Whatunga ki earthed kūpapa. Tuhinga taura. uhupoho hiko

ora tangata Modern, tona whakamarie, me te whakarato i tika katoa, e te tühonohono ki te hiko. Ngā mihi ki a ia, kua nga tikanga o te oranga, me te whai wāhi ki te whakaawe i te ope o te natura i roto i te tikanga ki te ahu painga mōrahi mo koutou ora te tangata. Otiia ki te rota o pluses, e he hiko, me i reira ko te nui, haunga te - taputapu me te taputapu e pau me hua hiko, ko te riri ki te ora te tangata, ki te kore koe e piri ki te tikanga o to ratou whakamahi.

Electrical me te haumaru whakaritenga o whakarōpūtanga

Ko te āhuatanga matua awe te tohu o te ati ki te ora te tangata i roto i tāuta o tetahi momo e:

• ahotea;
• momo o te uhupoho kūpapa;
• closable uara o nāianei i runga i te whenua;
• wāhanga mātao, hoki nei rerenga o nāianei;
• ātete o te tinana tangata;
• ātete o te whenua (oneone) i roto i te rohe o nāianei hiko.

Tīmata i enei puna taketake i roto i ngā "Ture o ngā pūrere hiko" (RB), kua wehea ngā tautuhinga katoa ki wha kāwai.

Kei te tuatahi o te tāutanga ki earthed hiko kūpapa mahi i 220 kV me runga ake, ko ki te tōtika tangata whenua kūpapa - fe'ungamālie o 110 ki te 220 kV. Tōtika tangata whenua-kūpapa ko te taiawhio i roto i nei te ara iahiko o nāianei whāiti i runga i te whenua, kia ki roto i te reira ngā momo rerekē o te parenga (kaha, urupare, me te rārangi-kore), me te kore e tangata whenua kūpapa.

Kei te tuarua o te tāutanga, e whakamahi taratahi kūpapa ranei kōwaro earthed mā ona parenga pewa pehanga me reactors whakahaere i roto i ngā whatunga, he ngaohiko o i 3 ki te 35 kV.

E whakamahi ana te pūnaha hiko toru o whatunga ki kūpapa ki te whenua, me te ngaohiko ko i 110 ki te 600 V. I roto i enei tipu, te ngā tetahi he whenua i nui.

ngā te wha o nga kāwai o ngā pūnaha ki taratahi kūpapa, mahi i roto i whatunga ki runga ki te 1 kV. Taua tipu i te nāianei te hape whenua iti.

mahi Haumaru o tāuta hiko

Mutu faaore i te āhuatanga e whakawehi te hauora me te ora o te iwi e mahi ana i runga i ngā utanga hiko, he e taea, no te mea to ratou he papamuri tūturu. Ko ki te whakaiti i a ratou, ka ki te mahi i te mahi i roto i te wae rite haumaru rite taea he taea e kore anake, engari ano hoki e tika ana. Ki te mahi i tenei, e whakaritea te tiaki katoa me mahi o tāuta hiko i roto i te kohinga kotahi o tikanga me ngā ture, "Ture mo te Tāuta hiko" (Pue). Ko tētahi o nga whakaritenga tino nui o te SAE ko te -nuku, tiaki o tāuta hiko. Ko tenei whakaritenga, a ka kia kōrero i roto i tēnei tuhinga i roto i te kōrero atu.

hangaia whenua paruru te ki te tiaki i ngā kaimahi e mahi ana, me te tautoko i enei tāuta me whatunga, me te kiritaki hiko mā te whakamahi i te reira i roto i taputapu me ngā pūrere kāinga. Whakarato whenua paruru? haumarutanga Human i roto i te take o te whakapā kōpeka ki nga wahi maitai o te hiko kore-conductive, engari riro ora e tika ana ki te rärangi o mātao i raro i te ru.

te tūāpapa o e te roto i te hiko?

Whakaritenga me ngā aratohu, ka whakamahi i te whenua tiaki whakatōpū ki te e fakatonutonu tuhinga kotahi, me te tautuhi i te Waeine o te tukanga katoa - GOST. Uhupoho tiaki kaimahi me kiritaki o ru hiko, whakamana tino i roto i runga i te whakaritenga o te EMP me te paerewa kāwanatanga e hāngai ana. whakarato paruru- whenua Electrical hononga hiko o nga wahi whakarewa o tāuta hiko ki te whenua, engari te kore o taua mea - ki te aratohu, whakakapi i te whenua. Me mahara hoki käore te reira e te hunga wahi o nga pūnaha tangata whenua e kore whai i tetahi atu tiaki.

