Pūmua Māmā me te matatini. Te hanganga, ngā mahi, ngā āhuatanga, ngā āhuatanga, tauira o pūmua matatini

Ko tētahi o nga whakamāramatanga o te ora ko e whai ake: "Life ko te aratau o oraraa o tinana pūmua." I to tatou paraneta, kahore okotahi i roto i kaiao taua rauemi organic, pēnei i pūmua. Ka whakaahua i tenei tuhinga i te pūmua ohie, me te matatini tāutuhia rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga rāpoi, me matapaki ratou mahi i roto i te pūtau.

He aha e pūmua

Mai i te tirohanga o te mataora - te taimaha rāpoi tiketike waerau organic, waetahi e e 20 momo rerekē o ngā waikawa amino. E piri ratou tahi e here kotuari matū, peptide te kore mohiotia. Mai waetahi pūmua he pūhui amphoteric, i roto ratou e rua he rōpū amino me te rōpū mahi carboxyl. here matū CO-NH i waenganui ratou puta.

Ki te ngā i te polypeptide o ngā toenga waikawa amino hononga, hanga ana e ia he pūmua ohie. Ko te muingota o te waerau, ngā atu katote whakarewa, huaora, nucleotides, warowaihā - he pūmua matatini. Next, whakaaro tatou te hanganga mokowā o polypeptides.

Taumata o te whakahaere o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua

E te aroaro ratou i roto i whirihoranga rerekē wha. Ko te hanganga tuatahi - rārangi, ko reira te kuware tino me e te ahua o te mekameka polypeptide i roto i tona spiraling te hanganga o atu here hauwai. ū ai ratou te helix, e kiia nei ko te hanganga tuarua. pūtahi Tuatoru whai pūmua ohie, me te matatini, te nuinga o te tipu, me te kararehe pūtau. whakatika quaternary i roto i te pāhekoheko o te maha ngā rāpoi ngota o te hanganga taketake, ngā hoa tahoê, ara taua pūmua i hanganga matatini, mahi i roto i ngā mahi tinana - te whirihoranga o muri.

He momo o pūmua ohie

e kore te mea maha polypeptides tenei rōpū. Ratou rāpoi ngota ngā anake o ngā toenga waikawa amino. Hei ngā pūmua, pērā i histones me globulins. Ko te tuatahi kanohi i roto i te hanganga matua, a kua ngā ki te rāpoi ngota DNA. Ko te rōpū tuarua - globulins - ko nga wāhanga matua o te wē toto. he pūmua pērā pērā i gamma globulin, mahi nga mahi o te korero ārai me ko te antibody. Ka taea e ēnei pūhui hanga complexes, e roto i warowaihā matatini me pūmua. fibrillar taua pūmua ohie pērā i collagen me elastin, he wahi o te tūhonohono kikokiko, ngohe, tendons, kiri. Ratou mahi matua - te hanganga, me te tautoko.

Tubulin pūmua Ko te mema o microtubules, e he wāhanga o te makawe iti me te flagella ngā rauropi pēnei i ciliates, Euglena, flagellates pirinoa. Tenei pūmua taua ko te mema o kaiao multicellular (flagella spermatozoa, ngä makawe ova, epithelium ciliated o te whēkau iti).

kaimahi Pūmua albumin hoki ki te he mahi (hei tauira, he pūmua o hua heihei). I roto i te endosperm o purapura o pata - rai, raihi, witi - kohikohi rāpoi ngota pūmua. E huaina ratou inclusions pūtau. E whakamahia ēnei matū i roto i te kukune purapura i te timatanga o tona whanaketanga. I tua atu, i te ihirangi pūmua tiketike o te pepeke witi ko te tohu tino nui o te kounga o te paraoa. Taro tunua i paraoa pumuawiti-taonga he kounga hā teitei, me te ake whai hua. Pumuawiti Kei roto pera-ka karanga witi pakeke. Kei roto i te ika wē toto hohonu-moana pūmua e ārai i te mate ratou i te matao. riro ratou i te āhuatanga ārai makariri, te ārai i te mate o te kaiao i pāmahana iti te wai. I te tahi atu te ringa, i roto i te hanganga o te taiepa pūtau o huakita thermophilic i roto i ngā mātāpuna waiariki roto pūmua ahei ki te pupuri i tona whirihoranga tūturu (hanganga tuatoru quaternary ranei) me e kore e denature i pāmahana mai i +50 ki + 90 ° C.

