Alloys Heat-ātete. steels Motuhake me alloys. Production me te whakamahi o alloys wera-ātete

e kore e taea te whakaaro ahumahi Modern kahore te rauemi pērā i te rino. Ki reira, e fehangahangai matou tata tahuri katoa. E te whakataki ki tona hanganga ngā āhuatanga matū e taea tino whakapai ake i te āhuatanga hangarau me te mahi.

He aha te mea maitai

Steel i huaina koranu titoa e te o te waro me te rino. Ano, he koranu taua (ineine whakaahua i raro nei) kia whai atu huānga poke matū.

He maha ngā āhua hanganga motuhake. Ki te ko te ihirangi waro i roto i 0,025-0,8%, ka karanga nga raraunga pro-eutectoid rino, me te whai i roto i to ratou Onemata hanganga me te ferrite. Ki te hypereutectoid maitai, he reira taea ki te mau i te pearlite me wā cementite. He āhuatanga o te hanganga ferrite he kōngohe nui. Cementite hoki kua he pakeke nui. hanga Onemata e rua o te wāhanga o mua. Ka taea e whai te reira i te āhua potakataka (i whakauru o nga purapura o te ferrite e whakaritea cementite e whai he āhua porohita) me te pereti (ngā wāhanga e rua i te puka o paraharaha). Ki te tahu i te parahi kei runga ake te pāmahana i ai nga polymorphs puta, ki na te huringa hanganga austenite. Tenei wāhanga he kōngohe tiketike. Ki te nui ake te ihirangi waro 2.14%, kua karangatia e taua rauemi me alloys rino.

momo o te maitai

Tei runga i te hanganga o te parahi ai hei waro rino, me te koranu. ihirangi waro iti iho i te 0,25% faaite te parahi iti-waro. Ki te tae te nui 0.55%, ka taea tatou te kōrero e pā ana ki te reo-koranu. Steel, e kua i roto i tona hanganga neke atu i 0.6% waro, ka karanga nui-waro. Ki te hua e te rite he hononga, te hangarau tā te whakataki o ngā huānga matū motuhake, tenei maitai koranu huaina. Ko te kupu whakataki o te ngā wāhanga kei te tino huri ona āhuatanga. Ki te to ratou nui he iti iho i te 4%, te koranu iti-kongatia. Srednelegirovannoj me nui-koranu maitai kua aua ki 11% me te neke atu i te 12% poke. Tei runga i te wahi i roto i te mara o alloys parahi e whakamahia, tohatoha ratou taua momo: mauhaa, steels hanganga me te motuhake me alloys.

hangarau ahumahi

Ko te wa tonu kai tukanga maitai-hanga. Kei roto te reira e rave rahi ngā wāhanga. Tuatahi o te katoa, e hiahia ana koe rauemi raw - rino ore. Ko te wāhanga tuatahi Kei whakawera ki te tetahi pāmahana. A, no te tenei puta tukanga oxidative. I roto i te taahiraa tuarua riro nui teitei te pāmahana. He nui ake kaha ngā tukanga waro hāora. Pea fakatupulaki hāora atu o te koranu. E nekehia poke e hiahiatia ki te para. whakahaua te mahi i muri mai te ki te tango o te hāora i te maitai no te mea te reira tino whakaiti nga āhuatanga aunoa. Ka taea te kawea i tēnei tūringiringi i ranei precipitating tikanga. Ki te kore e tukanga deoxidation puta, ka karanga te parahi hua te koropupu. koranu ata e kore e emit hau, nekehia atu te hāora te tino. I roto i waenganui i he āhua-patua maitai. Production o alloys o rino puta i roto i te kanga ahi, oumu arataki, oumu taketake hāora.

alloying o maitai

I roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi i etahi āhuatanga o te parahi, whakahaere tona hanganga te dopants motuhake. Ko te painga matua o te koranu taua ake te ātete ki ngā deformations, wāhanga pono, me te tahi atu mau melo o te hanganga piki tino. whakaiti tinei te ōrau o kapiti, me te tahi atu mea kohakore,. E mea pinepine, e whakamahia ana he tikanga taua o waiwai huānga rerekē ki te hoatu ātete ki te waikura matū. Ko reira e te tahi mau drawbacks. rapu ratou atu tukatuka, he tūponotanga tiketike o te takanga o kapiti hairline. I tua atu, e faarahi te reira i te utu o te rauemi. Ko te huānga alloying tino noa - chromium, nika, Tungsten, molybdenum me te konukurahina. Ratou mara o te tono, ko te tino nui. Tenei engineering, me hanga o ngā kōrero o pipelines, ngā tipu te mana, rererangi me te ake.

