Tikanga perception pāhekoheko. Tirohanga a te tangata i te tangata. tirohanga pāpori

Kei te haere tahi tonu Knowledge o tetahi tangata ki tetahi i te aromatawai aronganui o te hoa, he whakamātau ki te matau ana mahi, huringa matapae i roto i tona whanonga me te whakatauira o ratou ake whanonga. Mai tā tenei tukanga i te iti rawa e rua tangata, me ia o ratou ko te whai wāhi mātātoa i roto i te hanga o ia rautaki whai wāhi kia tango ki pūkete te mana'o turai kore anake, me ngā hiahia o ētahi atu, engari ano hoki tona mahara o nga manawa me ngā hiahia o te hoa. Kei te karanga a hoki te tukanga o te perception pāhekoheko tirohanga pāpori.

tikanga perception pāhekoheko - he ara e e whakamārama te tangata, me te aro mātai e rua. Ka taea e ēnei tikanga e tino he rota. I teie mahana, ka titiro tatou ki nga tikanga taketake o te perception pāhekoheko: tāututanga, aroha, whaiaro fakatefito-, attraction whakangahau, whakaata, stereotype me te tukunga causal.

tāututanga

Ko te tikanga tuatahi, me te matua o te perception pāhekoheko ko te tāutu o te tangata te tangata. Mai i te tirohanga o te hinengaro pāpori, haapapu te reira i te meka e te ara māmā ki te matau i te hoa e faaau ia ki reira.

Ko te tikanga, ko te tāutu o te maha o te pana:

1. Tāutunga ki tetahi takitahi, e hāngai ana i runga i te hononga aronganui.
2. Inculcating uara, tūranga me huru maitatai morare o te tahi atu tangata.
3. Tārua o whakaaro, mau mana'o ranei te tahi atu mahi tangata.

Ko te whakamāramatanga tino whānui o te tautuhi ko e whai ake. Identification - Ko te māramatanga o te hoa i roto i tona tautuhi mohio mauri moe ranei ki reira, e ngana ana ki te ite tona huru, te tūāhua me te huru ki te ao, hoatu koe i roto i tona wahi.

kaungāongo'i

he whanaunga tata te tikanga tuarua o te perception waenga ki te tuatahi. ka karanga a aumauiui hiahia aronganui ki te whakautu ki torturing atu raruraru tangata, te tangi ki a ia, ka mamae.

Ano, te tikanga aumauiui te rite:

1. Māramatanga o te kāwanatanga o tetahi takitahi.
2. tukanga o Piripīni e hāngai ana te tāutu wheako ke.
3. Mahi e tauturu te takitahi ki te hanga tahitanga i roto i te ara motuhake.
4. Te āhei ki te tomo ki roto ki te āhua hinengaro o tetahi atu tangata.

Ko te kaha ki te aroha piki i roto i te take o mōmēniti faitatau, a ka whiwhi i te takitahi wheako. Te kaungāongo'i teitei, awe te atu ātaahua te tangata e te taua mau ohipa i roto i te oraraa o te iwi rerekē, me ko te atu ia mōhio o te oraraa o ngā tirohanga rerekē i runga i te ora.

Takitahi, e pängia ana ki te aroha, e taea te kitea i runga i taua whenua:

1. Kātakí mo kare o te tahi atu mau taata.
2. Ko te kaha ki te tomo ki roto ki te ao i roto rawa o te interlocutor, engari ka whakakitea e tona tirohanga.
3. Te taunga tona perception o te ao ki te tirohanga o te tahi atu tangata o o te ao ki te whakatutuki i te matauranga o tetahi.

Ko te faitatau o aumauiui ki te tāutu

I roto i te aumauiui kua etahi ritenga ki te huarahi tāutu tikanga. I roto i te wā e rua ki reira he kaha o te tangata ki te titiro i nga mea i te tirohanga o tetahi atu tangata. Heoi, aroha, pērā i te tāututanga te kore tikanga ki te tautuhi ia ki tona interlocutor. Te tāutu ia ki te hoa, e te tangata tona whanonga tauira me te hangaia meimei tatau. E whakaatu ana i te taua aroha, te takitahi e noa ki pūkete te whanonga o te puna aho, i te tonu ki te hanga takitahi ratou whanonga.

