Pūmua: Hanganga me te mahi o pūmua

Pūmua he matū organic. E āhuatanga ēnei pūhui macromolecular e te hanganga motuhake, me te i te paparetanga hanehane ki waikawa amino. Ka taea e rāpoi Pūmua kia o ngā āhua, he tokomaha o ratou e ngā o te maha mekameka polypeptide. Mōhiohio e pā ana te hanganga o te pūmua whakawaeheretia i roto i te DNA, me te tukanga kōtuitui rāpoi pūmua i huaina translation.

Ko te hanganga matū o pūmua

Kei pūmua Toharite:

• 52% waro;
• 7% hauwai;
• 12% hauota;
• 21% hāora;
• 3% whanariki.

rāpoi Pūmua - he waerau. I roto i te tikanga ki te matau i te hanganga, e hiahia ana koe ki te mohio he aha te tikanga o ratou waetahi - waikawa amino.

waikawa amino

Ka taea te wehea ratou ki e rua ngā kāwai: tonu puta a ētahi wā ka tūpono. E whakarato ana te mua 18 pūmua waetahi amide me 2: waikawa aspartic me te waikawa glutamic. I te tahi taime i reira e toru anake waikawa.

Ka taea te whakarōpūtia ēnei waikawa i roto i te huarahi rerekē: te āhua o te mekameka taha ranei whakatupato ratou Radicals, ano e taea te wehea ratou i te maha o ngā rōpū, CN ko COOH.

Ko te hanganga tuatahi o te pūmua

Ko te tikanga o waikawa amino i roto i te mekameka pūmua whakatau ona taumata muri o te whakahaere, ngā āhuatanga me ngā mahi. Ko te matua ahua o kōrero i waenganui i te waetahi ko te peptide. Kei te hanga e te reira na roto i te tango o te hauwai i tetahi aminoksloty me OH rōpū o te tahi atu.

Ko te taumata tuatahi o te whakahaere o te muingota o te pūmua - he raupapa o waikawa amino i roto reira, he mekameka tika, e whakatau i te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua. Kei a ia ko te "koiwi" he hanganga auau. Tenei raupapa toutou -NH-CH-ngai. Radicals e te aroaro mekameka taha etahi o waikawa amino (R), ratou āhuatanga whakatau i te hanganga o te hanganga pūmua.

Ahakoa, ki te te taua hanganga rāpoi o pūmua, kia rerekē ratou e āhuatanga anake e whai he raupapa rerekē o waetahi i roto i te mekameka. whakaritea te tikanga o te waikawa amino i roto i te pūmua e te ira, me te puaki pūmua etahi mahi koiora. Ko te raupapa o waetahi i roto i te rāpoi kawenga mo te mahi ano, maha tata i roto i ngā momo rerekē. Taua rāpoi - taua rite ranei ki te whakarite me te mahi i roto i ngā momo rerekē o ngā kaiao, te taua mahi - pūmua huirua. E whakatakotoria Hanganga, āhuatanga me mahi o ngā rāpoi ngota heke mai i te wā o te ariā o mekameka o waikawa amino.

Ētahi āhuatanga noa

Kua te hanganga o te pūmua kua ako he wa roa, a tukua ratou tātaritanga hanganga tuatahi ki tatou hanga etahi whānui. Hoki te maha nui o pūmua āhuatanga e te aroaro o te katoa e rua tekau waikawa amino, o nei glycine ngā nui, alanine, waikawa aspartic, glutamine me iti tryptophan, arginine, methionine, histidine. Okotahi he he torutoru noa ngā rōpū o pūmua, pērā i histones. E hiahiatia ana ratou mo te DNA tākai me te i roto i te rota o te histidine.

Te whakatau tuarua: kahore tauira noa i roto i te waikawa amino i te whakarerekētanga o te pūmua flare. Otiia ara i roto i te mahi koiora tawhiti o te polypeptides he whatiwhatinga o te taua rāpoi iti.

hanganga tuarua

Ko te taumata tuarua o te whakahaere o te mekameka polypeptide - ko tona tūranga mokowā, te tiaki nei i here hauwai. Te huna hoki α-helix me β-taiepa. Ara iahiko wahi kua he hanganga whakahau, kua karangatia e taua wāhi amorphous.

Alpha-helix o tūturu pūmua pravozakruchennaya. rōpū te taha o waikawa amino i roto i te helix anga tonu waho, ka kei runga ritenga taha o tona tuaka. Ki te he ratou kore-neke, i reira he ratou rōpū i tetahi taha o te helix whiwhi pewa, e hanga tikanga mo te pūtahitanga o rerekē rohe helical.

Beta-puninga - helix tino elongated - ahu ki noho i roto i te muingota o te pūmua, me te e hanga e tata me te whakarara ki kore-whakarara paparanga β-konumihia.

