Tātai rāpoi ngota, me te hanganga o te phenol

Phenols - te ingoa noa o te waiwaihā kakara. I runga i nga āhuatanga o te mea he waikawa ngoikore. He hiranga mahi nui he maha homologues C hydroxybenzene ₆ H ₅ 0H (tātai Phenol) - māngai māmā o te piha haapiiraa. E hi'opoa tatou i tenei i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Phenols. Ko te tātai whānui, me te whakarōpū

Ko te tātai whānui o te matū waro o waiwaihā kakara, - R-OH. Rāpoi ngota ano phenols me cresols i hanga tuwhena - C6H5 phenyl, tika te nei hono ki tetahi atu ranei ngā rōpū hydroxyl OH (rōpū hydroxyl). Na roto i te Whakaröpütia ratou maha ia phenols rāpoi ngota ki Pālesi, di- me polyhydric. pūhui Monohydric o tenei momo he phenol me cresol. Ko te tino noa i roto i hydroxybenzenes polyhydric - naphthols e roto i roto i tona hanganga 2 karihi tauta.

Phenol - te māngai o waiwaihā kakara

i mohiotia kaimahi Textile phenol kua i roto i te rau tau XVIII: whakamahia te kaiwhatu reira rite te tae. I roto i te Māturu o waro uku i roto i 1834 i Germany, te kēmihi F. Runge miramira tioata o te taonga ki te kakara reka āhuatanga. Ko te waro ingoa Latin - carbo, na ka karanga pūhui waikawa carbolic (waikawa carbolic). Kua rahua kairangahau German ki te tautuhi i te taonga. whakapumautia Phenol rāpoi tātai i roto i 1842 O. Laurent, ko wai i whakapono pärönaki carbolic o benzene. Hoki te waikawa hou whakamahia te ingoa "phenyl". whakaritea Sharl Zherar e te taonga, ko te waipiro, a huaina ana e ia te phenol. tono tuatahi pūhui - rongoā, hiako tanning, hanga o waikano waihanga. Ngā āhuatanga o te taonga i raro i whakaaro:

• tātai matū kouma - C ₆ H ₅ OH.
• Ko te taimaha rāpoi o te pūhui - me 94,11. e. m.
• Ko te tātai matotoru o te töpü, - C ₆ H ₆ O.

hanganga Electronic me mokowā o te rāpoi ngota o te phenol

hanganga huringa o te tātai benzene tapaea e German kēmihi organic F. Kekule i 1865, a tata i mua i te reira - I. Loschmidt. Scientists i te rāpoi ngota o te mea waro i roto i te puka o te tapaono rite ki tauutuutu here kotahi, me te rua. E ai ki ngā ariā hou, te mowhiti kakara - he ahua motuhake o te hanganga porohita, ka karanga "here conjugated".

E ono ngā ngota waro whakamatautau tukanga sp ² -hybridization orbitals irahiko. E kore e whai wāhi i roto i te hanganga o C-C here o nga kapua p-irahiko īnaki i runga, me te i raro i te waka rererangi o te matua rāpoi ngota. E rua kapua irahiko noa e hipokina te mowhiti katoa. kia titiro rerekē phenol tātai hanganga, homai te huarahi o mua ki te whakaahuatanga o te hanganga o te benzene. I roto i te tikanga ki te haapapu i te huru o waiwaro kakara hamanga, conventionally whakaaro e toru o te rua here e ono e kē ki toru ohie.

Vahiraa e tika ana ki te rōpū oxy

I roto i te māmā waiwaro kakara - benzene, C ₆ H ₆ - he hangarite te kapua irahiko. phenol tātai rerekē e kotahi rōpū hydroxy. Ko te aroaro o hydroxyl wawahi te hangarite kitea e te i te āhuatanga o te taonga. Ko te hononga i waenga i te hāora me te hauwai i roto i te rōpū hydroxy - kotuari neke. Wāhikē rua noa o irahiko ki te ngota hāora arata'i ki te tiaki ki runga tōraro (te kanohi). Hauwai ngaro irahiko me riro ia ia he ako wāhanga "+". I tua atu, i te hāora i roto i te rōpū e-H ko te rangatira o rua takirua irahiko tirikore. Ko tētahi o ratou ngā e te kapua irahiko o te whakakai kakara. Hoki tenei take, riro kōrero atu polarised, hauwai ngāwari whakakapi konganuku. Ko te tauira hoatu he whakaaro o te āhua asymmetrical o te rāpoi ngota phenol.