proteid

He pūmua matatini, e kua āhuatanga e kanorau nui i roto i te hononga ki te ngā mahi whakamana e ratou enei. Ka rite ki tuhia i mua, kei te rōpū o polypeptides, ki te kahore hoki te wahi pūmua te rōpū prosthetic. I raro i te mana o ngā āhuatanga ngā pērā i tiketike pāmahana, tai whakarewa taimaha, hāngai pūmua matatini alkali me waikawa e taea te whakarereke tona āhua mokowā, whakamāmā i te reira. huaina ana tēnei āhuatanga te denaturation. aukati te hanganga o te pūmua matatini te e pakaru hauwai here, a ka ngaro i te rāpoi ngota ratou āhuatanga me mahi. Ka rite ki te tikanga, he tina heke te denaturation. Ko etahi o nga polypeptides mahi rite te whakakōkī, peia me te kïia e mahi, ko reira taea renaturation - whakaora i te hanganga tūturu o te proteids.

Ki te ko te mahi he take destabilizing haere mo te wa roa, huna te muingota o te pūmua te tino. arata'i tenei ki te whaturama o here peptide o te hanganga tuatahi. Whakaora pūmua me te he kore e taea tona mahi. huaina ana tēnei āhuatanga ko te whakangaromanga. He tauira ko te tunu kai o hua: te pūmua wai - albumin, kei roto i te hanganga whare wānanga kei te tino ngaro.

biosynthesis pūmua

Kia ano, haamana'o e i roto i te polypeptides o kaiao ora ngā o te 20 waikawa amino, etahi o nei he koha. Tenei lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, a na i runga i. D. tomo ratou te bloodstream i te whēkau iti i muri i te wāwāhi i te reira hua pūmua. Hei synthesize waikawa amino faufaa (alanine, proline, serine), harore me te kararehe whakamahi pūhui hauota-kei roto. Plants, he autotrophic, takitahi hanga he waetahi Pākēha tika e tohu pūmua matatini. Hoki tenei tauhohe whakawhenumi e ratou pūhau whakamahia, haukini, hauota-free ranei. I roto i te tahi mau momo o microorganisms whakarato ratou ki te huinga katoa o te waikawa amino, i roto i ētahi atu anake etahi e synthesized waetahi. Ngā wāhanga o te biosynthesis o pūmua puta i roto i te pūtau o kaiao ora katoa. I te matua o te tuhi puta, a i roto i te cytoplasm o te pūtau - pāhotanga.

Ko te mahi tuatahi - te ariā o te mRNA kawainga puta i te polymerase whākōkī RNA. whati ana ia ia te here hauwai i waenganui i nga mekameka DNA, ka kohikohi tetahi o ratou i runga i te parau tumu o te kïnakitanga mua-mRNA rāpoi ngota. Kei te whai wāhi te reira ki te slaysingu e he maoa, a ka tae mai i roto o te karihi ki te cytoplasm, hanga karere waikawa ribonucleic.

Hei whakatinana i te rua o nga atamira titau te motuhake organelles - ribosomes me ngā mōhiohio rāpoi, me te whakawhiti waikawa ribonucleic. Ko tētahi atu huru nui ko te aroaro o ATP, rite nga tauhohe pākia e kirihou, e no ki te biosynthesis o pūmua puta ki absorption o te pūngao.