Ko te hanganga tuatoru o te pūmua

Ko te taumata tuatoru o te whakahaere o te muingota o te pūmua - whakakopa koropetau, puninga me rohe amorphous i roto i te hanganga kiato. puta tenei e tika ana ki te pāhekoheko i waenganui i nga mekameka taha o te waetahi ratou. E wehea taua hononga ki te maha momo:

• E hanga e here hauwai i waenganui i Radicals neke;
• Hydrophobic - i waenganui i kore-neke R-rōpū;
• hiko ope ātaahua (katote here) - i waenganui i ngā rōpū, te utu e he ritenga;
• piriti disulfide - i waenganui i Radicals cysteine.

Ko te momo o te hononga (-s = S-) muri tohu kotuari pāhekoheko. piriti Disulfide whakakaha nga pūmua, riro ratou hanganga atu eu. Ko te aroaro o taua hononga e kore e tika. Hei tauira, kia cysteine iti rawa i roto i te mekameka polypeptide, ranei he reira Radicals tata, me te kore e taea te waihanga i te "piriti".

Ko te tuawha taumata o te whakahaere

Kei te hanga e te hanganga Quaternary, e kore pūmua katoa. Ko te hanganga o te pūmua i te wha o nga taumata i whakaritea e te maha o mekameka polypeptide (protomers). E hono ana ratou tahi i te taua hononga rite te taumata o mua o te whakahaere, i roto i te tua ki te disulfide piriti. Kei te rāpoi ngota o te maha o protomers, ia o ratou he ona ake motuhake (ōrite ranei) hanganga tuatoru.

taumata katoa o te whakahaere whakatau nga āhuatanga e ka mahi ki te tiki pūmua. Ko te hanganga o te pūmua i te taumata tuatahi o te whakahaere, ko te tino tika whakatau ratou tūranga muri i roto i te pūtau, me te rauropi rite te katoa.

Ko te mahi o te pūmua

He mea pakeke ki te ara whakaaro pehea nui ko te wāhi o te pūmua i roto i te mahi pūtau. Runga ake kua titiro tatou ki a ratou hanganga. He tika ti'aturi i runga taua mea i te mahi o te pūmua.

Mahi whare (hanganga) mahi, i whai ahua ai ratou te pūtake o tetahi cytoplasm pūtau ora. Enei waerau Ko te rauemi matua o kiriuhi pūtau katoa, ka uru i roto i te matatini ki lipids. Kei roto i tēnei wehenga pūtau ki compartments, ia o nei puta ratou tauhohe. Ko te meka e titau te reira i ona ake ngā, he wāhi tino nui takaro e pH reo mō ia o nga tukanga pūtau matatini. Pūmua hanga taiepa kikokore, i wehea te pūtau i roto i te compartments pera-ka karanga. Otiia kua te tītohunga kua karangatia e compartmentalization.

Ko te mahi catalytic ko ki te whakahaere i tauhohe pūtau katoa. whākōkī takenga katoa e ohie ranei pūmua matatini.

He kawea Tetahi momo o kaupapa rauropi (mahi uaua, te kaupapa i roto i te protoplasm pūtau, ciliary kōpura i roto i te pūtau-me te t. D.) i roto i pūmua. Ko te hanganga o te pūmua e āhei ki a ratou te neke ki te puka muka me mowhiti. Ko te mahi waka ko e e kawea maha matū puta noa te membrane pūtau pūmua kawe motuhake.

tūranga hormonal o enei waerau ko i kotahi mārama: i runga i te hanganga o te maha o hormones he pūmua, pērā i taiāki, oxytocin.

takoto Whakakapinga mahi e kia e taea ki te hanga i putunga te pūmua. Hei tauira, valgumin hua, waiu casein, pūmua tipu uri rokiroki - he maha nui o ngā matūkai penapena reira.

tendons katoa, wahapū tahi, wheua kōhiwi, paua i hanga pūmua, e hopoi mai tatou ki tetahi o ratou mahi - tautoko.

rāpoi Pūmua Ko nga receptors e mau ana i te āhukahuka whiriwhiri o etahi matū. I roto i tenei tūranga, ngā mohiotia glycoproteins me lectins.

Ko te āhuatanga tino nui o te mate - paturopi me te takenga pūnaha ngä he pūmua. Hei tauira, e hāngai ana te tukanga o te coagulation toto i runga i ngā rerekētanga i roto i te pūwētoto pūmua. E kapi ana te taiepa i roto o te pū kai, me te puku ki te kahu tiaki o pūmua mucous - Litsinija. Ko pūmua o nga takenga mai hoki tāoke. turanga kiri, tinana kararehe tiakina he collagen. enei mahi katoa, he pūmua tiaki.

Well, ko te whakamutunga i roto i te mahi rarangi - ture. He pūmua e whakahaere mahi genome. Ko, whakahaere i ratou te patohanga me translation.

Ko nga mea katoa i te wāhi nui te whakatangihanga a tetahi pūmua, ko te hanganga pūmua kaipūtaiao unriddled mo te wa roa. Na inaianei e whakatuwhera ratou ara hou ki te whakamahi i tenei matauranga.