Otinga o te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow. Tau III me o Ivan Basil III

Ko te mutunga o te tīma me te timatanga o te rau tau XVI - te rohe i waenganui i te Middle me te wā New, e mohiotia ana ko te Renaissance, ko te wā o te hanganga whakamutunga o te nuinga o nga whenua Pākehā. I tenei wā ki reira he me te whakaotinga o te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow rangatiratanga. I roto i ora mahara nga ingoa o ona tīmata me kai-o te iwi. Enei nga ariki rahi Ivan Iii, i kingi i 1462 i te 1505, ko tana tama, Vasily III, ko wai i roto i te mana i 1505 ki te 1533.

Āhuatanga whakakotahitanga o Western Europe ko Russia

tonu kia tuhia te reira e i roto i Russia me i te whenua Pākehā nui, te uniana ka mau wahi whenua wehewehe i mua i roto i te rerekē mau hītori. I roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru, ki te hanga o āhua centralized whakaongaonga te tupu o te production rauemi, e, i roto i te tahuri, piki mā te whakapai ake i whanaunga koloa-moni me te putanga o te ōhanga i te oranga ahuwhenua papa tata.

I roto i Russia, i rerekē katoa. E rua rau tau o Tartar ioka pakanga te whanaketanga o tona ōhanga me te ahurea, me rite ki te hua o te whakakotahitanga o Rus puta ki te whakahaere feudal o te ōhanga, i kore mahi hei fakafaingata'a'ia'anga ki tenei tukanga. I tua atu, i te hanganga rawa o te kāwanatanga centralized i taea anake i roto i te-uru raki me te raki-rawhiti o te whenua, kia rite ki te nuinga o nga whenua te tonga i nga wahi o te wahi tuatahi o Kievan Rus, i piri ki a Hungary, Poland ko Lithuania.

Tākongakongatanga - te take o hopu whenua Russian

Kore, ko te take matua mō te raupatu Udelnaya Russia Golden Horde tona wehewehenga, e taea te mahi kia rite ki te tauira o te rangatiratanga Vladimir, wehea i muri i te matenga o tona rangatira Prince Vsevolod roto i nga kainga, a ka riro te taonga parau ngāwari o te wikitoria. A taea te takina ari rite i roto i te hītori o Russia o taua wā nga wahi katoa. E rave rahi o te Duchy Grand, i muri i to ratou wehenga ki fiefdoms iti, ngaro ratou kaha o mua, me te ngaro te kaha ki te tu atu i te hoariri. He tonu o taua tauira hītori National.

Heoi, e whakapono ana nga kairangahau te aroaro o te riri tonu i te Golden Horde, me Khanate motuhake i muri, kia kua pakaru nei ake ia, me te kaupapa here pukuriri o te noho tata Western nui whakatere te otinga o te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow, hanga faufaa te reira. He nui o te nama no ki tona whakatinanatanga kake ki te torona i roto i te 1462, Ivan III.

Ko te kaihanga o te kāwanatanga kotahi

I muri hoko he ahua matua pono i roto i te hītori Russian, tenei rangatira, ka o ratou ringa ki runga ki te runga rawa, i taua wa, i te kāwanatanga, ka ko rua tekau-rua anake tau ia. He whakamatauria angitu me te kaitōrangapū tawhiti-kitea, ko ia te tuatahi i roto i te aamu i te whenua o ka mohiotia rite te "Emperor o Russia katoa." Ko reira i roto i waiho tona kingitanga te tapa'o no to tatou ekara-ahu rua, a i roto i i hanga Moscow, e vai ki tenei ra, he Kremlin kohatu.

Ivan III o, marenatia ki te irāmutu o te kingi Byzantine, whakaurua i roto i te marae ora oro'a timera rā, e kore e hoki iho ki te hunga whāngai i te marae Pākehā. Ko reira i raro i tona tikanga, ki te kupu tawhito i monohia Russ e te nāianei - Russian. kawea ana e ia i roto i te whakahou whakahaere tuwhena, a ka tetahi o nga kaituhi o te Sudebnik rongonui - he huinga o ture ā, me te taihara.

Code o Ture o Ivan III

E ai ki tenei, he rawa ahu whakamua mo tona wa, whakapumautia te tuhinga, te Boyar Duma i roto i te Duke Grand. E whakamanatia ana ona māngai whakahaere o ngā wāhi takitahi o te ora tūmatanui, me te ka kawana i roto i te whata, me nga kawana rangatira i roto i nga pa.

Na tera ano hoki te auaha o whakahau - te kāwanatanga pokapū, i ahu e te rangatira kalake ranei rawa whakaritea kalake. I roto i ngā wāhi tuawhenua, tonu - pāriha, kawea whakahaere i e pera-ka karanga volostelyami - whakahaere hanganga arā, o te iwi free.

