History Pūtaiao mō te takenga mai, hanganga, te whanaketanga

Tatauranga, te hītori o e ka e whakaaro e tatou i teie mahana - he mea he pūtaiao, e kua he hītori roa. He ona pakiaka i roto i te tawhito. puta mahi tauanga e tika ana ki te hanganga o te kāwanatanga. I roto i te tikanga hoki whakatika reira, ko reira tika ki te whai mōhiohio i runga i te whenua, te tokomaha o te iwi e noho ana i roto i a ratou, e pā ana ki to ratou mana pūtea, me te maha atu mea. A ko reira te kohinga, me te tātaritanga o ngā tatauranga whai wāhi. Ko te hītori o te putanga me te whanaketanga o ona aroaro i roto i te tuhinga pā ki e rua te ao, me te pūtaiao kāinga. Kia tīmata te ki ke, a ka neke ki runga ki nga tatauranga whakaahuatanga Russian.

Te hoê aamu poto o te Whanaketanga o Tatauranga

Just he torutoru mano tau ki muri, ngā pūkete o whenua me te taupori, me te he momo o raraunga e pā ana ki a ia puritia i roto i Ihipa i tahito ra, Roma ko China. Mai i nga wa onamata timata ki te kohikohi i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki tenei mara o te matauranga, kia rite ki tatauranga. Ko te hītori o tona whanaketanga, ko te kupu awhi i te Mileniuma. I te wa i muri mai, ka anga nga raraunga ki te tukatuka, ka tātarihia, ka kore noa ki te whakatau, e ko, i reira ko te putanga o tatauranga rite te pūtaiao.

Ko te kura o tauhanga tōrangapū, me rua tohutohu o tatauranga i roto i to ratou mahi

tauhanga tōrangapū i roto i Ingarangi School māngai e taua kaiwhakatū rite D. Graunt (tau o te ora - 1620-1674), E. Halley, e noho i 1656 ki te 1742, W. Petty (1623-1687). Ka taea te tāutuhia e rua ngā i roto i te mahi o enei pūkenga. Ko te tuatahi o ratou - taupori (Halley me Graunt) he rītaha ki ngā take e pā ana ki te inihua. Ko te aronga tuarua - tauanga, me te ōhanga, māngai nei e W. Petty. ko D. Graunt te tuatahi ki te ite i te ture e te tīariari i roto i nga ari papatipu o te hapori. whakakitea e ia pehea ki te tātari me te tukatuka i te rauemi tuatahi. hanga Graunt te nganatanga tuatahi ki te hanga i te tepu o te tahuti nei.

arorangi English E. Halley (aroaro tona whakaahua kei te runga ake) te whakaaro e te ture o ngā tau nui. whakamahia hoki e ia nga tikanga o ine whakakore (tupurangi). B. Petty - he kaiputaiao nei kua kawea i roto i te maha o nga mahi pūtaiao nui e kua tohua te hītori o te whanaketanga tauanga. I roto i enei mahi rapu ia ki te arotake i āta tenei ranei e āhuatanga, ara ki te reira ko te kore o te raraunga tau.

Scientists mahi i roto i te mara o te tauhanga tōrangapū, tamata ki tohu numera te āhua o te hapori, me tona whanaketanga, matau nga tauira o tītohu ngā roto reira, e puta i roto i te rauemi papatipu. Whāinga me ngā whāinga e whai ratou, tata ki te māramatanga o te pūtaiao o nāianei, pērā i ngā tatauranga. āhuatanga te hītori o tona whanaketanga atu e whanaketanga hou. puta tatou ki to ratou whakamātautau.

aronga Statistical me pāngarau

I roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau 19, he aronga tuatoru - tauanga, me te pāngarau. Scientist A. Quetelet (tau o te ora - 1796-1874, te portrait aroaro i runga ake) i hanga he whakahere hapahapai ki tona whanaketanga. Tatauranga huaina e ia ahupūngao pāpori, arā, te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te ture o te hapori ki te whakamahi o ngā tikanga ine. Ketle tuturu te whakaaro o te tono tauira whiwhi i te take papatipu, hei taputapu faufaa ki e taea tetahi e mohio he mooni whāinga.

whanaketanga atu o nga tatauranga Te Hau-ā-uru

kua Tatauranga History noa atu i roto i te rau tau 19 kua kō atu ki ngā ingoa hou, me ngā whakatutukitanga. F. Galton (tau o te ora - 1822-1911) ko K. Pirsons, e noho i 1857 ki te 1936 - pūtaiao Ingarangi te hunga kua hanga he wāhi nui ki te whanaketanga atu o tenei mara o te matauranga. Ko te tuatahi o ratou tino whakatutuki te raruraru o te whakapapa. Galton (hoatu tona whakaahua kei runga ake) i hohoro tono ki ona tikanga tātaritanga o ngā tatauranga, i hoatu hua pai.

