Pukapuka o Tolstoy. mātauranga Childhood kaituhi auaha whaihua

pukapuka o Tolositoi mohiotia ki tetahi tangata mātauranga huri noa i te ao. Ko pea Leo te kaituhi Russian tino rongonui, me te whakaaro. Ko te waru-tona mahi "War me te rangimarie" i runga i tetahi raruraru tetahi o ona ahua, ētahi atu faahiahia te hohonu o te taipitopito. Ko Ko te tino tenei he aronui e tika no ki tihi te ao katoa te mahi pai. Ahakoa ka kua hanga he pukapuka matotoru o te ora ki a ia he rangatira e mōhiotia ana o tuhinga Russian. Kua awe tona mahi te whanaketanga o te talena rite te kaupapa, me te o humanism Pākehā.

Kōhungahunga me Mātauranga

LEV Nikolaevich Tolstoy ko te māngai o te whānau tahito o nga rangatira. haere mai ratou i te hoa Petra Velikogo. whanau Leo Tolstoy i roto i 1828 i roto i te whenua o te Karauna i roto i te rārangi whaea - Yasnaya Polyana. I muri i te matenga o nga matua o te mātauranga o te kaituhi heke mai, me ona teina he tawhiti whanaunga Yergolsky tuahine o tona papa, Osten-Sacken te tīmatanga i, a ka. Ko reira i muri i roto i Kazan taitamariki Loew tuatahi whakaaro e pā ana ki te hiahia ki te whaiaro tuakiri-. pukapuka katoa heke mai tika Tolstoy e whakaata tenei kaupapa. I te tīmatanga i karangatia whakaako Lva Tolstogo Tiamana Roselman. Ko ia pai-natured, me te tino aroha o te tamaiti. I roto i te kōrero, te mea i tuhituhia e na Tolositoi ( "Kōhungahunga"), tuhituhi e ia tona kaiwhakaako mua i roto i te puka o Karl Ivanovich. I muri rave te tamaiti i roto i te mātauranga Roselmana Wīwī Saint-Tamati (Saint Jerome o "tamariiraa"). Ka rite ki ona teina e toru, ako mo Tolositoi i te University o Kazan. Ko te tau tuatahi ia tata kihai i meatia e te pūtaiao, me anake i runga i te tuatahi ka hiahia i roto i te mahi o Montesquieu.

Ko te ahuareka tuhituhi tuatahi

I roto i te 1847, i te tukinotia i roto i te hōhipera, ka anga Leo Tolstoy ki te pupuri i te rātaka. kihai i mutu ia tenei mahi tae noa ki te mutunga o te ora. I roto i te reira, ia, kia rite ki Pineamine Franklin ia whakaturia whāinga me ngā whāinga mō te whanaketanga-whaiaro, tuhia nga angitu me rahunga, ki te tātari ratou whakaaro me mahi. e kore ia hoki ki te Whare Wānanga. Katia te mate kāri i roto i Moscow takoha Leo ki uru atu te mahi hōia. I muri haere te whakamātautau, tomo te kaituhi i mua nei i te tauira i roto i te kainga Starogladovskaya Cossack. Mai i reira ia te tuatahi ka haere ki te poari ētita o te hautaka "Contemporary" tona mahi tuatahi - pūrākau ā-"Kōhungahunga". Ki te te kore whakaae reira, na tino pea, e kore ka haere mai te tahi atu mau buka o Tolositoi ki te marama. whai wāhi ia i roto i whawhai maha ki nga maunga, a ka i roto i te korero o Sevastopol. I roto i te 1965, i mahue mo Tolositoi mahi hōia. tuhituhi ia "War ko te rangimarie" me "Anna Karenina." Te nuinga i hiahia i roto i te whanaketanga whaiaro, te taea o tona tino morare Tolstoy.

"War ko te rangimarie"

Mahi i runga i te mahi tino rongonui o te kaituhituhi i mua e te mahi i runga i te pūrākau "te Decembrists". Ki a ia, ka hoki ia he maha nga wa puta noa i tona ora, engari e kore oti. Ka rite ki te tahi atu mau buka katoa o o Tolositoi "War me te rangimarie" - he pūrākau e pā ana ki te tupu morare o te tangata. Ko te āhuatanga ahurei i roto i te tuhinga ao tenei. Kei te whānui māngai reira whenei katoa o te hapori Russian, he momo o pūāhua me ngā reanga i runga i te whakamārama o te pakanga Napoleonic i roto i 1805-1812, aua. "War me te rangimarie" - he tamaiti tino o te kaituhituhi, tona karauna o hanganga. I roto i tenei mahi i roto i tona taatoaraa kitea te poto o Lva Nikolaevicha Tolstogo. whakaputaina te tauaru tuatahi o te pūrākau multivolume i roto i te buka aamu "Russian Gazette" i roto i te tau 1865, i riro rawa māfana kotahi. I roto i tenei mahi nui-tauine mārama kitea te rapunga whakaaro o Tolositoi: "koropiko hītori Cool - e kore te mea he mea o tetahi tangata o ringa, me te hua o te kapa i tēnei."

"Anna Karenina"

kotahi fakamatala'i Tolositoi te "War me te rangimarie" rite "he pukapuka o te mua." "Anna Karenina" i hapu tuatahi rite te hua o te kaituhi o te ora hou. Na i reira he takahanga hītori. Otiia whakaatu reira te wairua tangata tūturu me tona whanaketanga. I roto i tenei pūrākau, kahore he ōrite. timata mutu katoa i te wahi kotahi, e ko, i runga i te pereoo auahi. Ahakoa i runga i te ara ki a Moscow hoki te houhanga rongo ki tona teina, ako Anna e pā ana ki Count Vronsky. Tona hoa i runga i te coupe ko tona whaea. Katoa e wha o ratou e kitea i runga i te turanga, ka kitea e raro i te wira o te haerenga patua te kaititiro. Tenei "tohu kino" fakatokanga e pā ana ki te whakangaromanga tata o te whānau. Ua faataa mai te aroha fakamamahi o te whai hoa Karenina ko Vronsky te ki te ora oaoa utuafare Katie Shtcherbatskaya me tata ki te iwi Konstantina Lovina. ko te pūrākau i roto i te tau 1875 i roto i "Russian Gazette" i whakaputaina tuatahi.

E pai mohiotia mahi a Tolstoy e kore anake i roto i te whenua pou-Soviet, engari te ao ano hoki. Toe lau ratou ki te aroha, me te miharo ia wa i ki te kitea te tahi mea hou, kotahi iti taipitopito, i te hünuku te arotahi me te homai he tikanga rerekē. Na reira, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - he poto o te tuhinga Russian e hāngai i nga wa katoa nei pukapuka.