Timata wāhanga me take o te Northern War nui. Ko te hua o te Pakanga Northern

He aha te mea i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau whitu, kaupapa here ke Russian? Northern War nui - te pakanga mo te rohe o te moana Baltic - e ko te hui taketake a tino nui i roto i aua tau. E rua tekau ma tahi nga tau roa te whawhai. karanga ētahi reira te Northern War nui, me etahi - rua tekau Tau. I roto i te whānui, ka anga te whawhai i waenganui i te whakakotahitanga o ngā whenua Pākehā raki me te kingitanga o Huitene i roto i 1700, ka mutu i roto i 1721.

Ko te whenua i whawhai hoki te kainga o nga rohe Paratiki. Kia aroha mai, mutu te whawhai ki te mate o Sweden. Otiia mutu te whawhai, no te mea maoro, mai tatou katoa, ki te mutunga, a ka hanga e ko te kuao Russian Empire i Europe. puritia ia he kaipuke kaha me te ope faahiahia. Ko tōna whakapaipai ko St Petersburg. Ko ia i runga i te taha o te Moana Baltic.

Na, i runga i te kaupapa o Kingi Akuhata II o Poland me kaipooti o Saxony Northern Alliance i hanga. Tenei whakahaere tuatahi whakaaturia whawhai i runga i Sweden. piri ano te Northern Alliance Russia, ahu e Pita ahau, me te kingitanga Norwegian-Danish, tona matenga ko Korol Kristian te Fifth.

I muri i te raupapa o whakaora uira i roto i te Swedish 1700 Te Tai Tokerau Union hinga. I tua atu, i mahue Denmark kua te parekura i roto i 1700, a taui Saxony i roto i 1706. Ko te āhua Russian i ki te whawhai ki nga Swedes i runga i to ratou ake, engari na 1709 i whakahokia te Union Northern. rerekē ngā wāhanga o te Northern War nui i ia atu: i roto i te meka i te taha Russian whawhai Prussia, te Hōrana, te Hannover. Na awhinatia whawhai tuatahi o Sweden Ingarangi (mai 1707 - Great Britain), ka Holstein me te Ottoman Empire.

Ukrainian Cossack tahi ki Zaporozhian Cossack wehea me ki etahi whānuitanga tautoko Turkey ko Swedish, engari te nuinga wāhi ope Russian. Ka rite ki te hua, i taea ki te toe mana o nga whenua Russian tawhito i roto i te Baltic States, ngaro i roto i nga wa raruraru Russia.

He aha te whawhai?

He aha e nga take nui o te Northern War nui? Kia tamata o ki te whakautu i tēnei pātai. Kei te mohiotia te reira e i te timatanga o te rau tau tekau ma waru ko Swedish Empire te whenua tino i roto i te Moana Baltic. I tua atu, i whakaaro ai i tetahi o nga whenua ārahi i roto i Europe. Ko nona te kāwanatanga he wahi totoka o te rohe Baltic tenei: te Baltic ngā te hakari, te rohe katoa o te Gulf, wahi o te rohe tonga o te Moana Baltic.

Mea faahiahia, i roto i te 1697, Sweden kua whakaritea Head o rima Charles te tekau ma rua. Noho tata ka whakatata Sweden whakarongo ki tona tau taitamariki, me te tatau i runga i te wikitoria ngāwari: te rangatiratanga Norwegian-Danish, kei te ngana Saxony ko Russia ki te hanga i te amuamu ki Sweden runga i ona rohe. Kua hanga ēnei mana e toru te Alliance Northern, tona kaiwhakarewa ko Kingi o Poland me kaipooti o Saxony, Akuhata II. hiahia tenei tangata ki te tara Livonia (Livonia), wahi o Sweden e e whakakaha tona kaha i roto i te Commonwealth. E te ara, mutu ake Livonia i nga ringa o Sweden i runga ki te Tiriti te rangimarie o Oliwa i 1660.

