Rice mara. hangarau māra raihi

Rice - tetahi o nga hua nui i roto i te ao kei roto i te kai matua mo te nuinga o te taupori o to tatou paraneta. Ko te tipu ā-tau o te piha haapiiraa utuafare pata monocotyledonous.

mōhiohio whānui

Tenei totokore he pūnaha pakiaka kaiota ki kōwhao whāhauhau e whakarato whai wāhi o te rangi ki te oneone waipuke. Figure Ko te rakau tënei o nodular kakau nei matotoru ko e pā ana ki 3-5 mm me te tiketike - 38 cm, he hoki he teitei o 3-5 mita (hohonu-puka). Kakau nuinga whakatū, engari i reira e piki ana, e stelyaschiesya. Rau lanceolate, inflorescence ko te panicle, tona roa ko te 10-30 cm. Kei te kōpeke panicle horahanga, Hawaiki hanga i runga i te momo o te raihi rānei ranei ranei. I runga i taua mea me te tokomaha nui o spikelets puawai i runga i waewae poto. Ngā Whole, raihi witi toharite o te anga mārō, nei i raro i te tae hāurakaho me te witi penapena. I raro i te kiri - te endosperm, te wahi tino kai o te witi, i te mea ta tatou e kite i roto i te puka o te raihi ma, e mohiotia ana ko te orooro huri ranei. kei Mō 94% o reira māngaro, e pā ana ki 6-10% pūmua, engari kāore, i reira he huaora tata kahore B me matū kohuke. Huri raihi kua whakaritea hohoro, ngāwari atu riro e te tinana. I roto i climates takawai wera pumau roa te hua.

raihi-tipu

E 3 ngā momo o mara ki runga i ngakia tenei otaota: taupae, arowhai me te wahapū. Arowhai i runga i nga mara o te raihi māra technique ngā i roto i te mahi kai i te waipuke tamau noa Na, i te kore e te hua ena, ka heke te wai, me te timata ki te kotinga. Tenei momo o te hauhake ko te noa tino he hua, kia kohikohi e pā ana ki 90% o ao production raihi. Taupae mara kei roto i ngā wāhi i reira taka te nui o ngā rerenga, na e kore ratou e rapu utu irrigation tāwhaiwhai. I te hunga a te tahi atu mara taea tupu raihi o te taua momo, engari te tukua i runga i te arowhai i runga mara. Lima raihi mara te nuinga kei roto i-waipuke me vozdelyvavaetsya i roto i waipuke. I roto i tenei take, te whakamahi i raihi momo motuhake ki hohoro tipu kakau, e whisks manu i runga i te wai. Ina whakaritea ki te maara o te raihi i te tahi atu mara, homai tenei tikanga he hua nui iti, engari he mea i te tuku iho atu mo nga rohe i reira totokore ko te tuhaa tino nui i roto i te kai tōtika tangata, mo te tauira, i roto i nga whenua Āhia.

momo o te raihi

E i roto i te ao o nga mano o ngā momo rerekē o te raihi. Hei tauira, i roto i Ahia whakarato i ia mara he momo o ngā ahurea. whakarōpūtia ngā reira e roa o witi, momo o te maimoatanga, te tae, te hā. Na roto i te te wehea te tohu o te tukatuka otaota ki ma raihi, parauri , me te parboiled.

Ko nga momo e whai ake nei o te raihi:

1. Paddy: Paddy, tika kawea i te mara, e taea te rongoa mo te maha o nga tau.
2. Rice kiri - tango i reira i te witi, ko te taahiraa maimoatanga tuatahi, kei te whakamahia rite kai kararehe, me te rite tongi.
3. anga parani: kua whiwhi te reira i roto i te tukanga o te huri purapura whakamahia mō ngā pata kai parakuihi me te kai kararehe.
4. raihi ma oro: te noa tino. I te tahi taime, te rauna srednezerny me raihi roa-witi, te whakaahua o e taea kite koutou i roto i te tuhinga.
5. raihi Parboiled: Paddy waiwaitia mua i roto i te wai, me te ka tukinotia ki mamaoa i raro i te pēhanga.
6. Brown ranei neshlifovany. I te tahi taime srednezerny me te raihi roa-witi, e kore he rerekē i te utu rerekē o mīhini raihi mira te utu o nei, me te whakaaro ki te kia nui hauora atu i raihi ma.
7. raihi pakaru: i roto i te tukatuka o purapura raihi wahia iho nga wahi nui whakamahia mō te rare me te parakuihi, iti - mo te paraoa raihi.
8. I tua atu i ngā momo noa o te raihi pērā i taiwhiwhi, basmati, Ihipiana me te mohoao.