O te Ture whakapumautia pokapū mana tino mo te kaiārahi o te boyars rohe, me te āta nga whiu taea i roto i te take o te hanganga ture-kore ki te whakahau a te rangatira. He maha o ana tuhinga mo te whakahaere o nga hoia. Engari o te mua kapa rangatira kaperuatia hanga he ope kotahi. i hiahiatia Local gentry-kaiwhakarēti, ki te tika, kia hanga e wātea ana ki te Duke Grand me tona ake moni ki te pīkau i te maha etahi o te heke ki te waewae me te pononga te hoiho. tei to ratou tokomaha i runga i te whānuitanga o te rangatira o te whenua.

Hono i te Moscow fiefdoms mua motuhake

kaitōrangapū whakaaro nui, me te tahi mau taime rawa tinihanga, whakahaere Ivan, te tupato tuwhera pakanga, te kawe i roto i te hononga ki a Moscow, tika raki o Russia. i timata tenei i roto i te 1468, ka rangatira motuhake o Yaroslavl, te iteraa i te mana nui rawa o Ivan, tomo tona tukunga.

muri ka haere mai wha tau te wahi Perm nui o tona rangatiratanga. ko Rostov rangatiratanga i taua wa motuhake hawhe anake - wahi o ano hokona te tuarua i mua i reira (sic) papa Ivan III, Moscow Prince Vasiliy Tomny. I roto i te 1474, ka haere tonu te hoko, me te rite ki te hua, i tukua te rohe toe katoa ki Russia.

whakatika ētahi fifi ki te rironga o Tver, karapotia e te mowhiti ara i mua i te whenua Moscow. Ona rangatira tae noa tata tamata ki totohe ki a Ivan, te parururaa i tona mana motuhake, engari te tirohanga o tona tira nui, nga huarahi ki te taiepa o te pa, ko tautohe kia mālohi i tere ki te tango i te oati o te piripono ratou.

Ko te tukanga muri ngā te rironga i te 1489 whenua Vyatskiye ko tētahi wāhi nui hī. whakakiia ratou nga afata tao'a o te Moni nui, tsenivsheysya i runga i te mākete o te ao - te huruhuru.

Ka rite ki te hua o te whakakotahitanga o ngā kaupapa here Russian, e tamau whaia Ivan III o, i roto i te tua ki te tupu tonu o tona ōhanga me te mana hōia, a ka nui haere te mana o te kāwanatanga. whai wāhi ana tēnei ki te meka i roto i te tīmatanga o nga tau, i reira ka haere mai te rau tau XVI, ka haere mai he maha o nga rangatira Russian i te rohe ki te hauauru o te whenua, engari mo te ngā take e kua hinga i roto i te mahi o nga rangatira Lithuanian, ka hoki ki honau fonua tupu'angá.

ati Novgorod

Heoi, tupu na pai kore katoa o ona wāhanga o otinga o te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow. He tauira o tenei, ko te mau ohipa whakaari i wherahia huri noa Novgorod, i noho a mohoa noa motuhake Boyar Republic. I roto i te reira i te hua o te whakahaere whakahou, i whakatinana i roto i te 1410, ka whai kaha e te mana o te rangatira oligarchic, me te ture o Basil Dark i 1456, i homai he rangatira teitei mana ture rohe.

Wehi (a tika kia) ki te ngaro i te wahi nui o haamaitairaa i muri i subordination Novgorod ki Moscow, arahina nga boyars, haere pouaru Posad Marfoy Boretskoy, ki te rapu awhina i te Lithuanian Prince Casimir, whakaae ki vassalage i te take o tona tautoko i roto i te whawhai ki a Ivan III. I roto i te whakautu, i te rangatira o Moscow tangohia i mehua uruhi rite ki te hua o nei i roto i te 1471 oho ki te pa ope amui tutu, hanga ake o ngā rōpū o rangatiratanga Moscow katoa subordinated.

Te tautohe faufaa, i tukua Ivan III i roto i te wā poto ki te kohikohi i te taua ope faahiahia o Novgorod i ki te haere i raro i te mana o te rangatira Katorika, ai hoatu he take ki te whakapa he ratou o hiahia ki te whakawhiti i te whakapono Siu i te "reo Roma". I roto i te rerekē ki Moscow o tūao, kua huihui tutu nui rawa, engari hōia patu te ioka, me te ruarua. I roto i te whawhai whakamutunga, i tangohia e wahi i runga i Shelon te awa, i patua e ratou, ka hoatu ki te whati.