R. Fisher (tau o te ora - 1890-1962) he pai mōhiotia ki ngā pūkenga Western i te rohe o te moni i roto i te rau tau 20. mahi ia mō te 50 tau. He maha rangahau Fisher nui pānga i runga i te whanaketanga atu o tenei mara o te matauranga, kia rite ki tatauranga.

History o Ancient Rus Tatauranga

Ko to matou whenua, i roto i Russia, ara i roto i nga rau tau 10-12, kohia ngā mōhiohio i pā ana ki te taake. I roto i te hanganga o Pita i pāngia ahau tata āhuatanga katoa o te hapori. Tenei e hiahiatia ana he huinga o tika ngā mōhiohio tatauranga e pā ana ki te rēhita o wheketere me ngā tipu, utu witi, te maha o nga pa, me o ratou taupori, te rōrahi o te hokohoko ke, me ētahi atu.

kura whakamārama

I roto i to tatou whenua, kei te whakawhanake tere te au whakamārama, me i te pūtake o tenei i hanga te hītori o tatauranga i roto i Russia. Ko te māngai nui o te kura whakamārama - pērā pūtaiao rite MV Lomonosov (tau o te ora - 1711-1765), Ik Kirillov (1689-1737), K. F. Tiamana (1767-1838), me te VN . Tatischev (hoatu tona whakaahua te runga ake), i noho i roto i te wā i 1686 ki te 1750.

Mahi Kirillov - tetahi o te tuatahi i roto i to tatou whenua whakaahuatanga ōhanga, me te matawhenua whakaratohia systemically. Ko te hītori o muri o te whanaketanga o tatauranga e pā ana ki te ingoa o te pūtaiao rite Tatishchev, nei i hanga he takoha nui ki tenei mara o te matauranga. whakawhanakehia e ia he hōtaka taipitopito e taea ai e koe te tiki i te kōrero i he e tika ana mo te haaputuraa o te āhua o te matawhenua ki te whakamārama ki tonu i o te o ōhanga whenua.

Whai wāhi University i roto i Tatauranga

Ko te hītori o te whanaketanga o tatauranga i roto i to tatou whenua e te nuinga e pā ana ki te ingoa o te kaiputaiao nui Mihaila Vasilevicha Lomonosova. I te 1755 i tuhituhi e ia he pukapuka i huaina "Ko te kupu a whakamoemiti ki te Hiha Pita te nui." aromatawaitia te reira i te whakatinana tata i mua tātari o Pita. pa Mikhail i roto i ana i tuhituhi ai he maha o ngā take e kua e pā ana ki te pūtea, taupori, ngā rauemi māori, me ētahi atu.

Whakapai ake o te tikanga o te whakarite me te rangahau raraunga whakaahua te taupori, geography me te ōhanga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te hokohoko, ahuwhenua, waka, ahumahi me te ētahi atu. Whakaaro he motuhake kaiaka University. I whakawhanakehia tēnei hōtaka V. tuatahi N. Tatischev. I hangaia te reira no te "Atlas Russian". E ai ki tenei hōtaka, ka tonoa Kauti, me pa ki puka motuhake o te whakamātautau. Hoki te wa roa tae nga rauemi i te wänanga. E taea e ki te tukatuka i muri i te matenga o Mikhail Vasilyevich ratou.

Ko te whanaketanga o tatauranga i roto i Russia i te rau tau 19

I tohua te hītori o tatauranga pūtaiao i roto i to tatou whenua i te maha o whakatutukitanga i roto i te rau tau 19. He maha o nga mahi nui i runga i te ariā o tenei mara o te matauranga, puta i te timatanga o tenei rau tau. K. F. Tiamana i roto i tona pukapuka parauhia "Te Universal Theory o Tatauranga" whakaraupapahia nga ahunga taketake, e tohu tenei pūtaiao. He wāhi nui i roto i te hītori o te whanaketanga o te moni ki a tatou matauranga o te ahumahi no ki te mahi a K. I. Arseneva (tau o te ora - 1789-1856). Tenei mataotao whakapono e taea āta pūtaiao tauanga whakaahua te āhuatanga i roto i te āhua.

