Association o hinonga. Associations me ngā uniana. Ko nga momo o ngā pakihi

Kautaha Pakihi, e whakaaro e maha maramarama hou - ko reira he au ao. Kei te whakapono te reira i e i roto i te tekau tau e haere mai ana, te nuinga o ngā kamupene i roto i te ao (i roto i te katoa, ka hoatu e pā ana ki 70-75% o te GDP o te ao) e whakatōpū i roto i te torutoru noa rau pāmu e transnational. pakihi Russian tenei au, kia rite ki economists, kua pāngia hoki.

E rua tikanga matua i roto i nei kia puta te huinga pakihi. I roto i te tuatahi ka taea e tatou e te kōrero e pā ana ki ngā huringa mana ā-ture te kamupene o e puta rite ki te hua o mergers hoko ranei. Whakahaere tĭtĭ, ukiuki wahi i roto i te pane hea i roto i whakawhitia tenei take te i tetahi rōpū o te iwi ki tetahi ranei, kia hoki te huri i te ingoa o te waitohu (a ētahi wā peka) te wahi mahi te u. Ko te tino noa momo hononga i tenei ra o hinonga i roto i tēnei kāwai - āwangawanga me pupuru whenua. I roto i te pakeke, engari i mahu'inga hītori nui mō te Russia - whakawhirinaki, cartels me ohu.

Ko tētahi atu tikanga e hāngai hoki te ariā o "huinga pakihi", i roto i te tahuri, e kore e pā ana ki te huringa i roto i to ratou mana ā-ture. Ko tā te reira i te whakatōpū o momo herekore - ki te faaite rangatira ranei kaiwhakahaere o te kāwanatanga (i roto i te take o ngā kamupene kāwanatanga-fatuhia) wheako, otinga tahi o te mau fifi akiaki o te whanaketanga o opuaraa hou mā te whakakotahi i te matauranga, me ngā rauemi. Ko te momo matua o hononga o hinonga o tenei momo tenei ra - te reira rōpū me ngā uniana.

I mua titiro tatou nga āhuatanga o ia o nga kamupene ki te whakakotahi ako ngā tikanga āhuatanga, e whakaata ana i te whaihuanga tūturu o te au centripetal i roto i te pātai.

He aha ngā mahi?

I roto i economists whakapono te e pakihi iti hopoia whakawhānui tona aroaro mākete. I te tahi vahi, te kamupene tae tona taumata o te whanaketanga, ka te roha atu o te mahi pea ranei e tika ana anake ki te absorption o ētahi atu pakihi (maha whakataetae), na roto i te te whakakotahi ratou i roto i te kotahi te ahua ranei tetahi ranei. O te akoranga, ko reira kōwhiringa taea, me te rawa pea kia e ka whenumi, i tahuri, i te mahi ano.

I te toharite, te kamupene kaimahi e pā ana ki 3-5 tau i mua i reira te mea he pātai e pā ana ki te ngā tukanga o te rōpū. kia tika ki tūkunga mākete hoki te hiahia mo te whakatōpū. Ka rite ki te tikanga, he angamaheni mo te wā o te raruraru (e rua natura ōhanga me te tōrangapū) he āhuatanga taua.

rōpū Benefits

Kautaha Pakihi - he tukanga i roto i te nuinga o te wā he painga ki ia o nga kaitapere whai wāhi i roto i reira e. kia puta nga painga matua o te whakatōpū pakihi e whai ake.

Tuatahi, ko te kamupene, huihui, ka rite ki te tikanga, i whai ahua ai te ahua o pātengi raraunga hapori: kiritaki, kaituku me hoa. Kei te whakanui i tata tonu te reira i te moni o ia o nga kamupene e hanga ake te rōpū.

Tuarua, te tikanga e kamupene whakaritea utu penapena i roto i ngā wāhi maha - hei tauira, i roto i te hononga ki te taua kaituku. Reira i tupu pinepine e te kamupene riro i roto i te tikanga o nga rōpū kirimana hou, kua kite i e nga taonga ratonga tukua e ratou iti iho i te hunga whiwhi i hoa o mua ranei. Ano tikanga whakaiti te utu e pā ana ki te tūnga o te waitohu, pānuitanga.