Heoi, ahakoa te hinga waho o Novgorod i taea ki te whiriwhiri ki te rangatira, me na te aufauraa i te herenga hefty mo etahi wa ki te whakaora i te toenga o te motuhake o mua. I te pae hopea, i apitiria te Novgorod ki Moscow i 1478. He tohu tohu o fakamasiva o te tika ki te faaotiraa-whaiaro ko te ärai o te Novgorod ratou pere whakaminenga, i te wa tuturu nei huihui e ratou ki te whakatutuki i ngā take o nāianei nui.

I muri ko tāpaetanga o Novgorod Prince o Moscow ki te raupatu o te rangatiratanga Tver tonu a mohoa noa motuhake. Here, i roto i te ara etahi faahiti reira te taua kōrero kia rite ki i roto i Novgorod. Tver rangatira, whakapono e kore i taea e ia te tu atu ki te ope pai o Moscow, karanga hoki awhina ki te rangatira Lithuanian taua rite Novgorod, me rite ki te hua te taua whakarau ratou i tukua.

I roto i te wha tekau-toru nga tau katoa o tona kingitanga, whaia Ivan III he whāinga kotahi - whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian rerekē. tomo ia te hītori motu hoki tenei kia rite ki "Collector o nga whenua Russian." hinga ia maha motuhake i mua Duchy Grand.

Whakamutunga o te ioka Tartar

Ko, i roto i era atu mea, tona poari me te tuhia te taua hui nui rite te mutunga o te wā o te ioka Tartar, i tohua e te wikitoria o te hoia o te rangatira Moscow mo nga mano tini o Ahmad Khan i runga i te awa o Ugra i 1480. I tutuki te reira i painga i hōia kore rawa nei hautoa mohio, i hua i Ivan III i taea ki te hanga i te hoa o te Crimean Khan, nei ko te hoariri kawa o tona hoariri nāianei, me i te wa ano ki te haamou i te mahi o Ahmed Khan, he hoa, Lithuanian Kingi. Ka rite ki te hua, te ite i te hepohepo o te whawhai, i mahue nga Tartars i ratou tūranga me whati.

Mono o mahi a tona papa

I roto i 1505 te tama a Ivan III, Vasily III, i te ra rawa tuatahi i roto i te tari whakamatauria te torona rahi Moscow ia he mono o pakihi o tona papa. Ka rite ki te tangata mārō pono, arahina e ia i te kaupapa here uaua, te whakaaro o i ko ki te whakangaro i te pūnaha tawhito o nga rangatiratanga me tāpiri ki Moscow tonu i i taua wa rangatiratanga motuhake o Rus.

Fair ki te mea e kore i hoki iho ki tona papa ranei i roto i te faaotiraa o ana mahi, e kore te kaha ki te whiriwhiri hoki ratou i te momeniti tino pai te rangatira taitamariki. I roto i tenei whakaaro, pipiki tino noa ki te rangatiratanga Moscow o Pskov, nei i tae noa ka mana e Lithuania. Ki te mahi i tenei, ka mau Basil tona paruparu meinga e te whakaekenga o nga Tatars Crimean.

Ko ia e kore e kowaiwai o te tohunga, me te tūturu ki tona papa. Hei tauira, i roto i te 1509 Basil 3 whakahau ki te haere mai ki te whakatau ki a ia ki Novgorod, Pskov māngai whare e, me te hunga katoa e nga wenewene tona hiahia ki te kawe i te Pskov i raro i te rangatiratanga ia o Moscow. tae katoa ki tona whakahau, faahapa e ia te kore o te whakawhirinaki i roto ia ia, ka hoatu e te nuinga o ratou ki te mate.

Poari Basil 3 hoatu te mutunga ki te pa o mua o Independence. I muri i te mahia o te māngai pa o Pskov, te whakamutunga i roto i tona hītori, te runanga, i tangohia te whakatau i runga i te tupuraa mutunga o nga whakaritenga katoa o te rangatira. Pskov Veche pere, kei pera me tana hoa Novgorod, i koperea ka nekehia atu tūturu i te pa.

I roto i te heke mai, kia tiaki ratou i te pato'iraa taea mā te pa ki tona taonga, panaia te rangatira taitamariki i reira e toru rau mau utuafare momona me noho i roto i to ratou wahi i te nui rite o mārama mateaki ki a ia te iwi i ētahi atu wāhi. Heoi, e kore e tenei whakaaro no ki a ia, ka whakauru tika tona papa Ivan III o, i roto i te wa e tika ana ki te iwi taonga o te Novgorod riro. Whakakahoretia ana i roto i te pūnaha o mua Pskov Veche, Basil 3 tukua te mana o tona kawana.

