te Phosphate maniua.

hinga radionuclides horihori i roto i ngā rahinga nui ki te wāhanga o ao koiora a te ao e tika ana ki pahūtanga karihi.

Ko te kupu, ko te take nui meinga contamination o oneone e:

• whanaketanga tino o whenua ahuwhenua;
• ahumahi taimaha;
• maina o ngā rauemi māori;
• ururua iraruke;
• pira i iraruke karihi;
• whakamātautau karihi.

contamination iraruke o oneone: pānga contamination

He maha ngā pānga kino o te contamination oneone:

• pānga kino tika o matū iratuki i runga i te kararehe, ngā tipu me te tangata;
• tepenga nui o te taea o te whakamahi i ngā rauemi oneone mō ngā take ahuwhenua. I muri i nga hua katoa whiwhi nei i te wahi taua kei runga ake te taumata noa o te kukū o ngā rauemi ira tukituki e tika ana ki te paru o tuwhera Faarii me manawa whenua, horoia oneone i pūhui te wahi kino. Ka taea e te paru Pākaha arahi ki te ngoikore ki te whakamahi i te wai hou mō te inu, me te tunu kai kore anake, engari ano hoki i runga i te kararehe desoldering irrigation ranei o te whenua ahuwhenua.

He maha ngā pūkenga tautohe e te hinga o te taiao radiation o te reo arata'i ki te whakaoti i mate o te biogeotsionozov me taupori. puta tenei ka taumata tiketike o te parahanga. E whakaritea taua wāhi i roto i te takiwā o te wahi matua te wahi i reira ko tetahi tukunga o te radiation me, rite ki te hua, te contamination o te oneone. Chernobyl - te rohe aukati i muri i te aituā. Na kua riro rau o heketea te horopeta kaha o radiation, rite ki te hua o nei i tino turia i mahi a te tangata.

te tukanga tūāpapa

Ko te oneone ngongo matatini momo o matū iraruke. I tua atu, pupuru ana reira ratou mo te wa roa.

Kei te āhuatanga e Radionuclides i roto i te oneone:

• āhuatanga o ngā momo kaha matū,;
• āhuatanga me te hanganga o te oneone ano;
• āhuatanga o radionuclides pea nā;
• tawhā huarere;
• āhuatanga o te whenua.

whangai Radionuclides ki te mata oneone i roto i te hanganga o aerosols, kohuke, korakora wahie, me ētahi atu Ko te wahi mōrahi o ratou hautanga wairewa i roto i te pea nā ao o 30-90%. Ko te ahua teitei i caesium me strontium. Me pēhea te ki te tikanga radionuclides i roto i te heke mai - e kore tetahi tangata e mohio. faarahi taurite hihiri ki whakaiti memehatanga o ratou depositions. Oneone wairewa matū organic me acidification motuhake o te taiao pānga te hekenga te whakanui ake o radionuclides whakamahia e te mo te whakaaro o tona purenga.

Ko te nekeneke o te contamination iraruke tei runga:

• hanganga mineralogical;
• wātea i roto i tauārai geochemical oneone;
• tohatoha rahi matūriki ;
• āhuatanga pararopi;
• reo tauhohenga.

Tuhinga Whakapae o radionuclides

Hei matapae i te pānga ka taea o te contamination oneone he tino nui ki te mohio ki nga āhuatanga o te hekenga o radionuclides.

Tuhinga o radionuclides i roto i te oneone puta i roto i te ahunga whakapae, me te poutū i roto i te ara tūturu me mo take o ngā mahi a te tangata.

hekenga Whakapae ko e tika ana ki:

• waka aeolian (mai te ingoa i te ingoa o te hau atua Aeolus);
• maringi te pukenga wai e meinga e atu kaha nisin contamination me repo;
• ururua kararehe (noke, poaka mohoao, kiore, me te "keri" atu);
• waka;
• te hauhake kai matomato i runga i wahi kai poke;
• ahi ngahere, e he kanoirite rawa kaha whakawhiti tauwehe.

hekenga Mōkito huapae kitea i roto i te coenoses ngahere, me te mōrahi - i roto i agrocenoses ki te marama oneone. Tuhinga Whakapae, i runga i te ringa kotahi, te whakaiti i te taumata o te contamination oneone ki nuclides iratuki, i runga i te tahi atu - whakawhänui i te wāhi o ratou tohatoha.

hekenga tika

Ko Tuhinga poutū, ka i roto i te katoa momo oneone, he reira puhoi. Ko tere rārangi o te tukanga i te torutoru whakatekau ki rua henimita ia tau. Oneone i roto i tenei take mahi rite te arai biogeochemical. Akoranga i roto i te rohe Chernobyl whakakitea e te nuinga o te radionuclides i roto i ngā kōiwi i roto i te kahu o runga o te oneone (e pā ana ki 10 cm) mo te wa roa. A i roto i te rakau o tenei rohe matū iraruke whiwhi i roto i te amo (rau, ngira) me te kahu o raro o te oneone (e pā ana ki 1-2 cm).

hekenga Poutū o radionuclides tei runga i taua āhuatanga:

• ngā hū;
• ua, engaenga whakawhiti makuku me te whakaetonga;
• te whakawhitinga o te pūnaha tipu pakiaka;
• mahi a te tangata - e parau, irrigation.

