Aituā Hangarau: definition, whakarōpū, tauira. Ko te take o aituā ahumahi me fakatamaki. haumaru whaiaro i roto i te aituā technogenic

No mea he aha te wāhanga o te whanaketanga i kahore hapori tangata, a He mea paihere tonu reira ki te taiao. I te timatanga o te rau tau 21, kei te to tatou ao piki ua e te huringa i runga i te ao, te tīmata o nei ia ia. Ko te pokanoa te tangata ake mōrearea ki te taiao, te atu ohorere, me te wehiwehi e whakahokia reira. Heoi, e kore tonu te tahi mea ki kupu i te taiao: kua meinga aituā hangarau i roto i te 70% o ngā take i te te hape o te tangata ia ia.

Katoa tau te maha o taua mau ohipa tipu kino o tenei āhua anake puta, kanohi, tata te rā. Scientists whakaaro e runga i te 20 tau kua hipa, kua nui haere o ratou auau rite rua. Kia aroha mai, enei whika katoa huna te mooni pouri: aituā tangata-hanga - he kore noa he utu rahi ki te whakakore ratou pānga, engari te ora mutu ano hoki me te iwi nei i patua kopa ranei.

ngā mōhiohio taketake

E te ara, he aha rite te tikanga o te tenei wā? E mea ohie: ahi, tukinga plane, tukinga motokā, me ētahi atu ngā e kua puta no te mea o te tangata. hāngai te atu to tatou ao te i runga i nga tikanga hangarau o te whakahaere, te atu auau aituā tangata-i hanga. Tenei, aue, ko te axiom.

hanga atamira

Katoa kaupapa i roto i te ao i reira he kore "ahakoa" me kore tonu. Ahakoa hūnga mua te wāhanga tino awa tokarewa whakaeminga whakarewa. A i roto i tenei take: kino te tangata-i hanga haamata pūāhua ki te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā rerekētanga tōraro ahumahi ranei, āta tango i te ahanoa ranei. Tetahi aituā (ahakoa i hanga te tangata-) e wahi i raro i te mana o te decentralization, āhuatanga kino i roto i te pūnaha ngā. Ngā kairangahau e rima ngā wāhanga o te kino:

• whakaeminga tuatahi o ine.
• Tomokanga o te tukanga (te whawhai kaiwhakatuma, he raruraru hangarau, mahue).
• Just he aituā.
• pānga Mahi, e taea e tino roa.
• Measures ki te whakakore i te aituā.

Mai matou whakaaro kino te tangata-i hanga, whakamārama tatou nga take taketake me ngā āhuatanga predisposing:

• Oversaturation me matatini nui o te tukanga whakaputa.
• I te tīmatanga, i te mau hape i roto i te hoahoa me te hanga.
• Te hekenga uara o ngā taputapu, tikanga tawhitotia o production.
• Hapa ranei kino whakaae i ngā kaimahi, whakaeke kaiwhakatuma.
• Ta'emahino ki nga mahi tahi o ngā ngaio.

Ko te aha te take matua o ngā aituā tangata-i hanga. Me ahau mea e ara 100-150 tau ki muri i reira i ruarua rawa ngā momo: te kaipuke, te aituā i te wheketere, me ētahi atu rite o tenei ra, te ra ano te momo o tikanga ahumahi, me te hangarau taua e rapua e te whakarōpū motuhake o ngā aituā tangata-i hanga ... tātari tatou i te reira.

ngā aituā Transport

Na ko etahi hui tino whai wāhi waka, hua i rahunga hangarau ranei āhuatanga o waho, e tika ana ki nei i reira ko kino rawa, i mahi nui te kino, i patua iwi whara ranei. I ki mahino pai te tauine o tenei momo o ngā, hoatu tatou te tahi mau hi'oraa:

• 1977, Los Rodeos Airport (kātahi Islands). He ati e wehingia ana, ka fehangahangai tika rua "747". Ka rite ki te hua o te kino i patua 583 iwi. I teie mahana ko reira te aituā nui me tino whakamataku i roto i te aamu o te rererangi katoa.
• 1985, te Japanese "747" JAL Flight 123 tuki ki te maunga e tika ana ki ngā hapa whakatere. kī te kino i te oraraa o 520 iwi. Whakatika noa nei, kua whakaaro reira te nui rawa tūtukitanga rererangi ā-.
• Mahuru 2001, te United States. tutukinga kiki o rererangi ki te pourewa World Trade Center. He unknown tonu te maha tangohia o patunga.