Ko te kupu, ki runga ki kuhunga maitai o taputapu hiko, waka, mīhini, pouaka taura, turanga rama, whakakā me turanga, me te te patu o te taura me waea.

Ngā pūnaha o te uhupoho hiko

kua oti te whakarite Electrical pūnaha -nuku, paruru e hāngai ana i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te pūtake mana pērā i te kūpapa, kūpapa taratahi earthed. E toru ngā pūnaha taketake whakawhanakehia e te International Electrotechnical Kōmihana (IEC): TN, IT ko TT. Kia titiro tatou ratou i roto i ngā kōrero.

pūnaha TN me ona pūnaha

Pūnaha ki kūpapa earthed, i roto i nei e hono nga wahi maitai o te tāutanga ki te kore kūpapa mā conductors uhupoho he rōpū TN. I roto i te tahuri, tenei rōpū kua he Huingaiti tikanga hanga mā te whakamahi i kore displacement me te paruru conductors. Na, ki te e ngā enei conductors i roto i te pēne kotahi puta noa i te roa o te pūnaha whatunga denoted te TN-C. Ko te pūnaha Soviet tawhito tenei. Ki te te tiaki, me te mahi kūpapa hāngai anake i runga i te wāhanga iahiko e tīmata i te puna mana (teihana hiko), ka ko reira he pūnaha TN-CS. Well, i roto i te take i reira e wehea te kaiwhakahaere kūpapa me te tiaki i waea motuhake katoa i runga i te tukutuku, i tenei pūnaha te tohu TN-S. Ko te whakaaro pai mo te haumaru oti o te tāutanga.

pūnaha IT ko TT

He pūnaha i roto i nei i hanga te ngaro -nuku, kūpapa ranei kei roto i te uhupoho waiwai kōwaro, denoted rite IT. I roto i te pūnaha taua he wahi whakarewa tūāpapa o conductors hiko takitahi, hono ki ngā pūrere uhupoho.

Pūnaha ki earthed kūpapa, e niuhia ai te wahi whakarewa o ngā pūrere hiko mā te whakamahi i, kauaka i roto i tetahi ara ki te mata kūpapa pūtake mana, denoted TT me whakamahia anake hoki ngā whakaurunga pūkoro. I roto i te tahi atu te wā, titau te pūnaha taua te whakamahinga o ngā pūrere nāianei wäriu.

-nuku,

E ai ki te SAE ki te tiaki i te tangata i ngaohiko mōrearea whakamahia ara iahiko uhupoho eke e wahi electrically tūhono o te tipu, i hanga o te rauemi conductive me kiriweti i wahi ora ki te whenua. I roto i te tahuri, i hanga kawehiko te whenua e o te kaiwhakahaere whakarewa he kawe ia hiko pai, me te wāhi nui o te whakapā ki te oneone. tahi katoa - me waea -nuku, electrically tūhono ki te wahi hiko, me te whai i te pūrere uhupoho.

Tei runga i te momo o nāianei ki te whakamahi i roto i ngā utanga hiko ki runga ki te 1000 V e tono kaupapa uhupoho ki earthed kūpapa taratahi ranei (tauutuutu nāianei) kiriweti earthed ira waenganui (DC) ranei. earthed pūtake mana kūpapa (generator hiko ranei) te ka te hono reira tika ki te hononga whenua me te kūpapa taratahi ko te kotahi e kua kore ranei hono he pūhui o ratou te roto i te pūrere ki te ātete nui.

Ngā momo o ngā pūrere uhupoho

Tuhinga wehea ki e rua momo: tāwhaiwhai, me te taiao. Ko te ahua tuatahi o te waihanga whenua tā te whakamahi o ngā ahanoa whakarewa. kia ratou koki, rakau me korere he roa o mita kore iti iho i te rua me te hawhe, ka tanumia (huri) ki te whenua. I waenganui ia ratou e piri ratou takai maitai wāhanga o waea whakarewa ranei - tokotoko - diameter nui (i te iti rawa 8-10 mm) e kakano ia. Ka taea e Tuhinga conductors kia rānei konganuku, ranei tutaki parahi me te paihere waea parahi ki te wahi kahui ranei fehokotaki'anga hiko, bolting ranei.

Ko te momo tuarua whai wāhi te whakamahi o ngā hanganga whenua rite te uhupoho o whare i hanga o whakarewa me te humarie hono ki te whenua. Me whai ngā hanganga raima katoa whakarewa tāmau hoki te āpiti i te conductors uhupoho. I roto i tenei take, he indistinguishable i conductors e kua whakamahia i roto i te kawehiko whenua tāwhaiwhai nga conductors uhupoho.

