Momo ōhanga. āhuatanga o

Whakarōpū ari pūtaiao kua tonu kua pakeke nui. Ko te kōwhiringa tika o te āhuatanga wehenga nuinga ka whakawhirinaki ki runga ki tona mana, me te angitu. Hei tīpako i te momo o te ōhanga i roto i ngā huarahi pūtaiao hou whakamahi rerekē tohu. Mai huarahi ki te ariā me te kiripuaki o ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua, i reira e rave rahi, a ka waiho i te whakarōpūtanga rawa te rota.

Ko te paearu mō ngā momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga

Ki te taumata o te oti'a, i te whakaaro o nga momo rerekē o ngā pūnaha ōhanga me ratou mahi i neke atu i te tata ki te tukanga tūturu e puta ana i roto i te ora pāpori me te ōhanga, me whai whakaaro te whenua i runga i nei e whakarōpūtia ratou.

I roto i runga ki te ahua ngā o ōhanga tohatoha momo o ōhanga me te hokohoko ki te momo māori o te utu. Ki te whakarōpū tatou momo o te kāwanatanga o te ōhanga i runga i te puka taketake o te mana, e tohaina hapori, taonga tūmataiti, momo paheko, me te tūmatanui, me te whakauru o te ahuwhenua.

Na roto i te ara o ngā mahi mana kaiwhakaari ōhanga wehewehe enei momo taketake, e rua i roto i te mākete tuku iho, riko ngā. Ko te reira i te momo tino noa o te whakarōpū. Vauvauhia e te momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga me o ratou āhuatanga îraa pikitia o nga āhuatanga tuwhera o te ōhanga o te tenetere e rua whakamutunga.

Ētahi whakarōpū o momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga

Ki te tangohia e tatou ki pūkete te paearu o te tikanga tohatoha moni, ka taea e koe te tīpako i te momo o te aifaitoraa hapori, me te tohatoha o te moni i roto i runga i te whenua, me te tohatoha o te moni i roto i runga i te āhuatanga o te hanga, te tohatoha o te nui o te tāuru mahi.

E ai ki te momo o te wawao a te kāwanatanga te wehewehe, ohaoha, rōpū whakahaere,-utu te mana, me te whakauru momo noa o te ōhanga. Na rite tonu ki te paearu o te whai wāhi i roto i te ōhanga ao e taea te tāutuhia kōrero tuwhera, me te kati ngā pūnaha.

E ai ki te tohu o te paari o te pūnaha e kitea i roto i puta, whakawhanakehia, momo pakeke, me te iho o te kāwanatanga o te ōhanga.

Ko te pūnaha whakarōpū tuku iho

I roto i te tuhinga Western hou, i reira e te whakarōpūtanga tino noa, e kei toru anake ngā momo rerekē o ngā pūnaha ōhanga. Ko te tuhituhi a K. R. Makkonnella me SL Brue taratahi pūnaha pērā i tuku iho, mākete me te whakahau momo o te ōhanga.

Heoi, i roto i te rua rau tau whakamutunga i roto i te ao, i reira i tokomaha atu ngā momo o ngā pūnaha whakahaere. Ko ētahi o ēnei ohanga mākete ki free whakataetae (parakore te moni), he ōhanga mākete hou (te moni, free), tuku iho, me te pūnaha whakahaere-whakahau.

Ko nga tauira aroaro momo rerekē o te whanaketanga ōhanga i roto i nga whenua takitahi. Na reira, kia whakaaro nga momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga me ratou āhuatanga i runga i te pūtake o ēnei āhuatanga.

moni parakore

ōhanga mākete, kua whakataetae free, i hanga i roto i te rau tau XVIII. ka mutu ki te tīariari i roto i te tekau tau tuatahi o te rautau rua tekau. Tino maha o nga āhuatanga o tenei pūnaha haere ki te ōhanga mākete hou.

Ko te āhuatanga motuhake o te moni parakore ko te mana tūmataiti o ngā rauemi haumi, tikanga o ture i te taumata tonotono te i runga i whakataetae free, he rota o kaihoko me kaihoko, e mahi takitahi i roto i ia mara. He kaimahi me te kaipakihi mahi rite rite āpiha ture o whanaunga mākete.