Aha pana Denmark ki te pakanga ki a Sweden? O te akoranga, ki te hiahia roa-tū te nuinga i te Moana Baltic. Kei te mohiotia te reira i taua i roto i 1658, Carl Gustav X i roto i te pakanga i roto i Danish Jutland wahia. Ko hoki te reira i roto i te tonga o ka mau te kūrae Scandinavian rave rahi kawanatanga. a Denmark ki te hoatu ake te kohinga o utu i kaipuke e haere na roto i te Strait o Zundsky. E te ara, vied nga mana e rua mo te mana o te tonga hoa Denmark - duchy o Schleswig-Holstein.

takoto hoki Take o te Northern War nui i roto i te whai ake: Emepara Russian Pita ahau, i muri i te mau a'oraa ki Akuhata piri te Alliance Northern whakamutunga. Tenei kaupapa i puta kua i roto i te puka o te Liliú o te kirimana. kerēme Whenua Russia ki Sweden ngā Ingria me Karelia: kua riro enei whenua i roto i te Time o aue e Sweden i runga ki te kirimana Stolbovo 1617. Ko hoki Russia kore e ngakaukore ana ki te Annex whenua me Livonia, no o ratou ngohengohe ki Russia i te tekau ma tahi o nga rau tau ki te mahara i te meatanga - te rohe o tahito whakaaro "matua" o nga rangatira Russian.

Ko reira ngā e i roto i te tukanga o te ope Russian whawhai a 1656-1658 i taea hoki te wa ki te noho i te wahi ki te rawhiti o Livonia me Ingria. riro nga mua Noteburg Nienschanz ko Dinaburg, whakapaea ana ki Riga. Ko te whawhai ki a Poland i anō, ka a Russia ki haina i te tiriti te rongo Kardissky - patua Sweden i hoki nga whenua katoa.

He pārekareka ki te ako i te take o te Northern War nui - ko te matua ki he mahara ki nga whawhai whakamīharo. Ko te kupu, ko te mana Russian whakaratohia e te hononga hokohoko ki Europe mā Arkhangelsk - anake te tauranga i runga i te Moana White. Here i reira ko tetahi navigation taimaha, me te kōhikohiko, rawa te i uaua te hokohoko. A i te mara o te pahi, me te moana i runga i te moana White ko te backlog nui. I roto i te whānui, whakaaro te rironga o te whai wāhi ki te moana Baltic te he mahi ōhanga nui mō te Russia.

Kei te kore te reira tabulahia i pretty take pai Northern War? E te ara, ko te take iti i roto i te whawhai Russia haere mai i te mutunga o te whawhai ki Turkey. i hainatia Constantinople Tiriti rangimarie Hōngongoi 3, 1700, me i August 18, i whakapuakina Turkey te rangimarie whakamutunga. I te pae hopea i runga i August 19, whakaaturia te whawhai i runga i Sweden Russia. taonga Swedish katoa i roto i Moscow, ka anga tonu ki te raupatu i rite ki te tikanga hou i whakaputaina. i nekehia atu ratou i roto i manakohia o te whare taonga Russian. I te wa ano, i hopukina ia i roto i Moscow, me te karere Swedish.

whakaaro te tutei belli ngā whakapawera, rawa i roto i te hara whaiaro i roto i te 1697. I muri i te katoa, ko reira ka e Pita ahau, haere ki Europe, matao Swedes tutaki i Riga. I te wa ano kihai i ngā kerēme whenua whakahuatia.

tīmata te whawhai

Ko te kaiuru o te Northern War nui kehe āheinga faahiahia. Hei tauira, te waru tau tawhito Swedish Kingi Karl XII i "i roto i te aroha ki te whawhai." I ia te pumanawa rauhanga tino. Na reira, i taea ki te riro i te raupapa o whakaora nui nga Swedes i roto i te whawhai tuatahi. Heoi, ko te kaitōrangapū kino rawa te toa Karl XII: mahere ia ko ia ko tona ope whāinga e whaihua te whawhai.

Tona hoariri matua o Pita tahuri ahau vysokoodaronnym rangatira, ā hōia, me te kaiwhakahaere. I tua atu, i whakaaro ai he takawaenga rawa kaipakihi, pūmanawa. O te akoranga, i fakahoha'asi ia e te kore i te timatanga o te whawhai, engari i roto i te mutunga i angitu te kamupene. I muri i hanga e Karl XII maha rawa hape.

