Te piri i roto i te pūnaha taiao matua: nga momo, te tikanga, te tikanga

Ture o te mahi neural ko te tukanga o te excitation me inhibition i roto i te CNS. I te tīmatanga, puta reira hei tauhohenga māmā ki te faaitoitoraa. I roto i te tukanga o te kukuwhatanga i te pōauautanga o ngā mahi neuroendocrine, ārahi ki te hanganga o nga wahi matua o nga pūnaha io me endocrine. I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka titiro tatou tetahi o nga tukanga matua - inhibition i te CNS, nga momo me huarahi o tona whakatinanatanga.

kiko Nervous, tona hanganga me te mahi

Ko tētahi momo o te kopa kararehe, ko karere he hanganga motuhake e whakarato ana e rua i te tukanga excitation me whakahohe i te mahi braking i roto i te CNS. ngā pūtau io ngā o te tinana, me a konga: poto (dendrites) me roa (axon), e whakarato ana te tuku o ponana karere i tetahi ki tetahi neurocyte. Ko te mutunga o te axon o hoapā karere pūtau ki te dendrites o te neurocyte muri i roto i nga wahi i huaina synapses. whakarite ratou e te ponana bioelectric haere karere kiko. Ai neke tonu te excitation i roto i te kotahi aronga - i te axon ki te tinana dendrites o tetahi neurocyte ranei.

Ko tētahi atu taonga anake excitation e rerengia ana i roto i te karere kikokiko, - inhibition i te CNS. Ko te whakautu a te tinana ki te faaitoitoraa ārahi ki te whakaiti oti paipa o te nekeneke mahi secretory ranei ranei, e whai wāhi neurons turai. Braking i roto i te kiko io taea puta kahore excitation tuatahi, engari i raro i anake te mana o te braking o te takawaenga, pērā i Opora. Ko ia tetahi o nga foaki matua o braking. Ka taea hoki te te karanga tenei taonga rite glycine. whai wāhi ana tēnei waikawa amino i roto i te whakarei ake ngā tukanga inhibitory me whakaihiihi ana te hanga o ngā rāpoi ngota i roto i te waikawa synapses gammaaminomaslyannoy.

I. M. Sechenov me tona mahi i roto i te neurophysiology

pūtaiao Russian nui, kaihanga o te ariā o te mahi pūpū o te roro whakakitea te aroaro i roto i te wahi pokapū o te pūnaha io o complexes motuhake o ngā pūtau e taea o inactivating tukanga bioelectric. hanga te whakatuwhera pokapū Brake i roto i te pūnaha io pokapū te taea i roto i te whakamahi o I. Sechenov toru momo o ngā. Ko ētahi o ēnei tapahi wāhanga o kiri i roto i ngā wāhi rerekē o te roro, whakaongaonga o te huanui takitahi mea hina e āhuatanga tinana ranei matū (electrocution, konutai pūhaumāota) me te he tikanga o te excitation o pokapū roro whaiaroaro. I. M. Sechenov ko he experimenter nui, e mahi ana motu ultra-pau i roto i te rohe i waenganui i te thalami me tika i roto i te thalamus o te poraka. whanga ana e ia te whakaiti me te oti paipa o mahi nekeneke o wahi o te kararehe.

Na, whakatuwheratia neurophysiologist he ahua motuhake o ngā tukanga neural - inhibition i roto i te CNS. Types me huarahi o tona hanganga, aparau i tatou i roto i te taipitopito ake i roto i nga wāhanga e whai ake nei, a inaianei saktsentiruem kotahi ano whakarongo ki tenei meka: i roto i taua tari rite te oblongata medulla, a huaina thalamic pae kei te wahia, "Sechenovskiy" pokapū ranei. whakamatauria hoki te pūtaiao tona aroaro kore anake i roto i kararehe engari ano i roto i te tangata. Ano, kitea I. M. Sechenov te āhuatanga o pokapū wahia excitation toniki. Kei te mohio ki te reira e tenei tukanga excitation iti i roto i neurons turai me uaua e pā ana, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki i roto i te inhibition o karere faatumuhia ratou.