Āhuatanga ngota pokanoa i roto i phenol

Kotahi kapua irahiko o te karihi kakara i roto i te phenol muingota tauhohe ki te rōpū hydroxyl. puta te reira i tītohunga, ingoa conjugation, i roto i nei ngā te hāora ngota ake rua o irahiko ki te rōpū hydroxy o te pūnaha benzene mowhiti. Whakaiti i te tiaki kino utua e te vahiraa nui e tika ana ki te rōpū e-H.

rerekē hoki te mowhiti kakara pūnaha tohatoha hiko. Kei te heke te reira e te waro herea e te ki te hāora, me te nui haere i tata taua ngota i roto i te tūranga Ortho (2 me 6). Pairing Ko te haaputuputuraa o te tiaki i runga i a ratou "-". Atu "neke kiato - tona kaupapa i te ngota i te meta-tūranga (3 me te 5) ki te waro i roto i te para-tūnga (4). phenol tātai ako mō te haratau me te hononga tahi te tikanga Kei roto tataunga o te ngota o te whakakai benzene.

āhuatanga matū whakamāramatanga phenol i runga i to ratou hanganga hiko

Tukanga conjugation o te whakakai kakara, me te pā hydroxyl nga āhuatanga o rua matūriki me matū katoa. Hei tauira, he kiato irahiko tiketike i te ngota i roto i te Ortho me tūranga para (2, 4, 6) hanga te here C-H o te huringa phenol kakara atu urupare. tiaki kino iti o te ngota waro i roto i ngā tūranga meta (3 me te 5). Attack o matūriki electrophilic i roto i tauhohe matū kitea waro i roto i te Ortho me ngā tūranga para. Ko te tauhohenga bromination o huringa benzene puta i raro i whakawera kaha, me te aroaro o te whakakōkī. monogalogenoproizvodnoe i hanga - bromobenzene. Tātai phenol taea taonga ki te tauhohe ki te pūkeha nui hangatonu waho whakawera i te ranunga.

mowhiti kakara pānga te rōpū hydroxy wehenga tawhiti hononga, te whakanui ake i te reira. riro hauwai atu ngāwari, he mea whakarite ki waiwaihā kukū. tauhohe phenol ki kawakore, hanga tai - phenates. e kore e te waihā tauhohe ki alkali, ranei kaua, nga hua tauhohe - ethanolates - hanehane. I roto i te matū ngā phenols - waikawa kaha atu i waiwaihā.

Māngai o kakara piha waiwaihā

Rāpoi phenol tātai homolog - cresol (methylphenol hydroxytoluene) - C ₇ H ₈ O. Te matū i roto i ngā rauemi raw tūturu maha tahi phenol, ano he tupuna. Ētahi atu homologues o phenol:

• Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene). Chemical tātai - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Resorcinol (1,3-hydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₃ (OH) _3.
• Naphthol. Taonga tātai rāpoi - C ₁₀ H ₇ OH. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te hanga o waikano, ngā rongoā, pūhui kakara.
• Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol). Chemical tātai - C ₆ H ₃ CH ₃ (OH) (C ₃ H _7). Whakamahia i roto i te matū waro waihanga, me te rongoā.
• Vanillin anake phenolic tuwhena Kei te rōpū Etere me te toenga hāparo-tahi. pūhui tātai rāpoi ngota - C ₈ H ₈ E _3. Kei te whānui Vanillin whakamahia hei hā tāwhaiwhai.

kaiwhakahohe Tātai mō te rapunga o phenols

Ka taea te kawea faaotiraa kounga o te phenol i te whakamahi i pūkeha. Ka rite ki te hua o te tauhohenga whakauru he hohenga ka tribromophenol ma. tae Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene) i roto i te tae matomato i roto i te aroaro o te rewa pūhaumāota ferric. Ki te kaiwhakahohe taua tauhohe phenol me hanga e he triphenol e he tae puru. tauhohenga kounga ki resorcinol - ahua o te tae puru pouri i roto i te aroaro o te pūhaumāota ferric. Āta, tahuri mangu te tae o te otinga. Ko te tātai o te kaiwhakahohe, whakamahia nei te ia ite etahi phenol me ona homologs, - FeCl ₃ (pūhaumāota ferric (III)).

Hydroxybenzene, naphthol, Thymol - phenols katoa. Ko te tātai whānui o te taonga ki te whakatau i te mema o enei pūhui ki te raupapa kakara. te pūhui matū waro katoa kei roto i roto i to ratou phenyl tātai tuwhena C ₆ H _5, me e tika hono nga rōpū hydroxy ki whakaatu āhuatanga motuhake. rerekē ratou i waipiro te pai whakahuatia āhua kawa. Ina whakaritea ki matū huirua raupapa benzene, phenols - kaha atu pūhui matū.