Ahupūngao Soviet Igor Kurchatov: biography, ngā meka, whakaahua

ko Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich te papa o te ahumahi mana karihi Soviet. takaro ia he tūranga matua i roto i te hanga me te whanaketanga o te pūngao karihi nonga me i te mutunga o nga 1940 arahina te whanaketanga o te poma ngota Soviet tuatahi.

Ko te tuhinga whakaahua ana poto te ara ora i ko ahupūngao Soviet Ikoa Kurchatov. Haurongo mō ngā tamariki ka tino ngā.

ahupūngao taitamariki

January 12, 1903 i roto i te kainga o Simsk Plant (inaianei Sim) i roto i te Urals whanau ko Ikoa Kurchatov. Tona iwi - Russian. mahi tona papa, Vasily (1869-1941), i ngā wā hei forester kaiāwhina, me te kairūri whenua. Mother, Mariya Vasilevna Ostroumova (1875-1942), ko te tamahine o te tohunga rohe. Ikoa ko te tuarua o ngā tamariki e toru: ko tona tuahine Antonina te matamua, ko tona teina Boris - he teina.

I roto i te 1909, i muri i te whānau oho ki Simbirsk timata Simbirsk ako i te hākinakina, te wahi i parau tuite Ikoa i te kura pūmotu. E toru tau i muri mai, i muri i neke ki te Crimea no o te āhua o te hauora o te tuahine, i whakawhitia Kurchatov ki te hākinakina Simferopol. I te tuatahi, i pai te mahi te tamaiti i roto i tata pekanga katoa, engari i muri i te taiohi lau e ahau he pukapuka i runga i te ahupūngao me te engineering, ahupūngao whiriwhiria te mahi o tona ora. I roto i te 1920, i te mahi i roto i te ra, me te ako i te kura po, puta Ikoa i te hākinakina Simferopol ki te mētara koura. I roto i te taua tau ka tomo ia te University Tauride.

haere noa o te mahi

Igor Kurchatov (whakaatu whakaahua i muri i roto i te tuhinga), ko tetahi o te pai i roto i te tari o te ahupūngao me te pāngarau. Advances i roto i te ako, hoatu e ia me tetahi atu ākonga i roto i te tiaki o te ahupūngao taiwhanga whare wānanga, me te hoatu parairetia noa ki te whakahaere i ngā. Mai i te tīmatanga o enei ngā ako Kurchatov te faufaa o mahara ki te tikanga o te taunakitanga tëtehi ki tautoko i te perception pūtaiao, i te mea te tino whai hua i roto i te atu ana akoranga. I roto i te 1923, puta Ikoa i whare wānanga ki te tohu i roto i te ahupūngao, haere akoranga-tau e wha i roto i te tau e toru.

Moving i mua

Tae hohoro i mua, ka tomo ia ki te Kuratini Institute ki te riro i te kaihoahoa manuao. Ka rite ki i roto i Simferopol, ki te mahi ki te tautoko i ratou, ka ako Kurchatov i. I uru ia ki a Magnitometeorologicheskuyu Observatory i Pavlovsk, i tukua ki a ia te whiwhi i te ora, me te mahi i te mea pai ia. No te timatanga te mahi o te Observatory ki te tango i te rota o te wā, Kurchatov i muri i roto i o ratou akoranga, me te i roto i te rua i te wāhanga maka ahau Institute. Mai reira, ua faaoti ia ki te aro i runga i te ahupūngao.

I muri i te mahi, he kairangahau i te Baku Kuratini Institute i 1924-1925 gg. tautuhia Igor Kurchatov i roto i te Tinana-Hangarau Institute i Leningrad, e tu ana i te aronga o te ako o te ahupūngao me te hangarau o taua wa i roto i te USSR. I te wa ano, ka moea e ia i roto i te tau 1927 Marina Dmitrievna Sinelnikova ka mahi rite he pükenga i te tari o te ahupūngao pūkaha o te Kuratini Leningrad me i te ngä Institute. Here pau ia tau pai ana a kua meinga etahi o ana ngā āhuatanga tino nui.

Igor Kurchatov: he haurongo poto o te kaipūtaiao

I roto i te mutunga o 1920 o - wawe 1930 ka hiahia i roto i te meka e ka i huaina ferroelektrichestva Kurchatov - ako o te āhuatanga, me ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi i raro i te mahi o te nāianei hiko. arahina enei rangahau ki te whanaketanga o Semiconductors a unuhia ana tana whakarongo ki te ahupūngao karihi. I muri i te ngā tuatahi ki te teriuma radiation, hui me te reta ki te pionie o tenei pūtaiao Frederikom Zholio i 1933 timata Kurchatov mahi hua ki te aukati i te mana o te ngota. Fakataha ki ētahi atu kairangahau, tae atu Boris teina, hanga ana e ia he pakaruhanga i roto i te ako karihi isomeric, kanoirite pūkeha iraruke e riro te taua taimaha me te hanganga, engari i rerekē ngā āhuatanga tinana. arahina tenei mahi ki te ahu whakamua i roto i te māramatanga o te hanganga ngota o te hapori pūtaiao Soviet.