Taunekeneke ranei tukanga neural?

whakamatauria Studies nui physiologist I. Russian P. Pavlova me I. M. Sechenova e te mahi o te pūnaha io pokapū āhuatanga e te tahi-fakanofo o tauhohe pūpū. Ngā pāhekoheko o te excitation me inhibition i roto i te CNS hua i roto i te ture ruruku o ngā mahi tinana: mahi tinana, respiration, nakunaku, excretion. tukanga Bioelectric wā kotahi puta i roto i ngā pokapū io me kia raupapa huringa i runga i te wā. E whakarato ana te ine, me te irava wā o reflexes whakautu ki tohu taiao roto, o waho. ngā tini whakahaere e neurophysiologists, whakapumautia te meka e te excitation me inhibition i roto i te pūnaha io pokapū - he ari io matua, e hāngai ana ki etahi tauira. Kia titiro tatou ratou i roto i ngā kōrero.

E taea e ki te tuwha momo e rua o ngā tukanga puta noa i te pūnaha io nga pokapū karere o te uho kaka. huaina ana tēnei taonga ko anaana excitation inhibition ranei. Ko te āhuatanga ritenga - te whakaiti i ngā i te rohe o te roro ranei, horahanga bioimpulsy. Kei te karanga a te reira i te kukū. Rua ngā momo o taunekeneke, kite nga pūtaiao mō te hanganga o reflexes nekeneke makatuunga. I roto i te wāhanga tuatahi o ngā pūkenga nekeneke, rite ki te hua o te irradiation o excitation wā kotahi tapahia ngā rōpū uaua maha, e kore tika whai wāhi i roto i te mahi o te mahi nekeneke i hanga. Anake i muri i aua maha hanga whakaturia o hihiritanga tinana (Skating, retireti, eke pahikara), hua i roto i te kukū o ngā tukanga excitation i motuhake aronga cortical neuronal, nekehanga katoa tangata hei vysokokoordinirovannymi.

Whakawhiti te pokapū io kia hoki puta tika ki arataki. puta te reira, ina e makona nga tikanga e whai ake nei: tuatahi i reira he inhibition excitation ranei kukū, kia kia enei tukanga o rawaka kaha. I roto i te pūtaiao mohiotia e rua ngā momo o te arataki: S-wāhanga (i roto i te inhibition pokapū CNS whakarei ake excitation) me te puka tōraro (excitation ai tukanga braking). kitea hoki te arataki ōrite. I roto i tenei take, whakamuri te tukanga io te i roto i te pokapū io. Kua whakamatauria Studies neuroscientists te meka i tautuhia te whanonga o kararehe teitei me te tangata e ngā tītohunga arataki, irradiation me te kukū excitation neural me inhibition.

braking herekore

Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou i roto i atu momo taipitopito o braking i roto i te CNS me tona arotahi ki runga i te puka e he tūturu i roto i rua kararehe me te tangata. I whakaarohia e te wā e Ivan Pavlov. Ko te pūtaiao i whakapono tenei tukanga ko tetahi o nga āhuatanga tumu o te pūnaha io me tāutuhia e rua o ia ahua: te mate, me te pūmau. Kia aparau i tatou ratou i roto i te kōrero atu.

Me kī i te uho reira excitation kanga, mahia ngātere ki te mema e mahi (te uaua, repe pūtau secretory). Nā ki te huri tikanga taiao waho ā ranei whakatika ake tetahi atu wahi fiefia o te uho kaka. Mahia e te reira i te tohu bioelectrical o te kaha nui e inhibits excitation o kaha mua i roto i te pokapū karere me te pewa pūpū. Mate inhibition i roto i te CNS hua i roto i taua i te kaha o te pūpū orienting āta heke. Ko te whakamārama mō tenei ngā kore e te faaitoitoraa tuatahi meinga excitation i roto i te tukanga receptors neuron afferent.

Ko tētahi atu momo o te inhibition kitea i roto i te tangata e rua, me te kararehe, whakaatu te whakamātau whakahaere e te Nobel i roto i 1904. I. P. Pavlovym. I roto i nga kuri kai (fistula i takea mai i te paparinga) ngā experimenters ararā koi - huware i mutu te fistula. ka karanga faahiahia taua pūtaiao Tiro inhibition.

Ka rite ki te taonga tūturu, inhibition o te pūnaha io pokapū rere i roto i tikanga kahuki unconditioned. Ko reira kaua hāngū me e kore e meinga te rere o te nui o te pūngao, ārahi ki te mutunga o reflexes makatuunga. braking tamau herekore tahi maha mate psychosomatic: psoriasis, pāpāngia mate hukihuki, me te momohe.