Hītori me te tohatoha

Āhua 7000 tau pau i te tangata, me te tupu raihi. Whakaahua whakaatu tenei e taea te kitea i roto i tuhituhi tawhito i roto i Haina me Inia. Ahakoa Na, i roto i nga mara raihi o pūnaha tono o awa mo irrigation o te ahurea. Hea puta ia mo te wa tuatahi - e kore e u ai, engari whakaae etahi pūtaiao e te whakaaro reira te wāhi o India. E ai ki ētahi atu puna e mohiotia ai e kua puta mara raihi i Haina i roto i te BC mano tau 5, me te āhua ki te 500 BC, kua kei roto i te Tonga-Te Tai Rāwhiti me Tonga Ahia, China ko India. Te hōrapa ki tenei totokore taunga ki ngā āhuatanga huarere rerekē, hei tauira i roto i te Tonga Asia kia whai i te nui o te wai, me te mahana katoa o nga tau, a i roto i Tapone, Korea, me pokapū China timata momo e aro ki te matao, me te hunga e hiahia ana i te wai iti. I roto i Ahia, hauhake me whakatokia raihi tonu ā, mō ngā rau tau ngakia i runga i mania maunga, hiwi me nga wahi iti o te whenua. I roto i te rau tau 13 ka puta mara raihi i Sicily, i Amerika Te Tai Tokerau, kua puta ia ki te French, te Ingarangi me te Japanese. I roto i Amerika ki te Tonga kawea ahua nga Potiti me Spanish. Rice māra i roto i Russia timata neke atu i te 300 matahiti i teie nei.

Te raihi i roto i Russia

I roto i te Russian Empire, tuatahi puta te mara raihi i roto i te wa Ivana Groznogo. I hoatu he tikanga ki te kawana Astrakhan i runga i tipu "rai Saracen", e ko e founga ratou ko Fig. Ko te raro Täingäwai noho mara, ko te hua whakamātau, kāore, kua noho unknown.

I roto i te kingitanga o Pita ahau «Saracen rai" whakatika ano i roto i Russia, ruia iho i roto i te raorao o te awa Terek, ka ngaro ano te whakarau o te hua i roto i te hiahia akiaki o te kāwanatanga. Ko anake i roto i te 1786 i pa Whakaahua i te rohe Russian - i kawea ki nga Cossacks Kuban. Kei mara raihi i roto i te wāhi waipuke o te awa Kuban, a ka whiwhi i te mara kotinga raihi pai a puta i roto i Russia.

kohi o raihi i roto i te ao

E 2 ngā huarahi ki te kai o tenei totokore, "Western" - he angamaheni mo nga Amerika ko Europe, me "Eastern" - mo Ahia. I roto i te pā ahua fonua fakahahaké ki te kai ra, ka raihi i roto i Europe tona rongo i muri mai, engari te tīmatanga no reira ki tipu mai tāwāhi, me te rite anake mo te tahua mea hakari. Neke atu i te wa, raihi kua hoki hei tetahi o ratou kai matua, engari, i roto i te taa ki Ahia, ka anga Europe ki te faaineine raihi ki te heihei, kai, kaimoana me te kakara tāpiritanga.

Ko te hiahia mo te hua raihi

Katoa tau e pā ana ki 350 miriona. Taranata o raihi whakaputaina i roto i te ao. Neke atu i te hawhe o te iwi i roto i te ao whakamahi i te reira 3 ngā wā i te ra. I roto i te Hapani, kei te hāngai 78% o pāmu i te kai o te raihi, hei tauira, ahakoa ko tino teitei te utu o te raihi. Auau o te kohi o pata ia tangata i roto i Ahia he 150 kg ia tau, i roto i Europe - 2 kg ia tau. Mō 12-13 miriona. Taranata o kawemai ao-tau me tāwāhi, e ko, āhua 4% o te hua katoa i roto i te ao. He Amerika ki te Tonga, me Ahia nga ki täwahi, matua o te raihi, ko Europe - te haria.

