Te hōhipera rohe i roto i te rau tau 19. Opening o te hōhipera rohe tuatahi

Tae noa te rau tau waenganui-19 i roto i te rongoā Russian i whakauaua whakawhanakehia, me te iwi anake te hunga no ki te piha o runga e taea te tiki i te iti rawa etahi awhina. Otiia ka timata nga mea katoa ki te huri i muri i 1864, ka reira i rohe whaiaro kāwanatanga-.

History o hanga

I roto i 1581 i roto i Moscow puta te ruma kaiwhakaranu tuatahi e ko te taahiraa matamua i roto i te faanahonahoraa o te pūnaha tiaki hauora. Heoi, e kore kua whanaketanga tika puta, a anake i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 18 Pita whakahaere ahau i te raupapa o ngā mahi i roto i i timata ki te whakatuwhera hauora whakaurunga, pharmacies, kura me ngā whare wānanga ki te whakangungu tākuta heke mai.

I muri mai, ka Alexander ahau, korero e pā ana ki te hiahia ki te waihanga i tētahi pa rohe hōhipera, engari i te tuatahi e hiahia ana koe ki te whakatuwhera i te kura hauora. Heoi, e kore i enei mehua awhinatia ki te huri i te āhuatanga, me te% 0.5 anake o te iwi i taea riro tiaki hauora. I 6000 i reira ko tetahi tākuta ia moenga i 1,500 tangata. na katoa e kua tonu ki te kahore hoki i haere mai i te whaiaro kāwanatanga-rohe ki ona ake moni ka anga ki te whakarite i te hōhipera ā-rohe, tūroro, whakawhānau me te pera i runga i. D.

pūtahi Zemsky tauturu i tangata o akomanga katoa, ki te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga, me i roto i ia kawanatanga i tona āhuatanga ake.

tākuta whenua

A, no te ko te hōhipera rohe i roto i te rau tau 19 (ina koa i roto i ngā wāhi tuawhenua), ngaio hiahiatia nei i taea te whakarato āwhina i roto i ngā wāhi, kopikopiko i te matao noa ki mate nui.

Medicine i roto i te whenua, te tuatahi whakawhanakehia i te utu o te mataeinaa, me te pa taote, a ka tuatahi i mahue te ngaio taitamariki i roto i te kainga. He ko he whakaahua o te tākuta whenua, nei i te tiketike morare, me te matatika huru maitatai, siokitá, me te hiahia ki te āwhina i te hunga katoa i roto i te hiahia, i i te pānga pai i runga i te hanganga o te heke mai o te rongoā.

hōhipera Zemsky Moscow kawanatanga

I te tau 1869, ka timata ia ki te hanga rongoa zemstvo i roto i te kawanatanga. A, no te i roto i te 1877 haere Congress te tākuta, i tuhia ai ki runga ki te wehenga o te kawanatanga ki ngā rohe hauora e ono, i reira i ratou ki te hei ki te tokotoko hōhipera, moenga, tākuta, manapou, kaiwhakawhanau.

He tokomaha whakapono e ko te fare ma'i rohe o Moscow kawanatanga he tauira mo te tahi atu hōhipera i roto i te tahi atu wāhi. i wehea Hanganga o Medicine ki wā e rua. I roto i te tuatahi, i te tau 1865 noa 1876, i reira ko he hua tere i roto i te rōrahi o te pūtea o ngā whakaurunga hauora, te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā kaimahi. I roto i te tuarua, i 1877 ki te 1907, i reira ko he hanganga hauora: i puritia Congresses hauora, te hanga kitea pūtahi hauora me rata kura hauora.

ko kaunihera rohe Moscow tetahi o te tuatahi, i ko whakarato ratonga hauora kore utu, me te tūmatanui. Kua awhinatia tenei ki te whakapiki ake i te whai huatanga o te ārai me te mana o urutā, me te tupu nui haere i roto i te hāpainga o te peasants mo tokoni. Otiia i roto i nga wāhanga tuatahi i ki te whakatika pūngao katoa ki te hanga i te puka tahito o te mahi hauora. Best o āwhina hauora katoa i whakaritea i roto i te rohe ahumahi pēnei i Bogorodsky ko Moscow, a kino rawa o nga mea katoa i roto i kauti tuawhenua (Mozhaisk, Volokamsky).

hōhipera Zemsky Tver kawanatanga

I te tau 1867 i reira ko te tuatahi i roto i Tver st hōhipera, kua meinga nei te wahi e kore e noa mai te wahi iwi ki kia tukinotia, engari ano hoki te pokapū o te ora pāpori me te ahurea.