whakaaro aumauiui e tetahi o nga pūkenga tino nui o te kaimātai hinengaro, he tākuta, kaiako me te aratohu. aro Empathic (whakarongo), kia rite ki a Rogers, ko te huru motuhake ki te hoa, e hāngai ana i runga i te kōtuitui o tautuhi me te aroha. Whakaurunga i roto i te tahi atu tangata, e taea ana ki te whakatutuki i te whakapā tuwhera - tāututanga mahi. Tenei "rumaki i roto i te interlocutor" i roto i tona puka parakore he hopearaa tōraro - he kaimātai hinengaro, "herea" te fifi kiritaki me tīmata ki te kino ia tona ake raruraru. Here mai ki te āwhina wae empathic - te kaha ki te noho watea mai i te hoa kāwanatanga. Ko te kupu, ko te huinga o tikanga pērā i te tāutu o te tangata tangata, me te aroha taea te kaimātai hinengaro ki te whakarato āwhina tūturu ki kiritaki.

puka kaungāongo'i

Ka taea e ngā wheako Empathic e rawaka me te takarepa. Hei tauira, i roto i te kotahi pouri tetahi o he pouri, me te tahi atu - te hari.

I tua atu, ka taea e aumauiui e:

1. Aronganui. I runga anō i te huarahi o te ngä, me te peehia whai hua, me te nekeneke tauhohe o te interlocutor.
2. -Hinengaro. I runga i ngā tukanga maramarama.
3. Predicative. faaite te reira i kaha o te tangata ki te matapae i te tauhohe o te interlocutor i roto i tetahi āhuatanga i homai.

He puka nui o te aumauiui mahi o aumauiui - te wheako o tetahi takitahi mana'o, kare me ngā āhua e e ite i te tahi atu. puta tenei i roto i te tāutu me te tangata, me tona aroha.

egocentrism

Ko te tikanga tuatoru o perception pāhekoheko, pērā i te rua o mua, fakafaingata'a'ia'i te matauranga o te mau taata ki ia atu, kaua ki te whakahaere i te reira. Egocentrism - he arotahi ki runga i te tangata o ratou wheako whaiaro me ngā ngākau nuitanga, e arata'i ki te meka e ngaro te reira i te kaha ki te matau iwi ki tirohanga rerekē.

Egocentrism ko:

1. Kōrero. whakakitea te reira i roto i te tukanga o te whakaaro me te tirohanga.
2. Morare. haamaramarama nei te reira i te ngoikore o te tangata ki te matau i te take mo te whanonga o ētahi atu.
3. Kōrerorero. faaite te reira i te faatura ore mo te ariā pū o te interlocutor.

attraction pāhekoheko

Attraction - he tōpapa attraction o te tangata kotahi ranei ki tetahi e tika ana ki te moni tahi. Ko te hinengaro o te attraction pāhekoheko ko te whanaunga hoa i waenganui i te iwi me te faaiteraa o te aroha ki tahi i te tahi. Whanaketanga o tāpiritanga o tetahi hinonga ki tetahi tupu rite te putanga o te whanaungatanga aronganui, te aro mātai o e ai te whānuitanga o ngā mana'o, a ka whakaatuhia hei tautuhinga pāpori ki tetahi atu tangata.

whakaata

Whakaaro nga tikanga hinengaro o perception pāhekoheko, e kore ki te whakahua i te whakaata. i huaina Reflection ko mahara o te tangata o tona tata, me te kite atu mau taata. Ko te kanohi o te tangata e pā ana ki te mea whakaaro e pā ana ki a ia ka mea. Tenei huānga o hinengaro pāpori, i runga i te ringa kotahi, nga tikanga o te tangata mohio o te interlocutor roto te mea i mahara ai ia e pā ana ki reira, engari i runga i te tahi atu - whaiaro mohio-i roto i reira. Ko te kupu, ko te whānui te whānuitanga o kōrero takitahi, te atu whakaaro e pā ana ki te āhua o te mohio a te reira e etahi, a ka matau te he tangata atu e pā ana ki ia me etahi atu.

stereotype

Ko te tikanga tino nui, me te rawa farii o te perception interpersonal tenei. Stereotype i roto i te horopaki o te attraction pāhekoheko - te tukanga o te hanga i te whakaaro e pā ana ki te tangata, e hāngai ana i runga i mana'o hape whaiaro (fakato'u'osi).

I roto i ki te tau 1922 rawea, ngā pā ana ki hē, me te teka, whakaurua V. Limpan te wā pērā i "stereotype pāpori." Ka rite ki te tikanga, he mārama te hanganga o ngā tauira pūmau o te ahanoa pāpori ara mo te takitahi.

