Pūtaiao hinengaro: hītori, pūtake hinengaro, kaupapa, ngā whāinga, me ngā tikanga o te rangahau

He aha i taea e atu noa i roto i hinengaro, wetereo, whakaako e pā ana ki te mātauranga horihori me te ariā o te matauranga? Katoa o te runga ake angitu fakatahai pūtaiao hinengaro. Kua tēnei mara whitinga kua ako i te tukanga hinengaro, me te hinengaro puta i roto i te roro o te tangata me te kararehe.

History o Pūtaiao Cognitive

i hiahia i roto i te āhua o te mahara tangata tetahi faahiahia nga philosopho nui Platon me Aristotle. He maha nga mahi me whakapae wa o Kariki tawhito kua hoatu mua i runga i tenei kaupapa. I roto i te rau tau XVII rongonui te mathematician French me philosopho Rene Dekart ahupūngao etahi māramatanga o tenei pūtaiao, e mea ana e te tinana me te hinengaro o te mea ora ko taonga motuhake.

Ko te kaituhi o te ariā o "pūtaiao hinengaro" i roto i te 1973 ka Christopher Longuet-Higgins, e kua ako mātauranga horihori. i whakapumautia Journal o Cognitive Science he tau torutoru i muri mai. I muri i tenei hui, ka pūtaiao hinengaro he aronga motuhake.

A feruri i te ingoa o te kairangahau tino whai ingoa i roto i te mara:

• Kua hanga Dzhon Serl te whakamātau whakaaro i huaina te "ruma Hainamana".
• Physiologist Dzheyms Makklelland, te tūhura i te roro.
• Steven Pinker - he mātanga i te mara o te hinengaro whakamātautau.
• Dzhordzh Lakoff - wetereo kairangahau.

pūtaiao hinengaro hou

Kei te ngana Scientists ki te whakamatau i te mahi i te hononga o te Pātukitukinga roro me ari hinengaro, te whakamahi i whakakitenga. Ki te i roto i te mau tenetere mua o te mahara tangata kihai i tangohia ki pūkete, engari inaianei kua whakaurua te reira i roto i te ako o nga mahi taketake o te pūtaiao hinengaro.

Ko te whanaketanga o tenei ako rite te katoa tei runga i hangarau te ahunga whakamua. Hei tauira, te whakaahua, te tenenga i nui te awe te hokohoko atu atu o te oraraa, me te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao-hinengaro. tukua Matawai ki tatou kite i roto i te roro, Na, ki te ako i te tukanga o tona mahi. Scientists mea e runga i te wā, ka āwhina i hangarau te ahunga whakamua e fa'ahinga whakakitea nga mea ngaro o to tatou ngakau. Hei tauira, te pāhekoheko o te roro, me te pūnaha io pokapū.

Kaupapa mea, whāinga me ngā tikanga o te rangahau i roto i te pūtaiao hinengaro

Katoa e pā ana ki te hinengaro tangata, ki te rautau XX, ko noa te reira i te pōhēhētanga, no te mea te reira te wā ki te whakamatautau i te ariā i roto i te mahi i taea. Ko te whakaaro i runga i te roro e hanga e runga i te pūtake o te ngā mōhiohio tono e pā ana ki te mātauranga horihori, ngā hinengaro me te whaiaroaro o te pūnaha io pokapū teitei.

Ngā tohu i me te connectionism - tikanga puāwaitanga o tātai, whakatauira pūnaha-hinengaro. hāngai ana te tikanga tuatahi i runga i te whakaaro o te ōrite o te ngakau o te tangata ki te rorohiko he wae tukatuka matua me te tukatuka o awa raraunga. Connectionism rawa anga ke ki te fakataipe, whakamārama e te incompatibility o neave raraunga o mahi roro. Ka taea te whakaongaongatia whakaaro Human e whatunga neural tāwhaiwhai ki te tukatuka raraunga wā kotahi.

Pūtaiao hinengaro rite whakaaro he wā hamarara i E. S. Kubryakovoy i te 2004 tau, kia rite ki te whakaako ngā he maha o ngā kaupapa pāhekoheko:

• Philosophy o te ngakau.
• hinengaro whakamātau, me te hinengaro.
• mātauranga horihori.
• wetereo hinengaro, ethology me te mātauranga tikanga.
• Neurophysiology, Neurology me Neuroscience.
• Whakaurua pūtaiao hinengaro.
• Neurolinguistics me psycholinguistics.