Battle o te Pakanga Northern i etahi ara tautoko me Ayuka Khan. whanau tenei rangatira Kalmyk i roto i Dzungaria. heke ia ki te tekau ma rua nga tau i roto i te rohe Täingäwai, te wahi i kauwhautia e ia nga mano tini taisha Kalmyk tuatahi. Kua tīmata nga mana Russian whiriwhiringa ki te Kalmyks, i roto i nei i taea ki te hanga hoa ki a ratou e ratou. i te wa kei te kaha ākina Russia te kaupapa here Ayuka. Engari, tukua ia ki a ia te whakamahi i tana ope i roto i te whawhai nui Northern War.

pakanga Denmark

Ko te kaiuru o te Northern War nui, whakapaea hōia ara Saxon Riga February 12 1700. Heoi, ko te moemoea o Akuhata II kihai i faataahia ki kia rite: Livonian kahore e mohio iu ki nga hoariri, a kahore e te wehenga o te angitu Augustus tutuki. Kingi Frederick IV o Denmark, i August o te taua tau huakina e te duchy Holstein-Gottorp i te wahi tonga o te kāwanatanga. Heoi, kotahi tekau mano hoia Swedish, e arahina Karl XII, i mau i te ohorere ū Danes tata Copenhagen. i takoha Denmark ki te wahi i te haumi ki a Akuhata II: Ākuhata 7 i ia ki te haina i te rangimarie tiriti Travendalsky.

haere Russian i runga i Ingermanland

Na inaianei titiro i nga ngā matua o te Pakanga Northern. Kei te mohiotia te reira e riro i te tiriti te rongo o Constantinople Pita te karere i runga i 18 August. Kua kore i whakamōhiotia te reira e mutu Denmark ngā mahi hōia, ka pera i runga i August 19, whakaaturia e ia te whawhai ki runga ki Sweden. Ka rite ki te hua, whakarewahia hōia Russian te ino.

I mua, hainatia Russia he whakaaetanga uniana ki Augustus II, rite ki nei i te reira ki te riro Ingermanland (aka te Swedish Ingria). Tenei whenua Ko te rahi o te hāngai o nāianei ki te rohe Leningrad.

Ko reira ngā e i runga i te rohe i waenganui i Estonia me Ingermanland i whakanohoia he pa faahiahia me te pourewa o Huitene nui i roto i te rohe - Narva. ka tenei pa hei ūnga mo nga rangatira Russian.

He kore reira pono, he tino kanorau, me te picturesque nga takahanga o te Pakanga Northern? Fakakaukau ki he haerenga ki te Narva. I whakaritea te reira i te taha o te ngahuru, ko reira meapango. i kau Food, i te matekai i te hoia. Hoiho, e mau ana taputapu, whangai kia kino e ratou mate-atu i timata. I roto i te tahi atu mea, ka anga reira ki ua, wahia iho wā te huru ara tupuheke i roto i nga kaata taonga.

Ko te tikanga hiahia Pita ahau ki te kohikohi whakatata Narva runga hoia e ono tekau mano. Kia aroha mai, oho te ope ki te wāhi rawa āta, ka hutia mahere me te wā o te kingi. Ka rite ki te hua o te whakapaenga o Narva, 14 Oketopa, i tae e hoia anake 40 mano.

Ko te whakapaenga o Narva

He aha te atu rongonui Northern War nui? He titiro poto i te whakapaenga o Narva. I whakaritea te hui painga. Cannon pupuhi te pa whakamatauria ki te kia hua, rite hōia Russian whakamahia pū LBW. Ano, nui kariri hoki o wiki e rua anake.

Narva - he pa kaha ki te pātata rua Ivangorod. Na reira Potru ahau, fakatāutaha, ki te whakamahere i te whakapaenga, i te reira ki te totoro nui taea nga hōia Russian, e rua i te wa ano karapotia te pa. kua he whakaritenga taua mo te ope Russian kua tino Kāore: te wa i muri te whawhai o Narva, ngoikore reira ratou kaha whawhai.