A toru, e kore share mōhiohio anake te kamupene o, engari ano hoki rauemi pūtea. Tenei taea, i roto i ngā, whakawhirinaki i runga i te whai wāhi o te kaimahi atu tohu. Rīpene - te wāhanga tino nui o te angitu o tetahi mahi. Waihoki, atu whai wāhitanga pūtea - taputapu pai. He nui rawa tenei, no te reira te mea he uniana o ngā tipu ahumahi - ratou matua painga whakataetae takoto i roto i te hangarau e whakamahia ana i roto i te tuku o ngā hua.

ako matou e pā ana ki te aha e hiahia ana whakatōpū pakihi. Na kia whai whakaaro ano tatou i roto i taipitopito te puka o te huinga pakihi, e kua tāutuhia e matou rite te noa tino i roto i Russia.

āwangawanga

Kia tīmata a ki te āwangawanga. Tenei momo o te whakatōpū pakihi titau te mana motuhake tika nui o ngā kaiuru. Ko te tikanga whāiti te te tauhohenga ki te utu o kamupene hangarau (Mua, raihana), i roto i ētahi wā, ko te kotahi whakaritenga o te pūtea whakahaere.

kia āwangawanga he huinga pakihi rite te ahumahi kotahi, me whakatōpū i roto i te kamupene whakahaere i roto i wāhanga o rawa Nä. Engari kia rite ki te tikanga, ona te mau melo te hopoia katoa te honohono. Hei tauira, i roto i te anga o te kamupene rōpū e taea te ngā i roto i te mekameka production kotahi - kaituku o ngā rauemi mata, tukatuka o ana otaota, me ngā wheketere whakaputa i te hua whakamutunga.

Tikanga, kamupene e hanga te rōpū (te whakapumautia te nuinga tauira o pakihi Russian) noho ture motuhake. Whakahaere tĭtĭ i roto i ia, ukiuki wahi i roto i te pane a mana ranei e kore te nuinga o no ki te hanganga matua. Na ko te āwangawanga rerekētanga matua i pāmu e tenei (ratou āhuatanga ka titiro tatou i muri mai). Heoi, ka rite ki kua mea matou i runga, kua tono whakahaere o rerenga pūtea, me te whakatau rautaki i roto i te rohe o te whakahaere i te taumata o te kaiārahi uniana matua. I roto i te faatura i tenei, te motuhake ture o nga kamupene, rite maha tohunga whakapono, ka taea e kore te tākaro i te wāhi nui i roto i ngā o ngā umanga whanaketanga rite wae pakihi motuhake.

Organizations no ki te rōpū taua, kia whakaurua ki roto ki enei momo o ngā pakihi rite rōpū uniana ranei. e kore tenei pā ratou mana, me te kāwanatanga tikanga ture. Otiia kahore o ratou e tika ki te waiho i te wahi o te tahi atu āwangawanga. Kore i reira kia kia rerekētanga ki te hanganga rautaki o te kaupapa matua pakihi Consolidated.

Āwangawanga i roto i Russia

Nahea Russia mahi tenei momo o te rōpū rite te rōpū? Tauira o pakihi, whakatōpū i roto i tenei puka, o te akoranga, puta i roto i Russia i roto i ngā rahinga rawa nui.

He, i roto i ngā, corporations rāngai tūmatanui. Ki whakaaro aua tohunga tetahi o nga kamupene Russian nui me tino pai-mohiotia i roto i te ao - "Gazprom". Reira i tupu pinepine e te rōpū - he rōpū o hinonga kāwanatanga-fatuhia o te ahumahi korero.

Ko te wā "rōpū" i roto i Russia me i te ao

whakatika te pātai mehemea te uara taua, te wā "rōpū" i roto i to tatou whenua, me te ki waho. Te reira i katoa tei runga i te āhua ngā. A feruri i te tahi mau hi'oraa. I roto i ngā, i te āwangawanga i roto i Russia huaina kamupene pērā i Volkswagen, Siemens, Allianz. I roto i tahuri, i te whenua o te take - Germany - e tuku atu enei whakahaere ki roto i te ara ano, Konzern. Ki te, i roto i te tahuri, e korero tatou e pā ana ki ngā kamupene pērā i General Motors, ko Boeing, ki te rēhitatanga US, i roto i Russia, e whakaaro ana hoki ratou ki te hei āwangawanga. Otiia i roto i te United States - kahore. He e huaina ratou "kamupene tūmatanui".