Ko te kupu, ko te mate o te ora - e te te mea kino rawa e he aituā te tangata-i hanga. Tauira o ati rite vai i roto i te USSR:

• Whiringa 16, 1967 ka rere i Ekaterinburg (ka Sverdlovsk) tuki IL-18. Katoa 130 tangata nei i i taua wa i runga i te poari i patua.
• Haratua 18, 1972 i te rererangi Kharkov tuki hinga motu He-10 ka ū. patua Tapeke 122 iwi. I muri ka tahuri te reira i roto i taua i te take mo te taua he aituā heahea te paruparu hanganga hohonu o te mīhini iho. rererangi atu o tenei momo kihai i nana.

Na inaianei kia kōrero a pā ana ki te mea ahua o aituā tangata-i hanga me fakatamaki taea whakawehi katoa: i muri katoa, he whai wāhi ki te mate i roto i te ati manureva ko tino iti, e kore te mea pono nei, mo te tauira, ahi.

Ahi me pahūtanga

Tenei Ko tetahi o nga fakatamaki tino noa o te take mai tūturu me technogenic i roto i te ao, i nga wa onamata ki te ra nei. patua meinga kino rauemi nui, te kino nui ki te āhua, tau nui o te iwi. Morehu mamae ahotea hinengaro, akakoromaki i nei anake ratou maha kore, no te mea titau te reira i te kaimātai hinengaro tohu.

A, no te i roto i te mua tata i reira i taua kino te tangata-i hanga? Tauira i te mua tata:

• Pipiri 3, 1989 - he hui e wehingia ana i roto i te aamu i to tatou whenua o, e tata ana te pa o Asha tahuna okeoke take o tereina pāhihi e rua. Īhaka, tupu tenei e tika ana ki te leakage o hau ki te paipa hau matua. patua Tapeke 575 iwi, i roto ia ratou - 181 tamariki. E tonu e kore nga take tangohia o te maiki mārama.
• 1999 Mont Blanc kauhanga. Pāhihi motokā mau ahi. Ahi na marara ai i te reira e taea ki te hoatu i roto i muri noa e rua nga ra. ka mate 39 iwi. i kitea ratou hara o te whakahaere i te ratonga kauhanga, me te te taraiwa o te taraka i mate.

He aha atu te kino te tangata-i hanga? Tauira kāore maha.

Ati tuku (ranei riri) o paihana puai

I roto i tenei take, tuha te taiao o waho te he maha nui o ngā matū i roto i tona pānga i runga i kaiao ora e ōrite ki te paihana kaha. E rave rahi o teie mau pūhui riro te tohu tiketike o te tāoke kore anake, engari ano rawa te ahua, tere tukua ki te huru i roto i te ofatiraa o te huringa production. Taua aituā tangata-i hanga me fakatamaki ko tino wehiwehi, no te mea i roto i te akoranga o ratou iwi kia tokomaha patua, ara atu - he monokia, kua tamariki whanau ki deformities fakalilifu me hē ira.

Ko tētahi o nga tauira tino fakalilifu o tenei momo o te aituā ko te take kotahi puta i roto i te peka o te kamupene American "Union carbide". Mai reira, whakaaro te pa Indian o Bhopal te ki kia faaauhia te reinga i runga i te whenua. puta Crash i roto i 1984: kia rite ki te hua o te wairangi whakaponohia o tona tokotoko mangere i roto i te huru ka taranata o methyl isocyanate, he paihana kaha. A katoa tenei mutunga i te po. Na roto i te ata, i kapi nga tinana ki te fare katoa me ara: mo'oni tahuna paihana nga pūkahukahu, me te iwi, haurangi ki te mamae e wehingia ana, tamata ki te rere i roto i ki te rangi.

tonu te kupu te whakahaere US ka e patua 2.5 mano iwi, e te tika te kiato o taupori i roto i te pa i i taua wa, ko te e, te nuinga pea, kua mate i te iti rawa 20 mano. mahue tetahi 70,000 iwi i hauā. I roto i taua rohe, me te ki i tenei ra, e whanau tamariki ki deformities whakamataku. He aha aituā hangarau taea whakataetae ki ngā turuturu paihana puai?