Philosophy o te ngakau kia rite ki tetahi o nga wae o pūtaiao hinengaro

Ko te ahanoa o ako o tenei ako he āhuatanga o te mahara, me tona hononga ki mooni tinana (āhuatanga hinengaro o te whakaaro). Te philosopho American Richard Rorty huaina hurihuri e whakaako ana whai hua anake i roto i te rapunga whakaaro.

He he he maha o ngā raruraru i puta ake i ngā nganatanga ki te whakahoki kupu i te pātai o te mea mahara ko. Ko tētahi o nga kaupapa tino nui e rangahau pūtaiao hinengaro ki tenei ako - ko reira te whakaaro o te tangata. Ko te materialists whakapono e mahara - wahi o mooni tinana me te ao huri noa ia tatou, ko te tino te whakangaromia ki nga ture o te ahupūngao. Ko te kupu, i taea e tetahi tautohe e whanonga tangata he kaupapa ki te pūtaiao. Nō reira, e kore e noa tatou.

Ētahi atu philosopho, tae atu Kant ngā, whakaae kore e taea e mo'oni e tino ti'aturi i runga i te ahupūngao. Kaiwhakahau o tenei tirohanga whakapono te haere noa pono o te hua o te ohipa i titauhia e te take.

hinengaro hinengaro

Akoranga tenei ako te tukanga hinengaro o te tangata. Putake Psychological o Cognitive Pūtaiao kei roto ngā mōhiohio i runga i te mahara, mau mana'o, whakarongo, tokonga, whakaaro arorau, te kaha ki te hanga whakatau. ngā mōhiohio rangahau faafariuraa New i runga i te whakaaro ōrite rorohiko me ngā tukanga hinengaro tangata. Ko te ariā tino noa ko te konä rite pūrere ki te āheinga tohu faafariuraa. Ā-kaupapa-hinengaro, me te mahi kaiao i roto i te ako tākaro he wāhi nui i roto i tenei ako. Ēnei pūnaha e rua i te kaha ki te hopu, toa me te putanga.

ethology hinengaro

Ko te ako Akoranga te mahi kouma o te hinengaro me te kararehe. Korero e pā ana ki ethology, e kore e taea ki te whakaaro e pā ana ki Charles Darwin. Tohe English taiao e pā ana ki te aroaro o te aau, te ite, kaha ki te pee i me te ako i nga kararehe, engari ano hoki te whakaaroaro ana e kore e anake. ka te kaiwhakarewa o ethology i roto i te 1973 he Laureate Nobel i whaiaroaro Konrad Lorenz. kitea Scientist kararehe mīharo i ki te kaha tuku mōhiohio ki tetahi ki tetahi, hua i roto i te tukanga akoranga.

Stiven Vayz, he ahorangi i University Harvard, i roto i tona mahi ki te taitara āhuatanga "Whatiia te whare herehere" whakaae e te ao whenua he kotahi anake mea ora nehenehe o te waiata, hanga he tākirirangi, ka whakaoti rapanga pāngarau. Ko reira, o te akoranga, te tangata whaitake. Ko taea te he e kore te iwi anake, mairi, whakaaro, me pera i runga i. Ko "to tatou tuakana teina" i ngā pūkenga kōrero, matatika, tikanga o te whanonga, me te tikanga rerehua. tuhia Ukrainian academician O. Neurosciences Krištáľ e ki te rā, hinga wāhitau kē te, a kei te kore nga kararehe i kite rite te "lōpoti ora."

whakairoiro hinengaro

Ako ko fakatahai te tikanga me ngā tikanga o te whakaaturanga o te raruraru peita i roto i te tikanga ki te tiki i te tīwhiri e pā ana ki tona whakataunga whakatau ranei i roto i te taatoaraa. pā pūtaiao hinengaro enei tikanga i roto i ngā pūnaha mātauranga horihori, e taea te tahuri te whakaahuatanga tuhi o te mahi i roto i te kanohi taipe.

i hanga DA Pospelov toru mahi tuatahi o whakairoiro rorohiko:

• tauira mātauranga o te matauranga, i taea kia o ngā e tautuhi te whakaaro arorau, me te auaha;
• mātakitaki o raraunga kore ko e ano taea ki te whakaahua i roto i nga kupu;
• te kimi huarahi ki te whakawhiti i whakapakoko taipe ki te tukanga waihanga, huna ki muri ratou akiaki.