Kei te whakapono te reira e ko te reira e tika ana ki te mana'o māramatanga rawakore u i roto i te puka o paerewa kainga ka riro te mana i runga i te iwi. whakatika stereotype i roto i ngā o te kore o te mōhiohio ranei ko te hua o te whakatau o te wheako whaiaro o te takitahi. Kei te maha bonus tāpiri ki te mōhiohio riro i te pikitia, tuhinga, me te tahi atu puna.

Nā ki te stereotype o te tangata e taea hohoro a te nuinga o pono, faaohie i te taiao pāpori, mahia te reira i roto i etahi paerewa me ngā kāwai, ki te hanga i taua mea atu mārama, me te tonutia. pūtake hinengaro o te faahararaa e hanga tukanga pērā i te rāhuitanga, kōwhiringa me te tēhea o te rere nui o ngā mōhiohio pāpori. No nia i te pūtake whakahihiko o tenei tikanga, kua hanga e te reira e te tukanga o te whakaritea e i roto i manakohia o te whakatairanga o te rōpū ngā, e hoatu iwi te aronga toi whenuatanga me te haumaru.

Taumahi stereotype:

1. Hua ngā mōhiohio.
2. Hanganga me te tautoko i te whakapakoko pai o "ahau".
3. Creation me te tautoko o te Māoritanga rōpū whakatika me te whakamārama i te whanonga o te rōpū.
4. Hanganga me te tautoko i te whakapakoko pai o "tatou".

Ko te kupu, fakato'u'osi ko nga tauwehe o whanaunga pāpori. Ratou āhuatanga matua e: ōhanga o whakaaro, tukua ratou ake whanonga, utu, tukituki hehema, resistance me te ngaohiko putanga o te rōpū.

whakarōpū o nga fakato'u'osi

He maha ngā nei i te wahi ki te waiho i te whakarōpū o fakato'u'osi. E ai ki te whakarōpū V. Panferova, fakato'u'osi he: pāpori, tikanga tangata me te ethno-motu.

He āta titiro ki te whakarōpū o Rean, rite ki nei fakato'u'osi he:

1. Tikanga tangata. Puta te reira i tei te aromatawai o huru maitatai hinengaro o te tangata, me tona tuakiri i runga i nga āhuatanga o ahua, arā āhuatanga tikanga tangata.
2. Ethno-motu. E hāngai ana i roto i te take i reira he aromatawai hinengaro o te tangata tākiekina tona no ki te ngā iwi rōpū, iwi iwi ranei.
3. Social me te tūnga. A ani i te wahi ki te kia i, ki te te aromatawai takitahi o mau huru whaiaro anoo i runga i to ratou mana pāpori.
4. Pāpori me te tūranga-whakatangi. I roto i tenei take, te aro mātai o te tangata i raro ki te tūranga pāpori me te tūranga, me ngā mahi o te takitahi.
5. Ngangahau me te rerehua. takawaenga aromatawai hinengaro o te tuakiri e te tono ataata tangata.
6. Waha, me te whanonga. Ko te paearu mo te aromatawai o te tuakiri e ona āhuatanga waho: MIME, ha'uti, te reo, me te pera i runga i.

He atu te whakarōpū. I roto i a ratou, i roto i te tua ki te hunga o mua, e whakaaro taua fakato'u'osi: ngaio (image māngai kano o te tikanga), physiognomic (āhuatanga waho tangata e pā ana), matawaka, me te tahi atu.

Ko te tino ako e whakaaro mana'o motu. whakaatu ratou te hononga o te iwi ki nga ngā iwi rerekē. He taua fakato'u'osi maha wahi o te mentality o te iwi, me tona tuakiri, a ka whai i te hono mārama ki te pūāhua motu.

Ko te kore hua o te kōrero i roto i ngā te faahararaa e, rite te huarahi o te perception pāhekoheko, ka taea e te mahi i te tūranga momo, me te ara reactionary, auaha iwi te whakaaro kino e pā ana ki te etahi, a deforming tukanga o ngā pāhekoheko me te māramatanga tahi. Na reira, ki te whakatau i te pono mahaki ranei o mana'o pāpori e pono e hāngai ana i runga i te tātaritanga o ngā āhuatanga motuhake.

tukunga causal

Whakaaro i nga tikanga o te perception pāpori, e kore matou e whakarere noa iho i te taua āhuatanga ātahu, rite te tukunga causal. Kahore hoki e mohio e kore e feunga ite i te mana'o turai pono o tētahi atu takitahi ranei, iwi te kimi ratou i roto i te takarepa ngā mōhiohio e taea ahua ki a ia nga take mo te whanonga teka. I roto i te hinengaro pāpori, huaina tenei tītohunga ko "tukunga causal".