Kei te memeha tētahi atu tirohanga o te pūrere uhupoho. tawhiti tenei momo o te hononga whenua paruru te i te wahi hiko o te kūpapa o nāianei ki te whenua mā te pēne kūpapa. E whakarato ana te memeha tetahi he takanga i roto i tetahi ara iahiko wāhanga ki te pūrere, ka taea te whawhati keu taputapu pai atu paruru.

Whakaritenga mō ngā pūrere uhupoho

Me ū ngā pūrere katoa whakamahia mō te uhupoho ki te paerewa whakapumautia e te ture hanga kāwanatanga me waehere. Ratou mahi - ki te whakarite i te haumaru o te iwi, te tiaki o ngā utanga hiko me ngā momo o te mahi.

I roto i kore take e te hononga raupapa o te maha wahi conductors -nuku, hiko - me te whakatau i ia wahi kotahi anake taura uhupoho he diameter kore iti wāhanga ripeka atu mea i RB. conductors uhupoho whakanohoia nuitia tiakina i te waikura i valivali ratou i roto i mangu.

āhua Hangarau o Tuhinga pūrere me Tuhinga manatokonga whakamana e te tirohanga ki te kanohi tahanga te wahi kitea o te pūrere ki te tirohanga tuwhera te kanohi, me te ine i ngā tawhā oneone Tuhinga pūrere. tirotirohia te wahi kitea o te pūrere e kotahi katoa marama e ono.

Whakaritenga mō ngā pūhui tiaki me conductors uhupoho

E kawea pūhui -nuku, me te uhupoho conductors katoa i roto i te kakano ia. E hono Corps o mīhini hiko, me te taputapu, te whenua whakapā matua i runga i te ara iahiko uhupoho, me tautoko ngā rārangi tiketike-ngaohiko ki te tutaki uhupoho pēne. E hanga Tuhinga conductors o maitai parahi ranei tutaki me te taura parahi. Ano, ka rite ki te kaiwhakahaere uhupoho kia whakamahia ai taura whenua. whakamahia hoki te tenei whakaaro rite te parahi matua paea me kotahi taura, te wāhanga ripeka o e taea hononga iti-resistance.

Ātete inenga o ngā pūrere uhupoho

Ki te whakarite tautukunga o te parenga o te uhupoho o nga tikanga me ture mo te hua o nāianei, e tangohia inenga o te parenga ngā. He raruraru o tenei inenga ko ki te whakatau i te pūnaha uhupoho resistance mō te haere therethrough te whenua o nāianei - he nāianei horahanga pera-ka karanga.

E hanga inenga i roto i runga ki te paerewa haumaru hiahiatia: te ārai o te taiawhio kotahi-wāhanga, me te whakamahi o te taputapu tiaki whaiaro, tae atu ki ngā karapu tuuraa me tiaa, rite pai rite te taputapu wehe.

Taputapu me ngā taputapu mo te inenga o te ātete whenua

Ko te taputapu matua, i hanga ine i te ātete horahia ngā Ko te mita IC-10 uhupoho. mahi tenei pūrere i roto i awhe whanganga e rima, e whakamārama tona whakamahi whānui. Ko te whānuitanga mōkito ko te ātete o i 0.01 ki te 9.99 Ohm, aru awhe 0.1-99.9 Ohm, 1-999 Ohm 0,01-9,99 pōroa. Ko te ātete mōrahi i whakaritea e tenei pūrere, kei roto i te awhe i te 1 ki te 999 milliohms. I roto i ngā ki te pūrere whakamahia hoki inenga mamao o kawehiko nāianei, me te ngaohiko.

Me kï reira e haere i te ara iahiko ruri whenua i raro i ngā ture tino - te whakahiko hononga o te pūrere, matua ki kawehiko nāianei, me te pūmanawa, ka ki te pūrere me te whakamutunga - ki kawehiko te whenua.

Methods o whakamātautau whenua

Ko te uara ātete o pani nāianei mō te rerekē ngā pūrere uhupoho rerekē me tei runga i ngā āhuatanga maha pērā i te ahua o ngā pūnaha hiko, tikanga oneone i te pae tāutanga o te tāutanga, me te momo whakamahia hoki o te pūrere taua.

Ko te tukanga inenga Kei rua tikanga, e kua whakaaturia i roto i te ture ki te ngā IS-10 mea ka whanganga o te parenga whenua. Ki te te ātete o te pūrere, tohu i roto i tona uruwhenua atu i te 5 ohms, whakamahia toru-waea ara iahiko te. Ki te he iti iho i tenei uara te uara - whakamahia wha-waea ara iahiko te.