Ko te ariā o te ātete wera me te ātete wera

auraa te ātete wera wā ko te kaha o te whakarewa koranu ranei ki te mau tonu ona āhuatanga katoa ka mahi i pāmahana teitei. I roto i te taiao taua te maha kitea reira hau waikura. Na reira, me riro i te rauemi ātete ki tona mahi, e ko te ki hei wera-ātete. Ko te kupu, Kei te whakamahia te āhuatanga o alloys i nui pāmahana kia whakauru e rua o enei ariā. Anake, ki te whakarato taua steels te ora mahi e hiahiatia ana mō te wahi, taputapu, me te tahi atu huānga hanganga.

Āhuatanga maitai wera-ātete

I roto i te wā i reira te pāmahana tae uara tiketike, e titau te reira i te whakamahi o alloys e kore e hinga a pato'ii te deformation. I roto i tenei take, he alloys wera-ātete. Ko te pāmahana whakahaere mo te taua rauemi - i runga 500 ° C. He wāhi nui characterizing rite maitai ko te rohe manawanui tiketike, plasticity, te tiaki nei mo te wa roa me te te ātete whakangā. He he maha o ngā wāhanga e taea o tino whakanui i te ātete ki te pāmahana teitei: konukurahina, Tungsten, molybdenum. Na wāhanga obligatory he chromium. e kore e pera te nui pā ia te kaha, e faarahi te reira i te ātete ki whakatauine. ārai hoki Chrome tukanga waikura. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga nui o te alloys o tenei momo - he ngokingoki puhoi.

Classification wera steels ātete o te hanganga

Heat-ātete, me te wera-ātete alloys he piha ferritic, martensitic, austenitic me te feritno hanganga martensitic. Ko te tuatahi e tito o e pā ana ki te 30% chromium. I muri i te maimoatanga motuhake riro hanganga witi pai. Ki te nui ake te pāmahana whakawera 850ºS, te piki witi, me ngā rauemi wera-ātete taua riro pakarukaru. kōeke Martensitic āhuatanga e te ihirangi chromium o i 4% ki te 12%. Nika kia hoki hakari i roto i te moni iti, Tungsten me ētahi atu āhuatanga. O ratou hua wahi o kapohau, mapuni i te waka. Steels e whai i roto i tona hanganga, he martensite me ferrite, e tika ana mō te mahi i te tamau pāmahana teitei, me te mahi mō te wā roa-. Ko te ihirangi chromium tae 14%. whiwhi Austenite e whakauru i te wera alloys nika ātete. Steel ki te hanganga rite i maha rama.

alloys hāngai nika-

he maha o ngā āhuatanga whai hua nika kua. E ia he pānga pai i runga i te machinability o te parahi (e rua wera, me te matao). Ki te ki te tūemi taputapu ranei hangaia mahi i roto i ngā taiao pakeke, te doping o tenei huānga tino faarahi ātete ki te waikura. E wehea rauemi nika-turanga Heat-ātete ki te rōpū e whai ake nei: te wera-ātete, me te wera ātete iho. kia hoki i te āhuatanga wera-ātete iti te whakamutunga. tae Whakahaere pāmahana 1200 ° C. I tua atu whakahaere chromium Titanium ranei. Characteristically, maitai kongatia ki nika, i te nui iti o poke pērā i konu, konupora, boron, reira, e whakapakaritia atu rohe witi. E wātea ana Superalloys o tenei momo i roto i te puka o titoa, whakataka atu. Ko reira ano kōrero timu taea. Ko te wāhi matua o te tono - huānga whakangao o kapohau hau. alloys nika-turanga Heat-ātete i te hanganga, me te ake ki te 30% chromium. E tino ratou pai ki takahi, fehokotakianga. I tua atu, he nui te ātete tauine. hanga tenei reira taea ki te whakamahi ia ratou i roto i te pūnaha hau paipa.