Atu i te tukanga o te whakakotahi i te whenua

E whā tau i muri mai, tonu ki te whai ake i te uniana o Russia, piri Vasily III tona kawanatanga o Smolensk, Nana i te reira i roto i 1514. Lithuanians. Kua te maharatanga o tenei hui kua tahuti ore e te hanga i roto i Moscow Novodevichy Convent. I tino whakawhiti te reira i Smolensk Icon o te Mother o te Atua, ka mohio rite semeio, ka koropiko rite rohe kaitiaki primordial o Russia.

tae te otinga whakamutunga o te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow i muri i roto i 1521 i roto i te āhua ka tomo te rangatiratanga Ryazan. I te aroaro tetahi ti'aturiraa i runga i nga rangatira Moscow, engari te pupuri etahi motuhake. Heoi, ko reira te tahuri o nga tangata o Ryazan me riro tangata o Moscow.

Ko te tinana te kāwanatanga matua

I tenei huihuinga o nga whenua Russian i oti te reira i roto i te āhua kotahi, i meinga te nui i roto i Europe, ka huaina mai ka Russia. Ko tenei tukanga anake pa wāhi i roto i te raki-rawhiti me te raki-uru Russia. Mau mai i te taua i raro i te hepeta o nga rangatiratanga o Moscow, takoto i roto i nga whenua ki te tonga-hauauru, me te haere tonu ki te hei i raro i te mana o Hungary, Poland ko Lithuania, ko reira he mea o te heke mai.

Otinga o te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow ui te hanganga o te taputapu ahei ki te whakarato whakahaere centralized o te kāwanatanga hou hanga. riro ratou i te Boyar Duma. I roto i ia te tuatahi, me te ngā māngai o te akomanga o runga e rua i te wa o nga boyars me pononga, engari i te waenganui o te rautau XV tona hanganga tāpiri ki te rangatira o te whenua piri Moscow, mateaki ki te rangatira nui. i tangohia Boyar Duma o te ture, a i te huru o te tinana whiriwhiri.

I roto i te kingitanga o Basil 3 pokapū kāwanatanga e rua, whakatakotoria te turanga i hanga muri i whakapumautia pūnaha mandative. Enei ko te pera-ka karanga Palace me te Treasury. Ko te tuatahi ki te whakawhiti te whakahaere whenua, no ki te Duke Grand, a i roto i te whakahaere o te tuarua ko te pūtea, pūranga, me te hiri kāwanatanga.

E ai ki te nuinga o ngā kairangahau, ka tutuki te nuinga te otinga o te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow whakawhetai ki te tūranga takaro e te Siu Ekalesia Russian i roto i te tukanga. Whakarei tona uara i roto i whakaoti take motu akiaki whai wāhi ki te hanganga i te 1448 i te torona Metropolitan o Ryazan Metropolitan Hona. Mai taua wa, riro te hahi i roto i Russia te mana o te autocephalous, e te mea motuhake, me te motuhake i ētahi atu hahi rohe, a kaha i taea e whakaawe te kaupapa here ā-me ke o te kāwanatanga.

taumata hou hautoa

Muscovy o te rau tau 16 kua e kua hanga e na roto i te hanumi, o whenua rerekē mua riro te mana tino rerekē i roto i nga mea o te kaupapa here ke. Ki te i mua ko reira anake te mea whanaunga ki nga khans o te Golden Horde me te iti whānuitanga o ngā rangatira, ka muri timata te whenua ki te tohu i te uniana o te nui iwi Russian me ona rangatira kia huaina ki kingi, kua riro te reira i tona wahi tika i roto i Europe.

haere mai hautoa Russian ki te taumata tino rerekē. I muri i oti ai whakatōpū whenua o te Russia Te Tai Tokerau-Eastern, i Moscow, tīmata embassies ke i roto i nga wa o mua ki te kore haere mai ki te aituä ki te haere ki te whanuitanga Russian i runga i Novgorod. Noatia, meinga tenei etahi uauatanga, rite i mua i ki te mahi anake ki nga rangatira feudal, e whakaae ana te whakapono taua, me te korero i te reo kotahi. Na, i roto i nga whiriwhiringa i ki te tango ki roto ki pūkete nga āhuatanga o ētahi atu mau haapaoraa a ki te whakamahi i whakamaori, a muri i ngā reo ako.

Ko te maitai o te rangatira e rua o Moscow Ivan III, me te tana tama, me te mono Affairs Vasily III whakakorekore. Na roto i to ratou i tuhituhi ai, pukapuka, tonoa ki waho, kua hainatia mai te taitara "Prince o Moscow me Russia katoa." Tenei te tikanga e kati ake Russia katoa ki te Monolith e taea tonu ki te tu tetahi whakamātautau.