Scientist D. P. Zhuravskomu, e noho i roto i te wā i 1810 ki te 1856, he paetae nui - he tauākī o nga turanga ariā o te tatauranga o te pūnaha. I wahia e ia te parau tumu e te kounga me te tātari ine kia whakaaro rite kotahi.

He āhuatanga āhuatanga o te māngai o te kura mātauranga o te pūtaiao e anaanatae ko tatou ratou hiahia ki te whakarite kia ki te ako o te kāwanatanga whakakapi i te ako o te hapori. Hoki ona kaiwhakatū ngā E. Yu Janson (1835-93), AI Chuprov (tau o te ora - 1842-1908), NA Kablukov AA Kaufman. Scientists mahi i roto i te mara o tatauranga mātauranga, kua mahi nui mo te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao o te moni ki a tatou i roto i Russia. Ratou mahi i te whai hua i runga i te mahi o te ngā pokapū tauanga. I runga i te whanaketanga o sciences pāngarau i roto i to tatou whenua, whakaputaina he nui pānga mahi o taua numera Russian rite PP Chebyshev, A. A. Markov ko A. M. Lyapunov.

mau tamataraa Modern me mana tauanga i roto i te whenua

I roto i nga mahi o V. I. Hotimskogo, V. N. Starovskogo, V. S. Nemchinova, B. S. Yastremskogo, A. Ya. Boyarskogo, LV Nekrasha me hītori ētahi atu tauanga i whakarāpopoto poto. kohia e ratou te wheako o pūtaiao Russian i roto i tenei mara. Kei te mahi i tenei ra i roto i to tatou whenua ki te whakapai ake i te pūnaha, me te te whakawhitinga o te huarahi o te mau parau tumu kaute i tohua i roto i te mahi ao i roto i runga i te whakaritenga o nga ture o te ōhanga mākete.

Ko State Tatauranga Komiti o Russia tenei ra te tinana pokapū o te pūnaha tatauranga kāwanatanga i roto i to tatou whenua. Ko te tinana e hānga ana o te kaha whakahaere. pūnaha tatauranga kāwanatanga i roto i to tatou whenua tohu atu whakahaere. Ko ona whekau i te lepupilika, rohe, rohe motuhake me kawanatanga, rohe me pa, me te ratou pokapū kaimahi tenei.

Ko te ihirangi o te "Tatauranga" ariā o nāianei

Ko te whanaketanga o tenei pūtaiao, kua arahina te roha o te rohe o tona tono mahi ki te meka e kua puta ke te ihirangi o ona ariā. I teie mahana, te wā "tatauranga" Kei te whakamahia i roto i te uara e toru e whai ake nei.

1. E pā ana te reira ki te mahi ahumahi o mahi a te tangata, e kua te whāinga o te kohikohi me te tukatuka o raraunga papatipu i runga i ngā āhuatanga ngā o te ora o te hapori, me te ratou tātaritanga muri, me te whakaputanga. "Tatauranga" i roto i tenei tikanga he longo ki taua kīanga rite "pūkete tauanga."
2. Ko te uara i muri - rauemi mamati whakamahia e te ki tohu tetahi tetahi ruri o ari pāpori ranei tono ranei ka whakaaro te tohatoha o etahi o nga tohu i roto i ngā o te rohe.
3. E kīia ana hoki tatauranga ki rite te peka o te matauranga, te ako pūtaiao motuhake, me te he kaupapa mātauranga, whakaako nei i roto i whare mātauranga tuarua, me te teitei.

Na, ka tatou whakaahua poto te matauranga o te ahumahi pēnei i ngā tatauranga. Ko te hītori o te putanga me te whanaketanga kua reira kua aroaro i roto i tenei tuhinga. kia fakamamafa'i te reira e te whakawhanake tonu i tēnei pūtaiao. History o tatauranga, whakarāpopoto i roto i te tuhinga, te mutunga ka kia kō atu e whanaketanga hou.