Ōhanga Estonian: he whakamārama poto

ōhanga o Estonia ko tetahi o nga tauira angitu tino o öhanga iti. I roto i te mau taime o te raruraru, kua ite te kāwanatanga he heke āhua whakaritea ki ētahi atu lepupilika Soviet mua, a ka hohoro ora ake. I teie mahana, Estonia Ko tetahi o te taonga, kaua ki te whenua te whakawhanake.

Te hoê aamu poto o te ōhanga Estonian ki te rau tau rua tekau

Hoki te wa roa, te ōhanga o rohe, te wahi i te ra-hakari Estonia, e hāngai ana i runga i te hokohoko. Na roto i Tallinn (ka karanga na te pa i Reval) ka ko Narva ara hokohoko nui tūhono Russia me Western Europe. liaised awa Narva ki Novgorod, Moscow me Pskov. I tua atu, i roto i nga anotau Middle, Estonia ko te kaiwhakarato nui o hua witi i roto i te whenua Nordic. Ko te ahumahi o te tahi mau rāngai (rawa rakau me te keri ahumahi) timata i mua i te rironga o Estonia ki te Russian Empire.

whakawhanakehia Estonian Economy me Russia i te taha ki te kau, ka e fehangahangai te moni o te Russian Empire i roto i te Moana Baltic ki ngā ngākau nuitanga Swedish. Rironga ki te Russian Empire, kua heke te rohe o Estonia hou, i hanga e kakai ko Livonia, rite pai rite te putanga o te whakapaipai hou (St. Petersburg) te faufaa arumoni o Tallinn me Narva. Mauritau pānga i runga i te ōhanga o te whenua i te whakahou agrarian i roto i 1849, i muri nei i tukua ai ki te hoko ki te riihi i te whenua ki te peasants ranei. Na roto i te mutunga o te rau tau XIX nga rangatira kaimahi o te whenua ranei i pā ana ki 50% o kaimahi i roto i te wahi raki o te whenua, me te 80% i roto i te tonga, me te i roto i te pokapū o Estonia reira-ra.

I roto i te 1897, neke atu i te hawhe o te taupori (65%) i mahi i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua, 14% mahi i roto i te rängai ahumahi, me te whai wāhi te tokomaha taua i roto i te hokohoko ranei kua mahi i roto i te rāngai mahi. Intellectual, ōhanga me te tōrangapū whiriwhiri o te hapori Estonian i Paratiki Tiamana, me te Russian, ahakoa ko te rahi o Estonians i te hanganga motu 90%.

Ko te kaupae motuhake tuatahi i roto i te ōhanga

Kua haere te ōhanga Estonian te whakamātautau tuatahi mo te taea o ture nga ope ā-kāwanatanga i roto i te tau 1920 - 1930. hanga motuhake o te kāwanatanga reira e tika ana ki te titiro mō ngā mākete hou, whakatinana whakahounga (me nga raruraru o te ōhanga i taua wa i nui), whakatau pēhea te taiao rauemi e whakamahia. Ko te kaupapa here öhanga hou, tīmataria e te na Minita o te ōhanga Estonian Otto Strandman, i hāngai ana ki te whanaketanga o te ahumahi, e arotahi ana ki te mākete kāinga, ka hāngai ahuwhenua i kaweake.

whai wāhi whanaketanga motuhake o te kāwanatanga o te ōhanga ki te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

• tauwāhi matawhenua pai;
• whakapumautia i te hanganga Empire production Russian;
• whatunga whakawhanakehia o rerewē e whakakotahi mākete kāinga;
• āwhina pūtea i Soviet Russia i te nui o te 15 miriona moni i roto i te ōrite te koura.

Heoi, i reira i tino he torutoru raruraru:

• tata katoa o te taputapu i i fetukutuku roto i te Tama'i II o te Ao i te wheketere;
• whakapōrearea i te whanaunga ōhanga, kua ngaro te whenua i te mākete i roto i te Te Tai Rāwhiti;
• mutu US tuku kai Estonian rite ki te hua o te Tartu rangimarie;
• Kua hoki mai Estonia neke atu i 37 mano tangata nei e hiahiatia ana whare me mahi.

Ko te ōhanga o te Estonian Soviet pāpori Republic

Whakaahuatanga Poto o te ōhanga Estonian i roto i te USSR tīmata ki te tatau i te kino i meinga e te mahi hōia i roto i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. I roto i te mahi Tiamana o te 50% o te kāinga noho, me te 45% o hinonga ahumahi i ngaro i roto i te whenua. tata te kino katoa i 16 piriona moni i roto i te utu i mua i te whawhai-.

I muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ko Estonia te wahi tuatahi i roto i te uara o haumi mō ia i roto i nga lepupilika Soviet katoa. Ko te ōhanga Estonian i te aroaro, kua i roto i aua tau:

1. matatini ahumahi. Whakawhanakehia rite keri (i keri ai te hinu tokauku, phosphorite, me Peat) me te ahumahi. te rängai whakamutunga ngā te engineering, te tukatuka whakarewa, matū, pueru, me te kai ahumahi.
2. Energy. Ko reira i roto i te tipu gazoslantsevy tuatahi o Estonia i roto i te ao i hanga, a roto i te heke mai, me te whakato huringa nui o te ao i roto i te shales. Energy matatini rawa whakarato nga hiahia o te käwanatanga, me te whakaaetia ki te whakawhiti wahi o te pūngao te raki o te USSR.
3. Ko te rāngai ahuwhenua. ahuwhenua Estonian i roto i nga tau o te Soviet Union motuhake i roto i te miraka me te kararehe mīti me poaka. pāmu whakawhanakehia huruhuru, pi-pupuri, heihei pāmu. Tupu hangarau, pewa, me te hua.
4. pūnaha ikiiki. mai ake nga ra o te Russian Empire tonu te whanaketanga o te whatunga rerewē i roto i te whenua. I tua atu, te whakawhanake ara, me te waka moana.

Fakafoki o rangatiratanga, me te ōhanga whakahounga

I roto i te faaho'iraa mai o te rangatiratanga, āhuatanga ōhanga o Estonia e te whakahounga poto. Ko te whakamutunga taea te wehea ki wha ngā rōpū: kāwanatanga, whakahou hanganga me te pütahitanga, te hoki o te taonga nationalized ki o ratou tangata tika, te stabilization. I āhuatanga te wāhanga tuatahi o te hurihanga i te whakawhitinga ki te tikanga utu anake i roto i te hiko, whakawera me te whare tūmatanui.

He raruraru nui i pikinga teitei. I 1991, ko 200% te ahua, me i 1992-mu whakatika ake ki te 1076%. Tiaki, i puritia nei i roto i moni, tere te wāriu o. Hei wāhanga o te kaupapa here ōhanga hou i puritia ano hoki rangatira rawa kotahi nationalized. E nga waenganui-1990, ko tata oti te tukanga hokotanga. I te wa ano ko Estonia i roto i te whenua tuatahi i roto i te ao e kua whāngai te pūnaha tāke moni flat.

Jobs me te uta Estonia ara waka whakarite hokohoko me te tauwhiro o taonga i te Russian Federation. I ratonga waka tauwhiro kiia hoki 14% o te hua motu matotoru. Te nuinga o te pūtea kāwanatanga Estonian (e pā ana ki 60%) i hanga e i te utu o te tauwhiro Russian.

tupu Economic muri rironga o Estonia ki te EU

Ko te ōhanga Estonian i muri i hono i te EU kua tipu i roto i te ara pai. Kei te kukume te whenua nui moni o haumi ke. Na roto i te 2007, i runga Estonia tuatahi i roto i nga lepupilika Soviet mua o te GDP mō ia. I te wa ano, ka timata tohu o "pukā" ki puta i roto i te ōhanga: ki ū ai te tere o te pikinga haere ake ano, ko te tarepa hokohoko nui haere e 11%, me i reira ko te mirumiru utu pera-ka karanga i roto i te mākete whare. Na reira, ka anga tupu ōhanga ki te peka.

Ko te heke o te ōhanga i roto i te raruraru pūtea ao

ngā tōraro e pā ana ki te raruraru pūtea, a puta i roto i te ōhanga Estonian. hinga production Industrial i roto i 2008, i te tarepa pūtea mo te wa tuatahi manakohia, a hinga ana te GDP mo toru me te hawhe ōrau. Heoi, nui haere te 43% whakaiti i roto i te tereina waka ki 8.3% te heke haere te pikinga tono kāinga, me te heke kawemai.