He aha te memenge wahia

Tonu ki te ako i te tikanga o inhibition i roto i te pūnaha io pokapū, whakaaro he aha te mea tetahi o ona momo, ka karanga wahia memenge. Kei te pai te mohiotia te reira e te pūpū orienting he whakautu o te tinana ki te pānga o te tohu ke hou. I roto i tenei take, i roto i te pokapū uho karere kaka i hanga i roto i te āhua o te excitation. hanga ana e ia he pewa pūpū e te kawenga mō te whakautu o te tinana, a huaina te pūpū orienting. Tenei mahi pūpū ai inhibition o te pūpū makatu'unga o te mea kei te tupu i te kau. I muri te tāruarua akiaki no rapae refillable Reflex, ka karanga tohu āta heke me hopea riro. Heoi, e kore e meinga te reira inhibition nui o te pūpū makatuunga. riro te tohu taua kei te me te ingoa o nga pereki memenge.

Ko te kupu, ko te inhibition waho o reflexes makatuunga e tika ana ki te mana o te tohu tinana ke ko te taonga tumu o te pokapū me te pūnaha io piringa. faaitoitoraa Inamata hou ranei, pērā i te mamae sensation, tangi ke, huringa māramatanga, e kore anake ai te pūpū orienting, engari ano hoki whai wāhi ki te vaivai ara oti paipa o makatuunga pewa pūpū ranei, he kaha tēnei wā. Ki te te tohu waho (i tua atu i te mamae) whakahaere toutou, puta iti inhibition o te pūpū makatuunga. Ko te tūranga koiora o te tukanga karere puka unconstrained ngā i roto i te mau ana i roto i te pahonoraa a te tinana ki te faaitoitoraa, ko te nui tino i te kau.

inhibition ā-

Tona ingoa atu whakamahia i roto i te whaiaroaro o te mahi teitei io - makatuunga inhibition. Ko te fie matua mo te putanga o tenei tukanga - te kore o tohu ngā haere mai ana i te ao waho, reflexes kowhatu: kūnatu, salivary. Puta i raro i enei tikanga braking tukanga CNS rapu i te tetahi wā wā. Fakakaukau ki o ratou whakaaro i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Hei tauira, puta te inhibition pārōnaki rite te whakautu ki tohu taiao, coinciding i kaha tīwera, kaha me te mana ki te faaitoitoraa makatuunga. Tenei puka o taunekeneke i waenganui i te pūnaha io me te ao i waho taea te tinana ki te wehewehe atu minita i waenganui i whakaohooho, me te ki te tutaki ia ratou i he fakakātoa 'o e mau aufetiiraa e te pūpū hohonu. Hei tauira, te reo o te karanga ki te ope o te 15 Hz, e tautokona ana e te waka ki te kai, whakawhanakehia te kuri he whakautu salivary makatuunga. Ki te ki te kararehe whakamahi tetahi tangi, te mana o te 25 Hz, e kore whakaū i te reira ki te kai, i roto i te raupapa tuatahi o ngā, ka kia tohaina te kuri o te huware fistula ki e rua te faaitoitoraa makatuunga. I muri i te tahi mau wa te e finangalo kararehe pārōnaki o enei tohu, me i te kaha tangi o te 25 Hz i te fistula huware mutu ki te tu i roto i, e te, whakawhanake differentiating inhibition.

Te tuku i te roro i te mōhiohio kua ngaro e te wāhi nui faufaa mo te tinana - tenei mahi ko ïa mahi braking i roto i te pūnaha io pokapū. empirically whakamatauria whaiaroaro e te tauhohenga nekeneke makatuunga, pai tutau ki te whakawhanake i te pūkenga, Ka taea e tohe puta noa te ora o te tangata, pērā i Skating, pahikara.

Whakarāpopoto, ka taea e tatou te mea e te tukanga inhibitory i roto i te pūnaha io pokapū - te vaivai paipa o etahi tauhohe o te rauropi ranei. He tino nui ratou, kia rite ki e fakatonutonu reflexes katoa o te tinana i roto i runga i te ngā whakarerekētia, a ki te mea kua ngaro te tohu makatuunga tona uara, ka taea e ara tino memeha. He taketake ki taua āheinga hinengaro tangata rite te tiaki whaiaro, te aukati tumanako akiaki Various momo o whakapōturinga i te CNS.