Heat taliteke'i maitai, koranu Titanium

whakaurua Titanium te i roto i te nui iti (0.3%). I roto i tenei take e faarahi te reira i te kaha koranu. Ki te he tino teitei tona ihirangi, ma'ihia etahi āhuatanga hangarau (pakeke, kaha). Ko te plasticity o te hua. whakahaere tenei te tukatuka o maitai. A, no te whakahaere Titanium tahi ki ētahi atu wāhanga tino e taea te whakapai ake ngā āhuatanga tiketike-pāmahana. Ki te kahore he te hiahia ki te mahi i roto i tētahi taiao kaikiri (rawa i roto i te take, ina tā te hanga fehokotaki'anga), matū, raihanatia te huānga alloying te raraunga.

alloys konukurahina

whakamahia te nui nui o te konukurahina (ki runga, ki te 80%) te ki te whakaputa i taua rauemi rite superalloys me wera alloys ātete, mai i te uaua reira whakamahia i roto i tona puka parakore. Ko tōna whakahaere whakapiki i te ukanga me te ātete i raro i pāmahana teitei. Na te teitei ko reira, te teitei te nui o konukurahina whakaurua i roto i te koranu. I roto i te tahi mau pane tae tona ihirangi 30%. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga āhuatanga o enei steels - whakapai ake o ngā āhuatanga autō. Heoi, e tika ana ki te utu nui o te konukurahina, he pai iti tona whakamahi.

Ko te mana o te molybdenum i runga i superalloys

huānga matū Active tino pānga te kaha o te rauemi i pāmahana teitei. Rawa whai hua ko tahi tona whakamahi ki ētahi atu āhuatanga. Te reira i tino whakanuia ana te pakeke o te maitai (kua i te ihirangi o 0.3%). Kurut kaha whakanuia ana hoki. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga pai e whai superalloys doped molybdenum - he tohu nui o te ātete ki tukanga oxidative. whai wāhi Molybdenum ki whakamahine witi. Ko te ngoikoretanga Ko te uaua o te fehokotaki'anga.

Ētahi atu steels motuhake me alloys

Hei te mahi etahi mahi rapu rauemi e whai etahi āhuatanga. Ko te kupu, e nehenehe tatou e kōrero e pā ana ki te whakamahi o alloys motuhake, e taea e rua patu, me te waro. tae te huinga whakamutunga o te āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana te tika ki te meka e te hanga o alloys me ratou tukatuka ko o hangarau motuhake. E wehea tetahi alloys motuhake me steels ki hanganga, me te mauhaa. I roto i te raruraru matua mo tenei momo o ngā rauemi e te whai ake: ātete ki te waikura, me te kakahu tukanga, kaha ki te mahi i roto i te taiao kino, fakautuutu āhuatanga aunoa. I roto i tenei kāwai he maitai wera-ātete me alloys ki te pāmahana mahi nui, me te cryogenic maitai e taea te tu ki runga ki te -296ºS.

Tool maitai

Hoki te hanga o ngā taputapu i whakamahia i roto i te hanga o te maitai taputapu motuhake. Nā ki te meka e kua tīpakohia hoki nga tikanga mahi o rauemi rerekē takitahi. Mai te mea e pai ngā whakaritenga tiketike, me nga āhuatanga o te alloys mo ratou hanga kia rite ki e tika ana: me waiho ratou noa i poke waho, Kei te pai kawea inclusions o tukanga deoxidation i, me te hanganga ōrite. Hoki ine mea he mea nui ki te whai mahi pūmau, me te pato'ii te kākahu. Korero o taputapu tapahi, e mahi ratou i pāmahana teitei (puta mata whakawera), whakahokihoki kupu me te deformation. Na reira, hoki ratou he mea tino nui ki te pupuri i te pakeke tuatahi ka wera. Ko tētahi atu momo o te taputapu maitai - tere tiketike. Fele, kua kongatia reira ki Tungsten. tonu pakeke te i te pāmahana o e pā ana ki 600 ° C. He hoki e mate steels. E hangaia ratou mo te deformation e rua wera, me te matao.

Whānuitanga alloys whakaaro motuhake

Ko te ahumahi e whakamahi alloys ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake whakaturia. No te mea o tona kounga pai, he mahuinga ia i roto i te engineering, hanga, ahumahi hinu ratou. E whakamahia Heat-ātete, me te wera-ātete alloys i te hanga o ngā wāhanga o kapohau, wahi hoki waka. Steels e whai he āhuatanga anticorrosive tiketike, he mahuinga ia mo te hanga o putorino, carburetors ngira, kōpae, ngā āhuatanga o te ahumahi matū. Ko te huapae mo te pereoo, peere, moka waka - te pūtake mo tenei katoa he steels kākahu-ātete. I roto i te hanga papatipu o raka, pokekore me tūemi rite whakamahia alloys automaton. Me kia feunga rapa, me te roa nga puna. Na reira, ko te rauemi hoki ratou he puna maitai. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakapai ake i tenei kounga e atu kongatia reira ki chromium, molybdenum. alloys motuhake katoa me steels ki te huinga o ngā āhuatanga motuhake e taea te whakaiti i te utu o ngā wāhanga i reira whakamahia i mua konganuku kore-ferrous.