I te wa ano (1934-1935). Kurchatov tahi me kaiputaiao i te Institute o te konutuki (whakahaere pūtaiao, me te mātauranga whakapumautia i roto i te USSR hei peehia o pūtahi rite hāngai pionie i roto i te ako o te radiation Mariey Kyuri i France me Poland) i iramoe rangahau, kūpapa ngotangota e pā ana ki nei iti i mohiotia i te wa. Iramoe ki puai teitei whakamahia mō te pūrepo karihi ngota iraruke, pērā i konukarihi, ki wahia te ngota me te i roto i te tauhohe karihi, ki te tuku moni nui o te pūngao.

patu Wonder

I roto i te 1930, kua tae mai kairangahau pērā i Joliot, Enrico Fermi, Robert Oppenheimer me ētahi atu ki te matau e taea te whakamahi i te tauhohenga karihi ki te maimoatanga tika ki te hanga i te poma o te mana taikaha tuatahi. Kurchatov rite tetahi o te ahumahi karihi Soviet ārahi i whakaaro te rangatira de märena o te rangahau me te tamataraa i roto i tenei rohe. Hoki ngā take, tae atu kore o ngā rauemi, me te huru fakapolitikale repressive o te tikanga Stalinist o taua wa, lagged te Soviet Union i muri te toenga o te ao i roto i te iwi ki te whakamarie i te ngota.

hoa mataara

News e pā ana ki te whakatuwheratanga i te tau 1938 whakangotangota Utaina Tiamana Otto Ganom me Fritz Strassmann o hohoro horapa ki te hapori ao o physicists. I roto i te rongo Soviet Union meinga manukanuka me te āwangawanga e pā ana ki te tono ka taea o tenei kitea.

I roto i te mutunga o nga tau 1930, te ahupūngao Soviet Ikoa Kurchatov, whakanohoia te whakaahua kei roto i te tuhinga, he rōpū o ngā kairangahau i roto i te Leningrad hanga he pakaruhanga i roto i te tauhohe karihi o kanoirite iratuki o thorium me konukarihi. I roto i te 1940, e rua o ana hoa wehenga o konukarihi kanoirite noa kitea me raro tona ārahitanga, i tuhituhi te tuhinga poto e pā ana ki reira i roto i te putanga o "Arotake ā-", e i te wa i nga hautaka pūtaiao ārahi whakaputa tuhinga e pā ana ki te ahunga whakamua i roto i te rangahau karihi American.

I muri e rave rahi hepetoma i o tatari, tīmataria Ikoa Kurchatov te whakautu rapu tānga o nāianei ki te ako i te rongo o te ngā i runga i te wehenga o te karihi. Ka rite ki te hua, i kitea ia e kore te hautaka mātauranga American whakaputa taua raraunga i te waenganui o te tau 1940 korerotia Kurchatov ki te Soviet ārahitanga e te Hononga o Amerika i roto i te whakautu ki te tipu riri o te Pakanga II o te Ao ki te tuaka Germany-Italy-Japan, pea hanga he kaha ki te hanga i tētahi pahū ngota. Kua arahina tenei ki te whakakahanga o rangahau i roto i te Soviet Union. ka Leningrad te taiwhanga Kurchatov te pokapū o enei mau tautooraa.

Demagnetization o te Black Moana Fleet

Whakatairanga o ngā hōia Tiamana ki te rohe o te USSR i Hōngongoi 1941 heke te maha o ngā rauemi e wātea ana i roto i te rāngai katoa o te Soviet Union, tae atu i roto i te hapori pūtaiao. E rave rahi o te kairangahau me physicists Kurchatov i whakaritea ki te mahi ki ngā mahi hōia o nāianei, a ka haere ia ki te whakangungu kaumoana i Sevastopol demagnetize kaipuke ki te mahi ki maina autō.

Na roto i te 1942 nga tautooraa maramarama Soviet i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite i whakapumautia e te meka e te "Project Manhattan" Kei te hanga i te ahunga whakamua i roto i te whanaketanga o patu karihi. I te tono o pūtaiao me kaitōrangapū i karangatia Ikoa Kurchatov i Sevastopol, a ka whakaritea tino kaihoahoa o te Center mo te whanaketanga o te mana tauhohenga karihi. Tenei pokapū e muri riro te ngakau o te Institute o Atomic Energy Soviet.

tomonga Rosenberg

Kua hanga e te Institute te rōpū o Kurchatov cyclotron me ētahi atu taputapu e tika ana mo te whakahaere o te pūrere karihi. I muri i te whakamātautau angitu, me te whakamahi o te United States i te mutunga o te Pakanga II o te Ao, te pōma ngota ki te Soviet Union tūkino tautooraa ki te ārai US riri karihi. Hakihea 27, hanga 1946 Kurchatov me tona kapa te pūrere karihi tuatahi i roto i Europe. Ko taea ki te whiwhi i te kanoirite o te konuwhiro hiahiatia ki te hanga patu karihi. Mahuru 29, 1949, i whakahaeretia he whakamātautau angitu o te poma ngota, kua mana tomo te Soviet Union te tau karihi. I roto i te Noema 1952, ka kawea i roto i te pahūtanga o te American poma hauwai, i ko atu kaha maha nga wa, ko August 12, 1953 i tohua e te taua whakatutukitanga o te Soviet Union.