I roto i ētahi wā, te nui rawa kamupene US i Russia roto pāpāho Russian tuhinga motuhake ranei kōrero ki corporations anake i roto i te tikanga ki te karo te takihala'i. Ko te take i maha kamupene American, hei tauira, te Rapa automotive Chrysler - he mea nui atu i te "kōtaha" (i roto i te reo Ingarihi - Limited Tuhinga Corporation). kihai tangata Russian e whakapono e taea ki te tupu i roto i te tauine taua te "kamupene" ko: i roto i to tatou māramatanga o te kamupene rawa toharite. Ko reira māmā ki te ite e te umanga taua - āwangawanga.

pupuri

Ka rite mea i runga matou, te tino noa i roto i te puka Russian o te huinga pakihi e te aroaro rite pupuri kamupene. Tenei momo o te whakatōpū pakihi, rite ki ngā tohunga, he tino rite āwangawanga (i roto i te meka, kua tāutuhia etahi economists me te tahi atu ngā). He aha e nga āhuatanga motuhake o pāmu? A, e, i roto i te tahuri, i roto i te noa ki waenganui ia ratou me nga āwangawanga?

Ko te āhuatanga tino nui o te holidnga - e ko reira he rōpū o ngā rōpū, me hinonga i runga i te huru tino: te kukū i roto i te kainga o te hanganga matua o te tĭtĭ whakahaere i roto i ngā kamupene katoa. I roto i te āwangawanga tukua (ahakoa e kore e tonu te take) e te wahi matua o te mahi puritia e nga kaiwhakatū o te kamupene ranei te hea tuatoru-rōpū.

Hoki te nuinga o ngā huanga (ūnga o hanganga, momo o te whakahaere, a na i runga i. D.) mau i roto i te whānui rawa rite ki āwangawanga. kia hoki kia ratou rōpū i roto i te kotahi, neke atu rānei peka ki te whakatōpū i te anga mō ngā pakihi i roto i ngā o te whakahaere o te mekameka production. Just rite i roto i te take o corporations, hinonga o te kamupene e pupuri, rite ki te tikanga, i te, he mahi ohaoha tikanga motuhake ture motuhake.

Ko te matua whakatau whakahaere tango i te hanganga upoko kotahi katoa. Ko ona āheinga matua e whai ake.

Tuatahi, kei te whakawhanake i te reira i te turanga ariā o te rōpū katoa. Fakakaukau he rautaki ki te kukume me te tohatoha o haumi me hua. whakahaere o te pūtea, kia rite ki ngā tohunga maha - te wāhanga matua o te matenga mahi o te hanganga pupuri. kia tohaina ai moni tae atu i roto i loans ā.

Tuarua, ko te upoko o te hanganga pupuri, rite ki te tikanga, te kawenga mō te whakatau whakahaere matua i te taumata whakahaere kamupene, i te mau melo o te Association.

Tuatoru, ko te whakahaere matua tohu nga ngākau nuitanga o ana umanga katoa podochetnyh i roto i te wāhi ripeka-rängai, me te i roto i ngā mākete ke.

I roto i te pāmu e maha, i te ara, i reira he here i runga i te mana o hea o te hanganga matua o te kamupene-kaiuru o feohi (rite te pai kia rite ki hoki kaiwhakahaere me rangatira o hea).