Ngā momo o te ōhanga mākete noa te rau tau rua tekau kua takoto e te whanaketanga ōhanga me te utu mākete. Tenei pūnaha whakamatauria ki te hei i te ngāwari tino, taea ki te whakarite ki te mau o te mahi o whanaunga ōhanga i roto i te hapori.

moni hou

puta te ōhanga mākete o nāianei i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau. he wā o te whanaketanga tere o te revolution pūtaiao, me te hangarau. I roto i tenei wā, ka anga te kāwanatanga ki te whakaawe mātātoa te whanaketanga o te ōhanga ā-motu.

kite whakamahere Kei te rite te mea o te kāwanatanga i roto i ture te ōhanga. Enei momo o Economics taea ki a koe whakarite hohoro ki te rerekē haere ngā matea mākete. I runga i te epa rangahau mākete me te hōkai me te hanganga o nga hua, me te matapae mō te wāhanga matua o STP.

timata kamupene nui, me te kāwanatanga ki te tohatoha atu ngā rauemi mō te whanaketanga o te take tangata (mātauranga, hauora, ratonga pāpori). Ko te āhua i roto i te whenua whakawhanakehia tenei ra tataki ake ki te 40% o tohatoha pūtea ki te rawakore alleviation. Recruiting Kamupene tiaki e pā ana ki o ratou kaimahi, tohatoha pūtea mo te whakapai ake o ngā āhuatanga mahi me te haumaru pāpori mo ratou kaimahi.

Ko te pūnaha tuku iho o te whakahaere

I roto i te whenua ōhanga iti taepū tiaki te pūnaha o te whakamahi i ā mahi, me te hangarau whakamuri. I roto i etahi o enei whenua te nuinga e ngā puka tūturu-hapori o te tohatoha o te hua hanga. Ko te momo matua o ōhanga i roto i te whenua underdeveloped i te mara o te whakahaere presupposes te oraraa o te maha nui o pakihi iti, me ngā ahumahi. Tenei huinga o hinonga kaiahuwhenua handicraft. He tūranga nui i roto i te ōhanga o enei whenua nui whakapaipai ke.

I roto i te hapori, e mau ana pūnaha ōhanga tuku iho o te whakahaere nui he tuku iho, ngā tikanga, ngā uara fakalotú, wehenga kaihe me te tahi atu āhuatanga pupuri mai hangarau te ahunga whakamua.

State redistributes moni motu i roto i te pūtea. Ko tōna tūranga he kaha rawa, mai te mea te reira tukuna te kāwanatanga pokapū moni mo te tautoko pāpori o te wāhanga rawakore o te taupori.

pūnaha whakahaere-whakahau

huaina ana tēnei pūnaha ko te pūnaha ōhanga centralized. atu mua ia mana i roto i Eastern Europe, i roto i te tahi mau whenua Āhia rite te pai rite i roto i te USSR. Kei te tuku tonu tenei pūnaha ōhanga ki rite centralized. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira na roto i te mana pāpori, i roto i te vairaa mau ko te kāwanatanga, katoa ngā rauemi ohaoha, bureaucratization o te ōhanga, whakamahere whakahaere.

E pā ana te pūnaha ōhanga centralized te mana tika o tata te hanga katoa i te pokapū kotahi - te mana. State rawa whakahaere te tohatoha o ngā hua, me te hanga. Ko reira te monopolization o ngā wāhanga katoa o te ōhanga. Ka rite ki te putanga o te inhibition kitea te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau.

I roto i te pūnaha reira i ona ake tautuhinga tauwhāiti i roto i te Māoritanga. faataa ratou he uaua rawa te tukanga o te whakamahere i te rōrahi me te hanganga o te hanga ki te whakawhirinaki tika reira ki kaihanga. whakaritea nga ngā pokapū te hanganga o nga hiahia whānui o te taupori. Tia'i huringa i roto i te mau hinaaro o te taua nui e kore e taea. Na reira, ki te whakatau i te iti te nuinga o ratou.

pūnaha ōhanga Mixed

I roto i te āhuatanga o nāianei i roto i te ao e kore e puta tetahi pūnaha ia nga āhuatanga o tetahi anake momo o whakahaere ōhanga o te kāwanatanga. Tenei momo o te ōhanga whakauru. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira na roto i te whakakotahi i te tūranga ture o te whenua ki te puipuitua o te mana pūtea o te hanga.

Kāwanatanga i roto i te pūnaha reira te maua e i roto i antitrust, takoha me te kaupapa here pāpori. E tautoko ana te āhua hinonga no ki reira, me te whare hauora, mātauranga, me te ahurea. hāngai kaupapa here Kāwanatanga te i te ārai kore mahi me te pōrearea. whakatairanga te reira i te pūmautanga me te tupu ōhanga.

Ko te mate o te pūnaha aroaro ko te kore o ngā tauira ao o te whanaketanga me te whanaketanga o ngā taumata, i runga i specificities motu.

Ka whakaaro nga momo o ōhanga o nāianei, o mua, me te hakari, ka taea e wehewehe ratou huru pai, me te kino. Ka tukua tenei huarahi ki te whakatau e pā ana ki te tika o ia whakahaere o ngā mahi ōhanga o te kāwanatanga. Hoatu ana nga āhuatanga pai o ia pūnaha, ka taea e pai te kāwanatanga whakahaere te ōhanga i roto i te nāianei, me te wā i whakamaheretia.