Ko te ahua roa o te tukanga io

Empirically taea tetahi hanga he āhuatanga i roto i i whakaaturia whakautu a te tinana ki te tohu makatuunga i te taiao o waho i te aroaro te rongo ki te faaitoitoraa unconditioned, pērā i te kai. Na roto i te whakanui ake i te wā wā i waenganui i te tīmatanga o te rongo o te tohu makatuunga (marama, oro, hei tauira, metronome) me te kau o te ngā ki toru meneti i te huware makatuunga akiaki i runga piki roa me puta noa, ina puta te mua o te kararehe whangai ki te kai. whakautu i ërä ki te tohu makatuunga he tohu o te inhibition o tukanga CNS huaina view roa, hāngai ai reira ki te wa rere o te wā roa o te faaitoitoraa unconditioned, pērā i te kai.

Ko te uara o te inhibition i roto i te CNS

Ko te tinana tangata, ko te, whakarite e korero, ko "i runga i te titiro" maha nui o ngā āhuatanga taiao o waho, me te ā-hoki nei takoha reira ki te huru, ka hanga i te plurality o whakaaro huritao. Ratou pokapū io me arcs e hanga e i roto i te roro, me te ua. io kikī pūnaha maha nui o pokapū oaoa i roto i te uho kaka he pānga tōraro i runga i te hauora hinengaro, engari whakaiti ano hoki tona pai.

turanga koiora o te whanonga tangata

Rua momo o te mahi kiko manavasii, rite te excitation me inhibition i roto i te CNS, ko te pūtake o te mahi teitei io. ai te reira i te tikanga whaiaroaro o te mahi hinengaro tangata. whakatakoto te parau haapiiraa o te mahi teitei io ko I. P. Pavlovym. He tikanga hou o reira na ô e whai ake nei:

• Excitation me te inhibition i roto i te pūnaha io pokapū, tupu i roto i te taha, whakarato tukanga hinengaro matatini: mahara, whakaaro, korero, mahara, a ka hanga i matatini urupare whanonga tangata.

Ki te hanga aratau hāngai pūtaiao-o ako, mahi, watea, whakamahia te pūtaiao te matauranga o ture o mahi teitei io.

Ka taea te whakaritea i te auraa koiora o te taua tukanga karere hohe rite inhibition e whai ake. Te huri tikanga o te taiao o waho, me te ä-(ngaro o makatuunga ngā tohu kahuki tumu) tura'ii te huringa tika pūhanga urutau i roto i te tinana tangata. Na reira riro pūpū mahi aukati (atu) ranei rawa riro rite riro te reira koretake mo te rauropi.

He aha te mea he moe?

I. P. Pavlov i ana mahi whakamatauria experimentally te meka e te tukanga o inhibition i roto i te pūnaha io pokapū, me te moe i te āhua kotahi. I roto i te wā o te 'ā'ā o te tinana i runga i te whakamārama o te mahi whānui o te uho haaparuparu te pāngia tonu etahi o ona pae hipoki e te braking ā-. I roto i te moe, fakafōtunga atu i runga i te mata katoa o te tuakoi haaparuparu, pa hanganga subcortical: thalamus (thalamus), hypothalamus, hanganga reticular me te pūnaha limbic. Ka rite ki kī atu e te neuroscientist rongonui P. K. Anohin, katoa o enei wahi o te pūnaha io pokapū kawenga mō ao whanonga, kare me instincts, i roto i te moe whakaiti ratou mahi. e faatupu tenei he whakaiti i roto i te whakatupuranga o ponana karere e haere mai ana i raro i te taupoki. Ko te kupu, heke faaitoitoraa o te uho te. Tenei taea te okiokinga me te whakaora pākia i roto i nga neurocytes o te roro, me te puta noa i te tinana kia rite ki te katoa.

Ngā tahi atu pūtaiao (Hess whakaora) complexes Kua whakapumautia ngā pūtau io motuhake no ki thalamus pata kore-motuhake. tukanga excitation pāngia i roto ia ratou, meinga ngä i roto i te kirinuku koiora e taea te tiro rite te whakawhitinga i te āhua hohe (ara) ki te moe. Studies o ngā wāhanga roro rite Silvio paipa me III ana roro, ue'i kaipūtaiao ki te whakaaro o te oraraa o te pokapū o te ture o te moe. Kei te anatomically hono ia ki te wāhi o te roro haepapa mō te 'ā'ā. Hinga tenei uho wāhi i whētuki rite ki te hua o disorders tuku i roto i te tangata arata'i ki nga tikanga pathologic o ohoroa ranei. mōhio hoki te meka e te ture o te te faufaa tinana mo te tukanga braking rite moe kawea pokapū io diencephalon me karihi subcortical: te caudate, amygdala, taiepa, me te lenticular.