Ariā o Maxwell me ona āhuatanga

Na e mohio tata katoa e pā ana tika nga mara hiko, me te autō ki tahi i te tahi. Ahakoa i reira ko te motuhake peka o te ahupūngao e tuatapapa i te ari hiko. Otiia i roto i te rau tau 19 i whakatakoto noa reira i te ariā hiko a Maxwell, ko tino rerekē katoa. I whakaaro te reira, mo te tauira, e te mara hiko tūturu i roto i te matūriki me tinana anake, he he tiaki hiko, me te āhuatanga autō - he mara tino rerekē o te pūtaiao.

I roto i te 1864, tohu te rongonui ahupūngao Ingarangi D. K. Maksvell ki te ine tika o ari hiko, me te autō. Kua tuwhera kua huaina "ariā mara hiko o Maxwell." Ngā mihi ki a ia, i taea e ki te whakaoti i te maha o te uaua i roto i ngā o te electrodynamics taua wa, pātai.

Te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga nui-kōtaha e hāngai tonu i runga i te mahi o kairangahau o mua. ariā o Maxwell - he kahore okotahi. He āhuatanga motuhake ko e kua tino whakawhānuitia te hua whiwhi e ona matua Maxwell. Hei tauira, kei te tohu te reira i roto i taua i roto i te whakamātautau e taea te whakamahi e kore e anake Faraday te koropiko kati o te rauemi conductive, engari arā o tetahi rauemi. I roto i tenei take ko tohu o te mara hiko solenoidal e pā kore anake te te mania wini whakakahokaho karaihe o te whakarewa. Ki tenei wāhi o te tirohanga, ina he tika atu ki te korero o ngā vahiraa te rauemi uruhanga i te parae. Ratou te mahi ano hoki i te mahi, i te mea ki te mahana i te rauemi ki te tetahi pāmahana.

Ko te māharahara tuatahi o te hononga o hiko me ari autō puta i roto i 1819. H. Oersted tuhia e te mea te nāianei tata te kāpehu kaiwhakahaere tūnga, te aronga o te pere deviates i te Te Tai Tokerau Pou.

I roto i te 1824, i waihanga A. wae iahiko te ture o te ngā i waenganui i conductors, i muri i huaina te "ture a wae iahiko."

Na hopea, i roto i 1831, ka hoatu e Faraday te ahua o nāianei i roto i te ara iahiko, kei nei i roto i te papa autō te huri.

ariā o Maxwell ko ki te whakaoti i te raruraru taketake o electrodynamics: he tohatoha mokowā mohiotia o utu hiko (ngā) ki te whakatau i etahi āhuatanga o te mara autō, me te hiko i hanga. e kore e tenei ariā whakaaro ratou nga tikanga waiwai te ari puta.

Kei te tata mokowā ariā o Maxwell ki ako atu, pera i roto i te pūnaha o ngā whārite whakaaro te e taunekeneke hiko puta ki te tere o te marama, ahakoa o te reo. He āhuatanga nui o te ariā, ko te meka e i runga i tona pūtake hipokina taua mara e te hunga:

- whakaputa ngā āhua nui me utu, tohaina i roto i te rōrahi nui (maha nga wa i te rahi o te ngota rāpoi ngota ranei);

- rerekē tere atu i te wā o te tukanga i roto i te rāpoi ngota rerekē mara autō, me te hiko;

- tawhiti i waenganui i te wāhi tātai i roto i te wāhi me te puna o te parae he nui atu te rahi o te ngota (ngā rāpoi).

tenei katoa fokotu'u e tano ariā o Maxwell matua ki nga ari o te macrocosm. faataa ahupūngao Modern atu ngā tukanga i roto i ngā o te ariā aronui. I roto i te tātai o Maxwell e kore e kiia faaiteraa aronui. Otiia, ka taea e pai te whakatau i te whakamahi o te pūnaha o ngā whārite o Maxwell etahi tamataraa. Ko reira ngā e mai te mātotoru kiia ngā hiko me utu, ko reira kē taea ki te whai i to ratou ake, engari te āhua autō. I runga i tenei i roto i te 1831 i Dirac, e hūanga ratou monopoles autō. I roto i te whānui, i te haapiiraa tumu o te ariā e whai ake nei:

- he papa autō i hanga e te mara hiko tauutuutu;

- tauutuutu autō mahia he āhua vortical mara hiko.