raihi ruinga

Hoki maimoatanga uri whakamahi whakawehe kōmaka motuhake, ka e whakamatauria te purapura mo te germination, me kuputohu iti iho i te 90% o te witi rite ere i. 5-8 ra i mua i rui i te purapura e maroke i te ra, waiwai ratou i roto i te wai mahana mō te 2-3 ra, i muri i huamo maroke ki flowability ka timata ki te rui i roto i te Seeder ngā akoako kati mua-hana te oneone ki te hohonu o te 10 cm. Ko te ara pai ki te raihi hua whakaaro te flanged ranei mania mau. hopoi mai te reira i hua pai me te tikanga ripeka-hauroki o te whakatō raihi. Whakamahia i roto i waipuke hua oneone razbrosnoy i te manureva, na ko reira taea ki te rui 150 ha he ra ki te rererangi kotahi. taea hoki te tupu Rice i wana. I roto i tenei ara, he ratou i roto i Vietnam, China, Japan, me ētahi atu whenua. Te huero e te ahurea i roto i te mira CIS kitea i roto i Azerbaijan.

Irrigation me tiaki o te hua raihi

E 3 ngā huarahi ki te ngahere kai raihi:

• waipuke tonu - te wai ko i runga i te mara i roto i te wa e tipu;
• waipuke rāpopototia - i te timatanga me te mutunga o te kahu wai otaota he ngaro;
• waipuke taratahi - tonu te taumata wai te he tetahi wā.

mira Kihi E whakamahia te nuinga waipuke poroa. I te oneone e te hunga e kore e saline kaha me ngā ma i ngā tarutaru, noho te whakainu i muri i te whakatō me te i mua germination. I muri tonu pouaka huero raihi te, a he kore nui i whakaaetia paparanga nui te wai i roto i te tillering -. Mō 5 kahu cm o te wai kei te ka āta nui haere ki te 15 cm, me i tenei taumata te wai, ko te ki te whakatokia ware pi taiohitanga. Neke atu i te wa, kua paku heke te supply wai ki te matuatanga o te whenua maroke ake, a ko reira taea ki te tīmata te hauhake. Hoki te whakangaromanga o te pükohu, mana tarutaru matū ranei aeration o te oneone maroke raihi mara. Photos o tenei tikanga e taea te kitea i roto i maha o nga tūtohutanga o irrigation mō te raihi me te tiaki.

Hangarau o te raihi māra

I whakawhanakehia katoa-Union Institute o te raihi hangarau raihi mahinga Research, i e taea te whiwhi i te 4 ki te 6 taranata o te witi ia 1 ha. hangaia te hangarau kei te tango ki te pūkete te pau o te oneone, peculiarities āhuarangi, momo.

Hoki nga rohe tonga, me te Territory Krasnodar whakawhanakehia 8 hangarau hanga rerekē o te ahurea raihi:

1. hangarau Basic, e ngā ngā mahi 66, tahi e loto tiketike o te raihi, te kohi wahie nui, me te matatini tiketike.
2. Technique i roto i nei te purapura whakatokia ki te hohonu o te 4 5 ranei cm, me ngā 49 ngā mahi. whakamahi te reira i mua maimoatanga-o te oneone: tahora Autumn me parau wawe.
3. Hangarau i roto i nei te mahi ngā o te tukatuka oneone: tīaroaro o moroiti-te tauturu, te whakamahi o maniua me te waipatutaru, matomato, me okeoke te mata.
4. Ko te hangarau, i whakarato hoki ngaki iti: e kore te reira ngā ngā mahi pērā i te parau, disking, chizelevanie, whakamahere whakahaere, te parau.
5. Hangarau, motuhake i runga i arowhai, ki tonu i te wai, arā, te wahi e kore e taea te mara raihi ki te maroke roto i te puna me te ngahuru, me te i roto i te wa e ua i roto i te wā ruinga me te faaineineraa oneone.
6. hangarau Bezgerbitsidnaya e taea mahi ahuwhenua ki te aro tarutaru, mate me pests.
7. Technology waho te whakamahi o ngā patukīrea mo te maara o te raihi kai.
8. Hangarau i reira whakahaere tukanga mana-kai me te mahi-kaha katoa māpele CFS-3,6 me 3,6-CCF me te parau-pōwaro hurihuri 2.4. He āhuatanga motuhake a tenei tikanga, ko te parau maheni.