Uku - he aha te mea te reira. Composition me Taupānga

Hei waihanga i tētahi mata kounga me te ara pono reira e rerekē i roto i te hanganga me te āhuatanga o ngā rauemi. Ko tētahi o ratou ko te uku. He aha te mea tenei taonga, he aha ngā āhuatanga roaa te reira me te wahi e hāngai, kua mohiotia te tino pai te reira i roto i nga kaihanga wahi me kaimahi rori tuatahi. Iwi o te whakatupuranga kaumatua, e tupu ake i roto i te Soviet Union, ka mahara he aha i to ratou pia ngaungau tuatahi - uku. Waho i hanga taonga te kohiwi e pou hinu tukatuka he hanganga Kaore ka whakahuatia e mangu. Ko Tukua Koinei i 8 ki te 45 ōrau i te taimaha o te hinu.

Uku - he aha te mea te reira

Ko te pūtake o tenei rauemi he hua hinu, na ko te tino rite ki te hautau hinu te hanganga o te uku. Ko ratou wāhanga whakahauanga:

- Petroleum kapia arā, o ngā waiwaro o hanganga matatini, me te faaite uku pokey me stringiness.

- Uku - totoka e whakanui i te pūmautanga waiariki.

- waikawa Uku me ratou anhydrides he ōritetanga kohiwi me waikawa polinaftenovym hāngai ana.

- ano wāhanga whakahauanga ko te ihirangi uku tiketike o poke whakarewa reira i roto i te hinu.

āhuatanga uku

whakawhirinaki ratou te nuinga i runga i te āhuatanga o te hinu, me te te hangarau e whakamahia ana i roto i tona tukatuka. hautau Nature hinu pāngia me etahi āhuatanga o Koinei, pērā i te mātotoru, ira whakakoero me te flash coking. He uku pai whiwhi i te hinu taimaha, me te teriuma ko e pā ana ki 8% o tona taimaha.

Ko te whakamahi o te uku

I roto i te peka ngā o Koinei tono. Ko te wāhanga faufaa mo te hanga o te ara, me te hanganga uku, mohiotia, pea, nga mea katoa. Otiia i roto i te tua, e hiahiatia ana uku te me te hanga o te nekeneke wahie, te hinu wahie me haurehu combustible. I roto i te hanganga me te rapa ahumahi te whakamahia reira hei emollient. Ka taea te tukatuka uku ki te ihirangi tiketike o resins ki wahie diesel te whakamahi i te tikanga o te hydrogenation me te hangai.

I roto i te tikanga ki te tango wāhanga kohiwi-asphaltene me polycyclic waiwaro kakara e whai he taupū pokey iti me te nui rawa o te coking tono Koinei deasphalting. Te whakarewa, rite ki te tikanga, ko te pōwaro. Otiia me ki reira, ina e hiahia ana koe ki te tiki i te wae hydrocracking raw ranei papatanga catalytic taea te whakamahi pēwaro me te pūwaro. I te tahi taime, kawea he deasphalting rua-wā i roto i ka tukuna te wāhanga tuatahi o te uku hua wāhanga atu Kaore - DAO 2.

I roto i te mau ana i roto i ara mahi kawea Koinei te i roto i te puka mārō, ka kua kua tika i te aroaro o te whakamahi i he reira wera ki te āhua wai.

rauemi tuarua

I roto i te hanga o teretere, hinu marama, paraffins me ētahi atu tukanga purenga i reira whakamahia te kaiwhakahohe te rite te waikawa pungatara, e hanga e e-hua i huaina Koinei waikawa. Ko te rauemi tuarua nui i roto i te puranga gummy pango kei roto waikawa te nuinga pungatara me ngā pūhui matū waro tenei. Ton waikawa Koinei taea ki te whiwhi 600 kg o te hinu wahie, 230 kg gypsum 110 kg 60 kg Coke waiwaro haurehu waihā ranei.

Danger o tars waikawa mō te mātauranga rauropi

Ahakoa tona uara rite he rauemi raw mo nga hononga uku, a ara tetahi o nga āhuatanga tino nui araunga he riri ki te taiao, ko reira te Koinei ka waikawa. Ko te taonga, ko te pono he puna o te ati ki te me te ao kararehe, e mea ohie ki te whakaaro, ki te mahara koe tona hanganga - taonga te kohiwi, me te waikawa pungatara free, taea e te ihirangi o nei ki runga ki te 70% o te taimaha katoa.

Risk Ko te tikanga o te rokiroki me tars waikawa. Nā ki te meka e tenei ra i reira he kore tikanga tōtika o te hangarua, kua maka noa te ururua ki te harotoroto rokiroki pupuri i ētahi wā ngā wāhi tino nui. Ka rite ki te hua o te tukanga, pitihāoratanga e puta noa i runga i te mata o te rokiroki, he nui nui o te pūngāwhā hāora rua. I muri ua taimaha rewa te hukarere te wai puna kawa e rerengia ana i te roto apiapi ranei, acidifies te oneone, me te manawa whenua.

tenei katoa he pānga tōraro i runga i te āhuatanga kaiao tata te wāhi o enei roto, tōraro pānga te hauora o te iwi e noho ana i roto i te rohe e karapoti ana. Miriona o taranata o tars waikawa warehoused i roto i tuwhera harotoroto rokiroki i runga i te rohe o Russia. Tata e te ururua taua refineries katoa. Kotahi anake o te rohe o to ratou ake atu i te 250 toni putu.

Tikanga o te ururua

I roto i te whare whanaketanga hou kei te tipu haere te hiahia mō ngā hua pērā i uku, uku, uku mastic uku. Fakatatau ki ai, a tipu maha o ngā kaiwhakanao. He tokomaha o ratou e ngana ana ki te whakaoti i te raruraru o tars waikawa ururua, te whakamahi i pungatara tikanga maimoatanga waikawa, engari he mea iti i roto i te tauine tonu, t. Ki. Ko reira tino he tukanga uaua. E titau te reira rauemi waikawa-ātete utu, te whanaketanga o ngā rautaki motuhake me tikanga rokiroki. I teie mahana, whakawhanakehia te hangarau whai hua tino mo te waikawa ururua Koinei.

Tata ki te katoa o nga ngaio whai wāhi i roto i te hanga ara, tika whakaaro uku he rauemi ahurei. Tona remelting taea ki a koe te hanga i tētahi momo o te pūhui e kua pai whakamahia i roto i te hanga ara. Na te whakamahi o te Koinei i roto i te tuanui me te whare mahi mo te hinu wahie, hinu lubricating me kora wai whakarei atu tona uara.