Studies whakahaere e te rōpū mahi o te Whare Wānanga o Tartu, whakakitea e te whakawhanake i te ōhanga Estonian rite ki te tauira e Kariki. I roto i te whenua te nuinga e ngā ratonga hokohoko me te hotera, rite pai rite te hanga o-tauine iti, e kore e ahumahi, intermediation pūtea me ngā ratonga pakihi nui-mutunga. Kua nui pāngia te raruraru te ōhanga Estonian, i hanga e korero e pā ana ki te parariraa o ngā tauira whanaketanga.

Ko te hanganga o te ōhanga Estonian nāianei

whakarāpopoto ana te ōhanga Estonian e te manga e whai ake nei:

1. Ahumahi (29%). Tino whakawhanake matū, whakangao, penupenu me te pepa, wahie, pūngao, engineering aunoa. He wahi nui o GDP ko te hanga me te hoko whare.
2. Agriculture (3%). Ko te manga matua o te rāngai ahuwhenua he kai me te miraka kararehe, poaka. Kei te nuinga mahi Agriculture i te maara o te kai, me te hua ahumahi. whakawhanake te reira me te hī.
3. Ratonga (69%). Te tupu tere i roto i te Estonia te faaruru i te tāpoi, rawa hauora. I roto i nga tau tata nei, tino nui haere te maha o moutere IT-kamupene. He wāhanga nui o te ōhanga ko te tauwhiro i roto i te rohe o te kāwanatanga - he tika ki te tūranga o Estonia i te ōhanga o te ao tenei. Hei tauira, te pūkete tauwhiro mō te 75% o te tereina waka.

āhuatanga rohe o te ōhanga

marara ōhanga o Estonia te fakasiokālafi. Na, i roto i te wahi-raki rawhiti o te rāngai ahumahi kāwanatanga-whakawhanakehia, hua te rohe e toru-hauwhā o taonga hangaia. Ko te pokapū ahumahi matua o te whenua ko nga taiao o Tallinn, Narva, Maardu, Kohtla-Jarve, Kunda. I roto i te tonga Estonia te whānui whakawhanakehia ahuwhenua, me te wahi hauauru o te whenua āhuatanga e nga ika whakawhanakehia, me te whanaketanga o te mara kararehe me te tāpoi.

Finance, pareparenga, me te nama waho o te kāwanatanga

Ko te moni e pā ana ko te ūropi i Estonia, te whakawhiti ki te moni Pākehā ki te Kroon oti e wawe 2011. mahi pēke Central i roto i te whenua fakahoko te Pākehā Central Bank me te mana motu kawenga mō te tirotiro, ko te Bank o Estonia. Ko te mahi o te muri, ko te ki te makona te hiahia o te taupori i roto i te moni, me te whakarite i te tika, me te pūmautanga o te pūnaha pēke katoa.

e pā ana ki tekau tahatika arumoni mahi i roto i Estonia. I roto i tenei take, kua faaterehia e rua kaitākaro nui o te mākete pūtea ake atu i te rua-hautoru o nga rawa pūtea - te Swedish Swedbank me sEP pēke. te whanaketanga ōhanga pūmau o te whenua hanga reira taea ki te whakawhānui i te hōkai o te pēke tuku.

nama waho Public o Estonia ko te raro i roto i nga whenua o te Pākehā Union, whakaaro, mo te 10% o te hua motu matotoru rite o 2012. I roto i te ahua waenganui-nineties ko e pā ana ki te hawhe o te GDP, a na 2010 tae 120% o te hua motu matotoru. Neke atu i te hawhe o te nama he taunahatanga pūtea o pūtahi nama.

Ko te hanganga o te ahumahi hokohoko ke te whenua o

hoa hokohoko matua o Estonia ko nga noho tata ana raki, me te Russia me te Pākehā Union. Ko te rōpū matua o te hokohoko ke he maniua kohuke, kora me lubricants, taonga hangaia, mīhini me te taputapu, ngā hua oti.

Income o te taupori, mahi me ngā rauemi tangata

Ko te wahi nui rawa o te taupori o Estonia (67%) he tangata taea-nga marohirohi - e kore e tukua e i te kore o te hōpuni hou Estonia. whakaratohia Economy hōpuni, Heoi, ko te auau kore mahi toharite ko 6%, e hāngai ana ki te toharite. I roto i te kotahi haora (i te mahi i runga i te pūtake haora), ka taea e te tiki i te tākuta, he iti ake i te iwa euros, nēhi - rima euros, nēhi, ngā kuia me te tapuhi - toru euros. Ko te utu toharite i mua i tāke tae 1.105 euros. He rite ki te 470 euros ia marama te utu iti.