He aha kua tangohia August II? I muri i te fariiraa i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te withdrawal tere i te whawhai i roto i Denmark, tonu ka mau ia atu Riga whakapaea, taui ki Kurland. i puta ke te akoranga o te Pakanga Northern: whakawhetai ki te mahi o Akuhata II Karl XII i taea ki te whakawhiti wahi o tona ope i te moana i roto i Pernau (Pärnu). u ia i reira i runga i Oketopa 6, a haere ana ki a Narva, whakapaea e te ope Russian.

I tua atu, i runga i te po o 18 Whiringa-, General-Field Marshal Count Golovin, tahi ki a Pita i mahue ahau i te ope - haere ratou ki Novgorod. ka mea te kingi ki te whakahau tiketike o te tuakana i roto i te ana'iraa - ke ki te Duke de Croy. Ko te ope o Charles XII Whiringa 19, 1700 meinga te ope Russian i roto i te pakanga o Narva te mate taimaha. Te mea faahiahia, taua te ope o Huitene 25 mano iwi, a Russian - e pā ana ki 40 mano.

I roto i te mahi Northern War Fun hunga wehi Duke de Croy, e ara i mua i hoatu te whawhai whakatakotoria Karl XII. Otiia i hoatu ake ia e kore tetahi, engari tahi me tona tokotoko, tito o tangata ke. I muri i nga parekura katoa o te ope Russian he tonu pai ki te taupori o Huitene. Otiia e Whiringa 21 tukua reira te nuinga o nga whakahau o te Duke o Croy.

Me kï reira e Tuhinga staunchly awhina te ora tiaki semenov me Life tiaki i nga Swedes. e kore ratou i taka noa ki te ārai i te Tuhinga whakama, engari ano hoki ki te taupoki ana i te taui o te hōia Russian, reira tiaki i te reira i hinga whakamutunga. Hoki whakakitea te itoito i roto i tenei whawhai, hoia a te hoia i roto i te 1700-1740 whakawhiwhia i tokena whero: i roto i te mahara o te meka e "i ratou i roto i tenei pakanga o te turi i roto i te toto."

Ko te putanga o te pakanga

Battle o te Pakanga Northern mutu i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē. Hei tauira, ko te hua o ngā mahi hōia i Narva i te taha Russian whakamataku: ko te mate i werohia, mate, koraha, toremi, mate o matao, a ko te kai i waenganui i waru me tekau mano iwi. I tua atu, e whitu rau tangata, tae atu tekau tianara me rima tekau-ono rangatira i roto i te whakarau, i ngaro 179 o te pu 184. Ko te kino.

Ko te take mo te mate o ngā hōia Russian

mutu etahi o nga whawhai o te Pakanga Northern i hinga. Kia titiro a ki te take mo te hinga o te ope Russian i roto i te pakanga o Narva. Tuatahi, ka mea whakarihariha rite te ope mo te whawhai ki te hoariri kaha. Ano, ko te reira i roto i te taahiraa whakariterite anō. Tuarua, ko ruarua patu te ope, me te kahore i mohio me pehea ki te whawhai i te ture o tātai rārangi, te kawe i roto i te mau misioni mahi hūhunu. i antiquated me diversiform Artillery. I roto i te meka, i ia i taua wa i reira i neke atu i te rua tekau-rima calibers rerekē - tenei mita tino raruraru tona supply o matā. Na rawa, te wāhi tino nui: i reira ko kahore ake hanganga whakahau motu i roto i te ope Russian. I muri i te katoa, nohoia e rangatira ke nga tūranga whakahau matua.

I roto i Europe, i muri i te kore o nga tau i te torutoru whakapono matou e he tino ere hoki whawhai te ope Russian. I te wa ano tapaina a Charles XII Swedish Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

He aha e ka mau nga ngā matua o te Pakanga Northern wahi i muri i te hinga o te ope Russian i Narva? Pita ka tango ahau i te taahiraa i muri mai: iti ia te maha o ngā āpiha ke i roto i te ope patu. ratou pūkete inaianei mo te toru anake o te katoa o ngā āpiha o te tari.