Disasters tuku matū iraruke

Ko tētahi o nga momo tino kino o fakatamaki o te take mai hangarau. Radiation kore anake whakamate kaiao ora, engari whakaoho horonga hua kino pūtau me irakētanga: kararehe me te tangata whai wāhi ki te radiation, tata tino noho pakoko, whakawhanake ratou tini mate pukupuku, me o ratou uri, ara, ki te kia kitea ai ki runga ki te marama, te tino maha pāngia e te hē ira. timata ki te tupu i te wa i ina kua whakarewahia te faaohiparaa papatipu o ngā tipu te mana karihi me reactors e i hua konukarihi patu-māka me te konuwhiro te tuatahi aituā tangata-i hanga me rave rahi o tenei ahua.

E kore e pera i mua, katoa o te mau ohipa e whai ake nei i roto i te pa Japanese o Fukushima: tenei teihana, kia rite ki nga mea tupu i reira i teie nei, e rereke kua te Pacific Ocean wai iraruke maha rau o nga tau. Whakakore i te mau hopearaa o te Japanese tonu e taea e kore, a ko reira pea ka angitu ratou, no te mea te rewa wahie karihi haere kua matara i roto i te oneone takutai. Ki te whakaahua tatou te "ira" aituā tangata-i hanga i roto i Russia me te mua Soviet Union, haere mai ki te ngakau e tonu e rua ngā take: Chernobyl me te tipu "Mayak" i roto i Chelyabinsk rohe. A ki te mohio he Chernobyl tata katoa, te ati i "Mayak" mohiotia iti te. tupu tenei i roto i te 1957.

I roto i te tau kotahi tekau i mua e, i roto i te tau 1947, ka reira mārama e wawe me te whenua, he nui nui o patu-māka konukarihi-235. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei take i roto i te pa kati o Ozersk hinonga nui mo te hanga o karihi patu wae i hanga. i hanga te tukanga i nui nui o te ururua iraruke. hanumi ratou ki te motuhake "pareparenga", kei roto i tapahia ki te kamaka i te kōwhao. kawea tautauā i roto i te tikanga o te pōkai maitai. Na roto i te mutunga o 1956 tetahi o nga ngongo e tupu te turuturu, te ipu kore hauhautanga. He tau i muri mai, kua tae te nui o te ururua iraruke te papatipu tino, a piti reira katoa ...

tetahi tauira

Otiia e kore e tonu te ariā o te kino te tangata-i hanga tā pahūtanga, ahi, me / ranei whakaeke kaiwhakatuma. He tauira tino ko te American Medical (!) Hua Therac-25, e i haere ki raupapa production i roto i 1982. I te tīmatanga, ko reira he whakamanamana o tākuta American: taputapu mātanga hoki radiation therapy kua hanga anake i te tikanga o tātaitanga rorohiko! Ko ngā anake i muri i kitea i roto i taua i te "rongoā" ko tino iraruke, raraunga tika i runga i te maha o patunga he tonu kahore. Hoatu e tangohia te hanga o reira i muri noa i te tau, te maha o patunga tino faahiahia ...

I roto i rua nga take i runga ake, te take o ngā aituā kitea tangata-hanga - kohakore i roto i te hoahoa taketake. I te wa o te "Lighthouse" iwi tata kore e mohio e rauemi tikanga i roto i te radiation papamuri tiketike iti i te tere maere, ka whakarapopototia ake te whakawhirinaki o Ameliká i roto i te mātauranga horihori me te apo ko nga upoko o nga kamupene rongoā.

Tuku o matū biologically mōrearea

te nuinga o pā ana tēnei wā ki tomo ki te taiao o koiora patu: taumahatanga whawhai o whiu, korara, koroputaputa, me ētahi atu Ko reira mārama e te mana o taua heipūtanga puta noa te ao hiahia e kore e ki te ... I reira taua aituā hangarau i roto i Russia? He uaua ki te mea. Otiia i roto i te Soviet Union i rite tenei. tupu tenei i roto i April 1979 i roto i Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg). Na, e rave rahi pinepine o te iwi mate ki te Anthrax, me te matatu tukumate he rawa rerekē, me te kore i rite ki te taiao.