Whakaaro pehea iwi whakamāori i te whanonga o etahi, kitea pūtaiao te hapa tukunga taketake pera-ka karanga. Ko reira e tika ana ki te meka e pe si◊aki iwi te uara o te tahi atu huru taata, me haafaufaa ore i te pānga o te āhuatanga. Kua kitea Ētahi atu kairangahau te āhuatanga o "tukunga whaiaro-faatumuhia." Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te kaha o te iwi ki te whakatikaia e ki a ratou ano i te angitu, me etahi atu - he kore.

tāutuhia G. Kelly toru ngā momo o te tukunga:

1. Tuakiri. pēnei ana te take kei te ki te tangata nana nei i tukua te mahi.
2. Whāinga. pēnei ana te take kei te ki te ahanoa runga i whakahaua te mahi te.
3. huru e pā ana-Attribution. pēnei ana te take kei te ki te huru o te mea kei te tupu.

Ko te kaimātakitaki te tikanga huihui ki tukunga whaiaro, me te kaiuru nei te tikanga tuhi atu nga huru katoa. Ko āta kitea i roto i te tukunga o te angitu, me te kore tēnei āhuatanga.

He take nui i roto i whakaaro o te tukunga causal ko te mea o te tāuta i te tukanga ◊oatu fakataha o te perception tangata o te tangata, ina koa i roto i te hanganga o te tangata ongo unknown. I whakakitea tenei A. Bodylevym e ngā i roto i i whakakitea rōpū rerekē o te iwi i te whakaahua o te tangata kotahi, tahi tona mahi "kaituhi" momo, "Hero", "taihara", me pera i runga i. A, no te pupuhi tāutanga whakaahua-waha o te taua tangata rerekē. Kua whakakitea te reira e reira e te iwi te faahararaa e te uaua. E huaina ratou-whāiti whiriwhiri. Ko te tikanga o te perception pāpori, inaianei kōrero poto e pā ana ki ona pānga.

Ko te pānga o te perception interpersonal

Ko te pānga o te perception pāhekoheko e hanga e runga i te pūtake o fakato'u'osi tonu.

Nuinga o ngā wā e toru ngā pānga:

1. pānga Halo. Faaite ina te hinengaro kotahi tangata te taurite o te tuakiri o tetahi, whakawhiti i te mana'o (pai kore ranei) o tetahi o tona rite te tahi atu mau huru maitatai katoa. I roto i te hanganga o te ongo tuatahi, puta te pānga āwheo ina arata'i te mana'o pai whānui o te tangata ki te aro mātai pai o ona huru maitatai katoa, me te hurihia.
2. Pānga o te tuatahi. whakakitea te reira i roto i te aro mātai o te tangata ke. tūranga tikanga i roto i tenei take tākaro i te mōhiohio kua e kua aroaro mua.
3. Ko te pānga o te minamina ana. Tenei pānga o perception waenga mahi i roto i te aro mātai o te mohio, ina riro te mōhiohio hou e pā ana ki reira i te nui tino.

haamata tonu Hanganga o ngā pā ana ki te interlocutor ki te aromatawai, me te tirohanga o tona ahua tinana, ahua tinana, me te whanonga. I roto i te heke mai, tenei kōrero ko te pūtake o te tirohanga, me te matauranga o te tangata. kia whakawhirinaki te reira i runga i te maha o ngā āhuatanga: te āhuatanga takitahi o te tangata, tona taumata ahurea, tona wheako pāpori, manakohanga rerehua, me pera i runga i. Ko hoki tētahi take nui nga āhuatanga tau o te tangata e manako ana.

Hei tauira, ki te tamaiti e kua tika tīmata haere ki kindergarten, i roto i pā ana ki te iwi e hāngai ana i runga i te whakaaro tuatahi o ratou, i hanga e ia i roto i te kōrero ki ngā mātua. Runga anō i te āhua o nga te tamaiti nga whanaunga i mua, faaite te reira irritability, kore o whakawhirinaki, ngohengohe, tautukunga ranei whakatuturi.

mutunga

Whakarāpopoto i te runga ake, kia tuhia te reira e te tikanga o te perception pāhekoheko he ara o tikanga me te aro mātai o te tangata tetahi i tetahi. Ko te hunga matua ko: tāututanga, aroha, whaiaro fakatefito-, attraction, whakaata, stereotype, me tukunga causal. tikanga rerekē me ngā momo o te perception pāhekoheko, ahu ki te mahi i roto i te taupiri, oti tahi i te tahi.