I muri te hanga patu karihi arahina Kurchatov te kaupapa i roto i te hapori pūtaiao Soviet i runga i nga whakamahinga rangimarie o te ngota. Ua tauturu ia hoahoa me te hanga otaota mana karihi. I roto i te tau 1951 whakaritea Kurchatov tetahi o nga hui tuatahi i runga i te mana karihi i roto i te Soviet Union, a muri ka wahi o te rōpū, i te mea no tiunu 27, 1954 whakarewahia te tuatahi tipu te mana karihi i roto i te Soviet Union.

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich: Interesting Facts

ahupūngao karihi i tino utu ahua i roto i nga porowhita rangatira o te kāwanatanga Soviet. I tua atu ki te mema i roto i te presidium o te Academy o Pūtaiao o te USSR, ka toru nga wa Hero o-pāpori Reipa, ko te kawana o te Kaunihera Hupirimi me te kaitōrangapū faaturahia. Tona taranata rite te rangatira ko tata te taua rite te taranata pūtaiao ka tukua ki a ia arahi pai te whakahaere piki nui.

Kurchatov i tino otsenon ana hoa i roto i te hapori pūtaiao ao. Frederic Joliot-Curie, te Nobel mō te mahi hua i roto i tenei rohe mo te wa roa i pupuri i te reta ki a ia. I te mutunga o 1950 whai wāhi Kurchatov i roto i hui i täwähi i runga i te pūngao karihi, me te, tahi ki ētahi atu pūtaiao ka karanga hoki te kanga ao i runga i patu karihi. taunaki hoki e ia i te kanga ki runga ki te whakamātautau kōhauhau. I roto i te 1963, hainatia te Soviet Union me te United States i te tiriti kati te whakamātautau o patu karihi i roto i te huru, wāhi i waho me raro i te wai.

whakamahi Civil o pūngao karihi, rangahau me te whakawhanakehia i raro i te ārahitanga o Kurchatov, ngā mana (i whakarewahia i te 1954 te tuatahi o nei), te Icebreaker karihi-powered "Lenin". Hoki te rangahau whakahaua pūtaiao hononga, mahi tikanga whakawhanake ki roto i te wē i roto i tino nui pāmahana e hiahiatia ana ki te kōkiri me te paturu i te tukanga kōtuitui i roto i te piere hononga.

Mahi, kaua ki te ariā

I muri e rua nga whiu i roto i te tau 1956 me te 1957. mutu Kurchatov i mahi kaha, i te tonu ki te whai wāhi i roto i te ahupūngao karihi, me te te hoahoa me te hanganga o te maha o Soviet tipu te mana karihi. February 7, 1960 i roto i Moscow, whakapae mate o te whakaeke ngakau, Ikoa Kurchatov.

e kore haurongo o te pūtaiao i iti ki te kaupapa, i whakatapua e ia tona ora katoa. Tona mahi ariā o ngā faufaa, te tuarua anake, a te tikanga muri ia nga mahi o te mau pionie o te ahupūngao karihi o te rau tau wawe XX. te tono anake o ariā i roto i te mahi, whakakitea te faufaa o ona mahi.

ae whiwhi i

i ora ai ahupūngao Soviet Ikoa Kurchatov ka mahi i roto i te huru mea nanakia, me tāmi o hangarau tikanga Iosifa Stalina. whakahaere ia ki te kohikohi i te rōpū o aivanaa i roto i te tikanga uaua, me te tono a, ano, ki te whakahihiri enei ngaio ki te waihanga i tētahi, hapori hua auaha. whakahaere ia ki te noho i roto i te mau mea maitai pai, me te ko ki te faaoti i roto i te whakapaia Stalinist o te maha kaiārahi pūtaiao, me te tōrangapū o te whenua, me te i te wa ano hoatu mua ratou titauraa.

kaiako o Sakharov

ko Kurchatov e pūkete katoa nga pūtaiao i whakatapua nei whakapono i roto i te meka e te wahi pai mo te whanaketanga me te whakamātautau o te ariā tinana ko te taiwhanga. Ngā mihi ki tenei kaiputaiao mahi-whakaaro ue'i he whakatupuranga katoa o physicists Soviet ona mau parau tumu me ngā ariā ki te tika i roto i te para o te tukanga auaha. Ko ia te kaiako o maha pūtaiao nui, tae atu ahupūngao karihi Andreya Saharova.

Ua tauturu Igor Kurchatov tona whenua ki te tomo i te wā hangarau o te hawhe whakamutunga o te rau tau rua tekau, i hanga he aho rua o te pūngao ngota i roto i te Soviet Union. Ki te ia arotahi anake i runga i te hanga patu, te rangimārie whakamahi o te pūngao karihi (karihi e pea e kore hohoro puta te kaha).