Ko te wāhi tino poke i roto i te ao

I te ao, i reira e rau o ngā wāhi radioactively poke. He fakatu'utāmaki nui he wāhi hanford i te āhua o Washington, USA. Here te matatini nui, kī tuatahi i roto i te ao hanga whanaketanga karihi i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau whakamutunga. Ka rite ki te hua o ona mahi i roto i te pangia rohe 518 mita pūrua. km.

Soils i roto i Somalia kua whakamahia hoki te tikanga ture o te ururua karihi. pae Semipalatnsky i roto i katatānga te wahi kawea whakamātautau karihi i waho, ko tetahi o te wāhi te nuinga o radiation-mōrearea i roto i te ao. I roto i te pa o Maili-Suu, Kyrgyzstan, konukarihi keri i whakaritea kua i roto i te tauine Union, hua i roto i nohanga tino tiketike o kanoirite iratuki i roto i te maina rohe.

Ko te rohe Chernobyl pai-mohiotia - he rohe mate, te wahi tupu maha rau o kiromita o contamination oneone. Chernobyl - e kore te mea anake o te ao teihana karihi mana, te wahi i reira ko tetahi kino karihi o te tauine ao. tupu rite i roto i Fukushima, Japan. Here, meinga te ru, me te tsunami i roto i Maehe 2011 te aituā i te tipu, kua tukua nei rite ki te hua o te rohe nui.

matatini Industrial "Mayak" i roto i Russia i te pa ngaro "Chelyabinsk-40" tata te pa o Kyshtym pāngia e te aituā i roto i 1957. ka hono ngaahi nunu'á contamination iraruke o 25 000 heketea o te whenua parahua. he āhuatanga catastrophic taua a tawhio OJSC Siberian Chemical Whakakotahitia i Tomsk Oblast, Russia.

Āhuatanga o te whakamahi o ngā wāhi poke

I roto i te oneone te nuinga whakaemi radionuclides ki te hawhe te pirau roa: promethium-147, Cerro-144, caesium-137, Ruthenium-106 me 103, strontium-90. Ko te tino mōrearea mō kaiao ora he strontium-90. Na reira, i roto i nga mara huaketo ki radiation, whakahaere agrochemical, agro-hangarau, me te tahi atu mahi, e e taea ki te whakaiti i te neke o pūhui mōrearea i te oneone ki te tipu. Hoki tenei whakaaro ka tapahia ano hoki purupurua me tanumanga.

He mehua whai hua ko te uri o te tahi mau momo o ngā tipu me ngā momo, e kua āhuatanga e te taumata iti o te whakaeminga radionuclide. Te tangata e mohio e i roto i te tetere kararehe, te whakamahi i anake kai ma. E whakamahia Sorbents rite tāpiritanga motuhake e tautāwhi i te wahi o matū iratuki i roto i te waiu.

mahi reclamation hāngai ana te whakaiti i te rōpū o radionuclides ki ngā tipu. Ki te mahi i hanga tenei nga sorbents oneone, pērā i vermiculite, zeolite, kohuke me tāpiritanga organic, kotakota. I roto i te ahuwhenua hekenga whakaeminga i roto i ngā tipu puta i te tikanga o ngā mahi ahuwhenua radionuclides. Te whakapau parau Plantage, me te rerekē haere hanganga. arata'i tenei tikanga māra ki te faahohonuraa e o te contamination iraruke. Nā ki tenei haaputuputuraa o matū i roto i ngā tipu iti e 24 ngā wā. I roto i te ahuwhenua, kia huri i te hanganga o te hurihanga hua. He pai ki te tīmata ki te tupu kai ahumahi e kore e i whakamahia mō te kai.

He tikanga o te whakamahi i te wāhi pangia kē ko te tango o tetahi pānga motuhake. Hei tauira, ka taea e koe te hanga i rāhui motuhake. I roto i tohua radiation muri i te pae o te mate whakatokia ngahere, te nuinga rimu.

mehua haumaru

mehua Haumarutanga i roto i ngā wāhi kei reira he contamination iraruke o te oneone, e whakahaua i whakaiti i te pānga kino o te radiation. Kawea atu taua mahi:

• rautaki whanaketanga mo te whakamahi o ngā hua, me te rohe o te taumata motu ao ranei, i runga i te whānuitanga o te parahanga me te tūpono o te contamination o ngā wāhi e karapoti ana rānei;
• reclamation, mehua agro-hangarau;
• disinfection matū;
• whakamahi o sorbents;
• here o mahi a te tangata;
• whakamōhio i te iwi whānui e pā ana ki te fifi taea;
• whakawhāiti i te kaweake o tetahi hua i te rohe kino.

Ko te wā o te tika o enei here tei matua i runga i te kiato o te contamination. I tua atu, e whakarongo ki te horopeta puaretanga o te radiation. Tenei wā e taea muri i te maha o ngā wiki ki te maha tekau tau. Ko te kupu whakaiti ecologists te contamination o te oneone, me ona pānga.