Kia whakaaro inaianei tatou nga momo hītori o feohi o ngā rōpū e whai wāhi nui i roto i te ōhanga o Tsarist Russia me te Soviet Union.

cartels

I raro i te Cartel i matau te hanganga, whakatōpū i te pakihi ahumahi kotahi. Ko te whāinga o taua momo o feohi - mahi tahi i roto i te āhuatanga o te hokohoko (i te iti rawa - te tukanga production). Hei wāhanga o te kamupene Cartel, rite ki te tikanga, ko reira māmā ki te hoko taonga hangaia i te utu o nga whakaaetanga i runga i utu, hopukia, whakamahia i roto i te taha ki te tahi atu pakihi tohatoha hongere. Kamupene i roto i te Cartel tonu motuhake ture, me te ōhanga tonu.

ohu

Ki te nga mahi o nga kamupene whakatōpū i roto i te Cartel, rite taua arotahi i runga i te takere tohatoha (rite te ātete ki te wahi production), nga kaipakihi taea whakaae i runga i te whakatū o te rōpū - te taua mo te hanganga pakihi katoa, te kawenga mō te hoko o ngā hua i utu kākahu me takere.

Ko te mahi o ngā umanga takitahi ki te whakawhāiti production. Whai wāhi i roto i te hoko, ka rite ki te tikanga, anake hanga rōpū ratou. I roto i ētahi wā, e kore i hanga wehe te hanganga hoko, a ka hanga e runga i te kaupapa o te rauemi o tetahi o nga kamupene no ki te rōpū.

whakawhirinaki

Ki te nuinga o te wā hangaia nga cartels me ohu ki arotau te hoko o taonga takere, rōpū kaitiaki - ki te whakakotahi i te mau tautooraa o tika te taua hei wāhanga o te hanga (engari i roto i te maha ngā take hoko ngā ano wehenga). e kore e ora Associations o tenei momo i hanga pakihi, rite te ātete ki cartels me ohu, motuhake ture, me te ōhanga. Hanga ahu ki te whakawhirinaki hanganga upoko (āhua rite i roto i te pupuri). Otira i reira i tauira ka hainatia te kamupene he kawenata i runga i mergers me hoko. Ko te tikanga te whakapono tetahi auraa whakatōpū tukanga katoa hanga i roto i te hanganga kotahi o nga kamupene, me te rauemi e pā ana ki a ratou. E mea pinepine ka te mau melo o enei hapori pakihi i ngā ahumahi rerekē. I roto i a ratou, kia rite ki te tupu te reira i roto i āwangawanga, kapi ake mekameka ahumahi kōrero i runga ake. Ka rite ki te tikanga, ka mau te tikanga tiaki wahi Institute o te rangatiratanga tahi i runga i nga rauemi e whai wāhi i roto i te hanga o taonga (rite te pai kia rite ki te hua oti).

i nui atu te āhuatanga o te wa o Imperial Russia (ka ki tūmataiti hinonga institution te tīariari i waho here nui) cartels me ohu i te wa ano. Na ko nui atu te tuarua. i Admittedly rawa onge cartels. I roto i te USSR (tae noa ki te kau, ka rāhuitia whanaunga arumoni i) fiefia whakawhirinaki rongonui nui.

Associations me ngā uniana

Ka whakaaro nga momo o whakatōpū o kamupene o nāianei, me te hītori i roto i te anga o mergers me hoko, whakaaro tatou te momo tuarua o ngā mahi - rōpū me ngā uniana. Just mōhio e enei ngā e rua, kia rite ki te tikanga, e taea te tāutuhia. Just "feohi" - te tikanga reira "uniana", "uniana", anake i runga i tikanga ke. Pakihi whakatau ratou me pehea ki te tirohia ki a ratou ano hei wāhanga o te hanganga Consolidated.

Associations me ngā uniana - he uniana o ngā whakahaere (tūmataiti ranei tūmatanui) kore ki te whakatōpū rauemi pūtea, me te whakahaere, me te ki te tiaki i nga ngākau nuitanga, me te ruruku tahi o ngā wāhanga rerekē o te mahi. Tata tonu ko reira he hanganga-pai-momo kore. Ko, ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te mana ā-ture - ko, rite ki te tikanga, NGO. Umanga no ki te rōpū uniana ranei, pupuri motuhake ture, me te ōhanga tino.

Ko te tauine o taua whakahaere e taea kia tino rerekē. Hei tauira, te Association o Restaurateurs me hostelerov. I te maha feohi taua rongo - ". Te Union o industrialists me Entrepreneurs" He hanganga te ao me te tōrangapū (te whāinga o te hanga ratou - te whakatūnga o whanaunga pakihi). I roto i te hunga - Customs Union.