Whākōkī, ratou hanganga me te mahi

Ko te rōpū nui o pūmua (e pā ana ki 2000), e mahi ana i te tūranga o ngā matū e pa te auau o ngā tauhohe matüora i roto i te pūtau tenei. Ka taea e ratou kia ngāwari matatini (trepsin, pepsin) ranei. pūmua Matatini uru o apoenzyme me coenzyme. Ko te pū o te pūmua whanaunga ki te pūhui hoki e mahi ai, whakatau he coenzyme, ka kite mahi proteids te anake i roto i te take i reira hono te wāhanga pūmua ki te apoenzyme. Ko te mahi catalytic o te whākōkī he motuhake o te rāpoi ngota, engari anake i te pokapū hohe. hāngai Ko tōna hanganga ki te hanganga matū o matū catalyzed e te parau tumu o "matua-raka", kia ai ko tino motuhake te mahi o whākōkī. He mahi o te pūmua matatini i roto i te whai wāhitanga i roto i ngā tukanga pūkoro me i te whakamahi i ia ratou kia rite ki acceptors.

Karaehe o pūmua matatini

I whakawhanakehia ratou e biochemists, e hāngai ana i runga i te 3 paearu: āhuatanga physico-matū, āhuatanga me te pū hanga proteids āhuatanga. Ko te rōpū tuatahi ngā te polypeptides o rerekē āhuatanga iahiko. E wehea ratou ki taketake, kūpapa me te waikawa. Pātahi ana ki te pūmua wai e taea e hydrophilic, amphiphilic me hydrophobic. Ko te rōpū tuarua o whākōkī e kua whakaaro i mua. Ko te toru o te rōpū ngā polypeptides e rere i roto i te hanganga matū rōpū prosthetic (ko chromoproteids, nucleoproteins, metalloproteins).

A feruri i te āhuatanga o te pūmua matatini i roto i te taipitopito atu. Ko te kupu, hei tauira, pūmua waikawa e he wahi o ribosomes, kei 120 waikawa amino me he pūkenga. Kei roto i te organelles pūmua-synthesizing, e rua ngā pūtau prokaryotic me eukaryotic. Kei o mekameka e rua hono konupūmā katote S-100 te pūmua, - tetahi atu mema o tenei rōpū. Ko ia he mema o neurons me glia - tautoko kiko o te pūnaha io. Ko te taonga noa o te pūmua waikawa katoa - he ihirangi tiketike o waikawa dicarboxylic: glutamic me aspartic. Na roto i te pūmua kawakore ngā histones - pūmua e hanga ake RNA me DNA waikawa karihi. Ko te taa o te hanganga matū ko te nui o te lysine me arginine. Histones, tahi ki te puka pūira pūpūira karihi - nui whakapapa hanganga pūtau. E whai wāhi ēnei pūmua i te tukanga o te tauwhaituhi me te translation. pūmua Amphiphilic whānui kanohi i roto i kiriuhi pūtau, hanga he bilayer lipoprotein. Ko te kupu, ako te rōpū te pūmua matatini kōrero i runga ake, ko matou tuipau e ratou āhuatanga physico-matū e tika ana ki te hanganga o te wāhanga pūmua me ngā rōpū prosthetic.

E taea e ia ite i te momo o pūhui matū, pēnei i antigens ka ariu ki a ratou etahi pūmua membrane pūtau matatini. kïia e proteids mahi, he mea tino nui mo te tukanga absorption whiriwhiri tenei, matū i te taiao o waho, me ki te tiaki i te reira.

Glycoproteins me proteoglycans

Ko ratou pūmua matatini e rerekē i waenganui i te hanganga matüora rōpū prosthetic. Ki te nga here matū i waenganui i te wāhanga pūmua me te wahi warowaihā - covalently-glycoside, kua karangatia e taua matū glycoproteins. Apoenzyme aroaro ratou rāpoi o Pālesi me oligosaccharides, tauira o taua pūmua he prothrombin, pūtaitoto (pūmua whai wāhi i roto i te coagulation toto). Kortiko- me gonadotropic hormones, interferons, whākōkī me membrane he glycoproteins. I roto i te rāpoi ngota pūmua proteoglycan wahi ko 5 anake%, te toenga he rōpū prosthetic (geteropolitsaharid). E hono e te here glycosidic o te rōpū-threonine me arginine rōpū OH ko NH₂-glutamine, me lysine wahi rua. rāpoi Proteoglycan tākaro he wāhi tino nui i roto i te pūtau ka pākia wai-tote. Kei raro ko te tepu o pūmua matatini, ako matou.