I roto i te tākuta Tver Congress i 1871 faaoti e, i mua i te riroraa i te tākuta pai, me titiro e koe te taiao i roto i nei ora tūroro. He mea nui ki te mohio te mea he tikanga mā, he aha e nga tikanga o te ora i te reira, no te mea e tauturu te reira i roto i te mahi, ka waiho reira mārama pikitia o te mea iwi whiwhi mate atu pinepine.

He tūranga motuhake i roto i te whanaketanga o te rongoā i roto i te kawanatanga te whakatangihanga he tākuta, Mikhail Ilyich Petrunkevich, e haere mai ki te pa i roto i te tau 1874. whakairo i taea e ia ngā ratou mahi, me ngā mahi pāpori, ki te whakaara i te rongoa ki te taumata teitei. I roto i te hōhipera, ki te hoko taputapu hou i te wa, i hokona pukapuka i ki waho, ki te hanga i tētahi whare pukapuka e i tauturu ki ako i te wheako o tohunga ke.

Hōhipera i roto i Samara rohe

ka mau Opening o te hōhipera rohe tuatahi i roto i te rohe Samara wahi i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19, tetahi wahi i roto i te tīmatanga o te 60raa. I mua i taua, ko tetahi anake hōhipera te kawanatanga te wahi i reira i 12 anake moenga ia 20 000 taupori, a i tukinotia konei mo mate katoa, e kore anake tangata mau, engari ano hoki te hōia, me herehere.

I te tau 1865, i runga i nga waho o st hōhipera i whakatuwheratia, i tangohia e te katoa, ahakoa o te piha haapiiraa fenua ranei. I tenei wa i reira e 7 tākuta, 26 paramedics, i 360 moenga. Nā ki te meka i whakatuwheratia ai e rave rahi kura hauora, ka anga rongoa ki te whakawhanake tere, a kua i roto i 1899 i whakatuwheratia te hōhipera rohe i roto i ngā wāhi tuawhenua, i reira e pā ana ki 70 nga wahi.

Na roto i te 1875 i whakatuwheratia te Hospital matua Porowini, e i roto i 1890 i 5 noho wā-tonu, me te 9 supernumeraries. Ko te mea tino nui e tupu i te mutunga o te rau tau - ka anga ki te hamani i te rawakore mō te i hoatu noa, me te kore utu rongoā.

Whakatutukitanga me ngā hua o te rongoā zemstvo

Na roto i te County tiaki Medical i whakaratohia i roto i te 34 kawanatanga, a kua takaro tenei rongoā he wāhi whakamua i roto i te whanaketanga ake nei. I tua atu, ngā āwhina i kore anake noho pa engari ano tuawhenua, a ka whakaaro ai he taahiraa nui i roto i te pūnaha tiaki hauora.

puta mihi ki te County ariā rongoā pērā i urutanga, te ārai, tiaki noa, me i reira e pera pūtahi, e kore mua nei i whakaaro o - pati paru, tūemi whakaora-kai, whakaruru.

I roto i te rongoā, i reira i "ahu whakamua" taote e mohio he rota, i taea e āwhina i roto i ngā tohutohu rerekē, me te rangahau whakahaere a ako te mate, na ka uakina e ngā whare bacteriological me taiwhanga Sanitary Bureau, kura obstetric me te hauora.

Ahakoa te meka e maha riro te hōhipera ā-rohe iti moni, taputapu, taero, te putanga rawa o te rongoā, te wahi katoa, ahakoa o ratou mana, i taea te tiki i te iti rawa etahi awhina, tohua ana e ia te timatanga o te whanaketanga o te rongoā.