E rua putanga o te mea i tupu: leakage kōpeka o ngā whare rangahau ngaro, me te mahi o te auru huna. Anga ke ki te whakaaro o te "tirohia," i roto i te ārahitanga Soviet, te taiao, te putanga tuarua e te tika ki te ora: kua toutou tohu whakaako i taua hipoki i te pakarutanga te pae o te "tukunga" kiia pāhiwihiwi. kōrero ana tēnei e i te turuturu e rave rahi puna. Ano, i roto i te "putake", e pā ana ki te kino-hū Research Institute, kua te maha o ngā take kua iti. noho nui atu te nuinga o nga patunga. A i tetahi atu. "Reo o Amerika" Kua korerotia e pā ana ki te mea i tupu i roto i te ata i runga i te 5 o Paenga-whāwhā. I tenei wa, i tuhia o ngā take i te tokorua anake, a ko ratou i raro i te tātaritanga "kakā".

whare Caving Inamata

Ka rite ki te tikanga, te take mō ngā aituā ahumahi me fakatamaki o tenei momo - maumaui matotoru i runga i te atamira o te hoahoa me te hanganga o ngā whare. Kōkiri take ko te mahi o te mīhini taimaha, tikanga huarere kino, a na i runga i. D. contamination o te taiao ki te iti, engari kei te maha haere tahi ai i nga mate aituā o tau nui o te iwi.

Ka taea e te hua e te tauira pai o "Transvaal Park". Tenei matatini whakangahau i roto i Moscow, e ko te parariraa o te tuanui ko 14 February 2004. Ko te whare i taua wa i reira i te iti rawa 400 iwi, ki te iti rawa 1/3 o ratou - te mau tamarii e haere mai ki o ratou matua i roto i te poka wai ano a te tamariki. patua Tapeke 28 iwi, e waru ngā tamariki. Ko te katoa maha o whara - 51 iwi, i te iti rawa 20 tamariki. I te tīmatanga whakaaro he putanga mahi kaiwhakatuma, engari ko reira nui kino: ko te mōrahi kaihoahoa tohungia i roto i te hanga, me te hua i he atu whakapaipai atu te tautoko tūturu mo te tuanui te hanganga tautoko. I raro i kawenga āhua iti o te hukarere, hinga ia ki runga ki te upoko o hararei iwi.

Ko te tiango o ngā pūnaha pūngao

Ka taea te wehea ēnei mahinga ki e rua ngā kāwai:

• Accidents i roto i te mana, tahi e te arumanga wā roa-i roto i te supply mana.
• kitea ano Accidents i runga i ngā whatunga mana, i hua i roto i kiritaki tangohia ratou o supply o hiko ētahi atu puna pūngao ranei.

Hei tauira, Haratua 25, 2005 i roto i Moscow i reira ko tetahi tiango, mahue kahore hiko kihai i tika i te torutoru wāhi nui tāone, engari he maha ngā wāhi o te rohe Moscow, me pera me etahi kainga e tata ana Kaluga me Ryazan. He maha ngā mano iwi mo etahi wa kua āraia i roto i nga tereina arā raro, i mahi maha tākuta ngā mahi tino tika i te kasa.

He aha te mea i a koutou i roto i te waenganui o te kino te tangata-i hanga

A inaianei ka whakaaro matou haumaru whaiaro i roto i ohorere tangata-i hanga. Ētahi atu ïa, i roto i ona mehua tiaki. He aha te mea i a koutou i roto i te wahi he i te wa he? Tuatahi, ka rite ki corny rite tangi reira, tamata kore ki te mataku, no te mea i roto i tenei ahua, iwi e mate i roto i te wahi tuatahi. Mapulei kare, kia tamata koe, ka whiwhi nui atu iti iho haumaru ranei wahi, ranei te ara ki te putanga whawhati tata (i roto i te take o te ahi, mo te tauira). A ape i te hau inhalation kukū ki matūriki puehu, hau paowa ranei. Hoki tenei whakaaro ko reira tika ki te whakamahi i te takai miro-whāriki ranei noa ki te wahi i tūemi e hiahiatia o kakahu, whakamakuku ki te wai, me te manawa i roto i enei nga wahi o kiko. He mea nui i hanga te tipare improvised o ngā rauemi māori!

Kaua e tamata ki te whakaahua ki te waiho i te hero, mahue te putake o te kino ki runga ki to ratou ake: kia mahi ki ētahi atu patunga, me tatari mo te huarahi o kapa faaora. A, no te puta te aituā i roto i te wa makariri, kia tamata koe ki te tiaki i te pūngao mā te kohikohi kai e wātea ana katoa me kakahu mahana. Ki te mea ko koe i roto i te wāhi tuwhera, kukume te aro o fakahaofi, tahu ahi tohu ranei te whakamahi i Pūwhakarewa tākirirangi motuhake (ki te tetahi).