Ko reira taa'eraa e te hinga i Narva He wāhi nui i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā hōia Russian me te hītori o te kāwanatanga. ka mea faihisitōlia Pokrovsky e tini ngā pānga Russian katoa i roto i te whawhai ki te uru taonga ki te moana, ki te hokohoko, me te whiwhi mana o te tauranga Paratiki. Ko te aha a Pita i roto i nga tīmatanga o te pakanga utua kua tokanga makehe ki te tauranga Baltic - Riga me Narva. Kia aroha mai, i tukua e ia he hinga kuru i Narva, ka aia ki te rohe o hou St Petersburg. faaoti Pita ki te hanga i tētahi tauranga hou me te pa i te mangai o te awa Neva - te whakapaipai o te Russian Empire heke mai.

pakanga Russian

Na, tonu ahau i te Pakanga Northern. whakaahuatia poto pakanga i muri mai Russian, engari te horo. O te akoranga, Pita mauruuru e ahau nga take patua aha nga hōia Russian i i Narva. Na kua tonoa e ia te pūmanawa tonu o te whenua, me te ki te faaineine i ngā hōia mo te whawhai ki a Sweden. hanga ana e ia he ope auau hou, te whakapai ake tona hanganga whakahaere, pūnaha o whakangungu me te mātauranga, riro te taputapu hou.

faaapî ia pū - te whakaiti i te maha o calibers, e tenei ratou i reira e Na te tikanga o Pita ahau mo te wā iti o toru rau taputapu hou kua whakarewa 12. anake. Me kï reira e etahi o nga pu i hanga i pere hahi ka mau te takotoranga moni, ka rewa. Ka rite ki te hua, whai Pita kaha i muri i te kore o Narva, a anō te ino i roto i te raki.

Battle i Ingria

Ka rite ki tonu te whawhai Te Tai Tokerau? titiro poto te akoranga o ngā kaupapa o muri mai. Kei te mohiotia te reira e whai wāhi nga ope matua o Sweden i te pakanga i roto i Saxony, a te Commonwealth. Te tango painga o te kau i roto i 1701 whakahau a Pita ki te raki ki te tīmata i te ino hou. Na ka riro nga hōia Russian whakahau e Boris Sheremetev whakaekea ratou Ingermanland (Ingria), ka puritia e Sweden, Hakihea 30, 1701 i te pakanga o Erestfere i te Pakanga Northern mo tona win tuatahi.

Ahakoa te ope Swedish whakahau e General Slippenbach. A i Hōngongoi 1702 i roto i te pakanga o Gummelsgofa ope Russian patua te rua o nga wa ona mano tini.

Ka rite ki te hua o te timatanga o 1703 katoa i runga i Neva whakahaeretia Russian.

Pakanga i roto i te Estonia me Livonia

I roto i te whānui, i nui te awe te putanga o te Northern War nui i roto i te 1703 - ki tona Russia otinga te mana tata katoa o te whenua Ingermanlandii. I roto i te 1704, tonu te ope Russian tona ino. Ko ia i raro i te whakahau o Sheremeteva Borisa i te raumati o te 1704 ka haere mai ki a Livonia, ka whakatakotoria whakapaea ki Dorpat. tangohia te pa i roto i Hōngongoi 1704 ki te whai wāhitanga whaiaro o Pita I.

I muri i enei ngā, whakatakotoria te rōpū tuarua o te ope Russian whakapaea ki Narva, a haere ana Estland. Na ka whakahau te hoia e Ogilvy. Na ka haere a Pita i Dorpat, a na te mutunga o te raumati, i tangohia tenei pa. Whakaae, he nui Mokoia o te Bastille! hoia Russian i roto i tenei mahi faaite ratou pūkenga nui haere me te taputapu pai o.

pakanga Polish

I roto i te Pakanga Northern, a Charles XII ki te hanga i te nui rahi o ngā whakataunga. faaoti ia ki te whakarere i te whawhai kaha ki te hoia Russian. Na hiahia ia ki te patu i te patu nui ki te ope i August II. I roto i te whānui, hiahia te kingi Swedish Poland ki fakanofo 'a ia arii pai hei utu o Akuhata II. faaoti ia ki te hanga i Rzeczpospolita rohe moka i waenganui i te Russian me nga Swedes.