metalloproteins

Kei roto ēnei rauemi hei wāhanga o tona katote rāpoi o tetahi atu ranei konganuku. A feruri i tauira o pūmua matatini no ki te rōpū i runga ake. Ko reira runga ake i nga whākōkī katoa pēnei i cytochrome oxidase. Kei te takoto te reira i runga i te cristae o te pungaraungao me whakahohetia te kōtuitui o ATP. Ferrin me transferrin - proteid kei roto katote rino. Origin putunga ratou i roto i nga pūtau, me te tuarua, ko te waka o te pūmua toto. Ko tētahi atu metalloproteins - alfaamelaza kei reira katote konupūmā ngā te i roto i te hanganga o te huware , me te wai pancreatic, whai wāhi i roto i te wāwāhi o te māngaro. Pūtoto Ko e founga metalloproteins me hromoproteidov. tavini ia rite te pūmua waka e te mauria hāora. Ko te hua ko te pūhui o oxyhemoglobin. Inhalation o te waro haukura, te waro haukura-ka karanga ranei, ona rāpoi pūtoto hanga erythrocytes pūhui rawa eu. Reira hohoro horahia ki whēkau me te kopa, meinga paihana pūtau. Ka rite ki te hua, puta inhalation muri roa o te waro haukura mate i te whakahēmanawatanga. Pūtoto wāhanga te maua e ka hanga e hauhā i roto i te tukanga catabolic. Mai i te awa toto o te hauhā ki te pūkahukahu, me te tākihi, a i a ratou - ki te taiao o waho. Ētahi waimāori me kaiwhao pūmua waka e te mauria hāora, ko te rohe tītere. Engari o te rino kei roto i te reira katote parahi, na ko kore whero, a puru toto kararehe.

mahi chlorophyll

Ka rite ki whakahuatia matou mua, ka taea e pūmua matatini hanga complexes ki uhi - matū pararopi tae. Tei ratou te tae i runga i ngā rōpū hromoformnyh e tīpakongia mimiti etahi tūāwhiorangi o te rā. I roto i te tipu ngā pūtau he plastids matomato - chloroplasts kei roto chlorophyll ngarahu. Kei te tito te reira o ngota konupora me te waipiro polyhydric, phytol. E pā ana ratou ki rāpoi pūmua, me i roto i ratou chloroplasts thylakoids (mau api), ranei membrane e pā ana i roto i ngā tāpae - tafa'aki. Ko ratou uhi photosynthetic - chlorophyll - me carotenoids atu. Tenei ko nga whākōkī katoa whakamahia i roto i te tauhohe photosynthetic. Ko te kupu chromoproteids, e ngā chlorophyll, te mahi mahi tino i roto i te pākia, ara i roto i te tauhohe whakawhenumi me te dissimilation.

pūmua viral

ngā ratou māngai o ngā puka kore-pūtau o te ora, tomo ana ki te rangatiratanga o vir. e kore e wheori i to ratou ake taputapu pūmua-synthesizing. waikawa karihi, DNA RNA ranei, e taea te häpaingia te kōtuitui o te nuinga o matūriki ake pūtau huaketo ki te huaketo. wheori Simple ngā anake o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua, compactly huihui i roto i te hanganga helical te āhua polyhedral ranei, pērā i tupeka mosaic huaketo. wheori Complex i atu membrane hanga wahi o te membrane wē o te pūtau ope. Ka rite ki taea reira ngā glycoproteins (kakā B huaketo, koroputaputa huaketo). Ko te mahi matua o te glycoproteins - he āhukahuka o receptors motuhake i runga i te membrane pūtau ope. Ko te hanganga o atu kiriuhi viral me pūmua ngā whākōkī whakarato whakahuahua o te DNA RNA tuhi ranei. I runga i te i mua, ka taea e tetahi faaoti i te whai ake: viral pūmua matūriki anga i te hanganga motuhake, i runga i nga pūmua membrane o te pūtau ope rānei.

I roto i tenei tuhinga kua hoatu e matou nga āhuatanga o pūmua matatini, ako ratou hanganga me te mahi i roto i ngā pūtau o ngā kaiao.