I tua atu, ko te ope o Huitene i Hōngongoi 1701, i waho te whakatutuki i te aro tika, whiti te Dvina, a riro Livonia. Ko reira ngā e mutu te pakanga Polish ki te hopu o te rangatira o te Swedish me te wikitoria o te ope Russian.

Invasion o Russia

Ko te hua o te Pakanga Northern o te pānga ki te katoa e kore he tau'a ki te hītori nei. Engari kia te tuatahi whakaaro tatou i roto i te 1707 - ko te ope o Huitene katoa tau i roto i Saxony. I roto i tenei wā, Karl XII taea hipokina e te parekura, me te tino whakakaha i te ope. A i te timatanga o 1708 ka haere nga Swedes ki Smolensk. whakapono ētahi e tuatahi whakamaheretia ratou ki te patu i te patu nui i roto i te ahunga o Moscow. kihai i Pita i te mahere hoariri ahau: i uaua tūranga Russian i te ra.

Te Kaunihera Military i Starish

Ko te tino ngā te uara o te Pakanga Northern, te awe katoa mita tona putanga. Hei tauira, 11-13 Mahuru 1708 i roto i te kainga iti o Smolensk kaunihera o te whawhai o te kingi o Huitene ki ana tianara. Ko te wāhi rawhiti o te ope Swedish kaupapa i roto i te whakaekenga o Russia.

whakaritea e te hōia i te pātai o te kaupapa atu o te ope o Huitene. patua ana etahi ki te haere ki Moscow mā Smolensk, i te hiahia ētahi atu ki te neke ki te tonga, Ukraine. Kia aroha mai, e hiahiatia ana te ope Swedish he okiokinga: mutu nga hoia ki te kai, me te kariri mau, te nuinga o ratou e mate ana. Heoi Hetman Ivan Mazepa fakapapau'i te Swedes i tautoko o te taupori Iukereiniana, a kua whiriwhiri ratou te kaupapa i roto i te Ukraine.

Poltava

O te akoranga, te hiranga hītori o te Northern War nui tino nui mō te Russian. riro ratou Pipiri 27, 1709 i roto i te pakanga o Poltava, e kau me ki te parekura totoka Nā e nga Swedes.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e muri i tenei pakanga nui huna Karl XII i te Ottoman Empire, i whakakikitia e te Sultan Ahmed III ki te tango i mahi hōia ki Russia. Menshikov, tetahi o te toa, patua te ope kingi o Sweden, te Hiha Pita ahau mō te tango wahi i roto i te pakanga o Poltava paetukutuku whakahonoretia o Field Marshal.

Ko te putanga o te whawhai

Ko te hua o te Pakanga Northern nuinga ki a rawa rerekē arotakea. whakaaro ētahi e te hinga o Sweden, rawa hei wāhanga o te whakakotahi kaha (Saxony, Denmark, Rzeczpospolita), ka taea ai te uru ki te rua tekau tau i Moana Baltic Russian kore te hiahiatia.

He tokomaha ia ite e radically ke te whawhai te toenga o ope i roto i te Moana Baltic: Russia ko inaianei i roto i tenei rohe oaoa te mana nui. He mahi matua whakaturia e Pita ahau, o te akoranga, kua whakatauria - riro Russia uru ki te moana, a ka anga ki te whakatū i hokohoko moana ki Europe.

Nahea te mau tautooraa whakahou o Pita te Northern War nui? Reform, whakawhetai ki a ia, ka riro anake etahi whakauka. Me kï reira e kore a Pita kihai hoki i mutu kotahi tuarua ona mau tautooraa whakahou. i tika ki ngā raruraru hōia ana whakahounga haere tonu.

Ratau, te Northern War nui o 1700-1721 rawa kaha te awe e Russia - te whenua ite ōhanga, me te tino raruraru tatauranga. A i roto i te hītori o Finland, te wā uaua tino o te whawhai - i 1714 ki te 1721 - ka haere ia i raro i te ingoa o atu mauahara. ngaro Sweden tona kaha mua, a tahuri ana ki te āhua iti.