Me pēhea te ki te whakaoti i te raruraru o te iranga ki koiora?

Ko te ako o te ture taketake o te whakapapa me te rerekētanga i roto i te kaiao he tetahi o te mau tamataraa fifi tino engari rawa whaihua anga pūtaiao hou. I roto i tenei tuhinga titiro tatou ki te pehea te ariā ariā taketake me mau marôraa mana'o o te pūtaiao, a ka mahi ki te pehea, ki te whakaoti rapanga i roto i iranga.

Ko te hāngaitanga o te ako o te whakapapa

E rua nga peka nui o pūtaiao hou - rongoā me te tupuranga - whakawhanakehia i roto i geneticists rangahau. Ko te ako koiora rawa ano, te ingoa o nei i whakaarohia i roto i 1906 i te kaipūtaiao English W. Betsonom kore he pera nui ariā rite mahi,. Tangata katoa e whakatau ki te matau tino te huarahi o te tupu o ngā āhuatanga rerekē (pērā i te tae kanohi, makawe, toto), e te tuatahi i ki te ako i te ture o te whakapapa me te rerekētanga, me te ahua i roto i pehea ki te whakaoti i nga raruraru o iranga tangata. Ko te take e haere ana tatou ki te mahi i.

ariā me ngā Basic

Ia manga he motuhake, i rawe ki ki a ia anake, he huinga o ngā whakamāramatanga taketake. Ki te korero tatou e pā ana ki te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te tukanga o te te tuku o mau huru tuku, i matau ai tatou i te ngā whai i te whakamutunga: te ira, tohuira, momokite, te manu matua, hybrids, tohuhema, a na i runga i. Ki ia o ratou tatou te whakatau, ka ako tatou i nga ture, korero ki a matou pehea ki te whakaoti rapanga i roto i te koiora, iranga. Otiia i roto i te timatanga ka ako matou tikanga Hybridological. I muri i te katoa, ko reira te pūtake o ngā akoranga ira. I anihia e te taiao o Czech G. Mendel i te rau tau 19.

Me pēhea te ki te riro huanga?

i kitea Ture o nga āhuatanga tuku o te tinana e Mendel roto ngā i whakahaeretia e ia ki te tipu pai-mohiotia - pea. tikanga Hybridological Ko te whakawhitinga o rua wae, e rerekē i ia atu e tetahi e rua o ngā āhuatanga (monohybrid ripeka). Ki te whai wāhi te whakamātau kaiao e whai maha takirua o kē (ritenga) tohu, ka kōrero e pā ana ki poligibridnom whakawhiti. te whakaaro te pūtaiao te patu hybridization momotuhi whai o ngā tipu pea e rua e te hunga rerekē purapura tae. He - peita kōwhai, me - te matomato.

I roto i tenei F1 tuhi - hybrids o te tuatahi (ahau) whakatupuranga. Ko ratou katoa tino kākahu (taua), no te mea i roto i ratou i te ira ngoi A, whakahaere kōwhai purapura tae. hāngai te urunga i runga ki te tuatahi ture o Mendel (Ture F1 hybrids taurite). E matau whakamārama ia ki ngā ākonga me pehea ki te whakaoti rapanga i roto i iranga. He Grade 9 he hōtaka i roto i te koiora, ako nei i roto i te taipitopito Hybridological tikanga o te rangahau ira. Ka tiro ano hoki, me te tuarua (II) te tikanga ka karanga Mendel te ture o te Pharoah. E ai ki reira, nga hybrids F2, i whiwhi e whiti e rua hybrids whakatupuranga tuatahi ki ia atu, he wāwāhi i te ōwehenga o 3 ki te 1 tohuāhua, tohuira 1 he, me te 2 ki te 1.

Mā te whakamahi i te tātai i runga, ka matau koutou e founga ki te whakaoti rapanga i roto i te iranga, kahore hapa, ki te taea te tono ratou tikanga tuatahi kua ranei mohiotia ture II Mendel o, hoatu e puta te whakawhitinga ka te faatîtîraa oti o tetahi o nga ira.

kī ana te ture te tohu whakakotahi motuhake

Ki te rerekē takitahi mātua i roto i rua o pūāhua kē, pērā i te tae uri, me te āhua, i ngā tipu pērā i takirua pea, ka i roto i te akoranga o te whakawhitinga ira kia whakamahia Pinneta grille.

Tino ki hybrids katoa, e ko te whakatupuranga tuatahi whakarongo te tikanga o te taurite Mendel. Ko, he kōwhai ratou, ki te mata maheni. Tonu i te ripeka i waenganui i te tipu o F1, whiwhi tatou i te hybrids tuarua-whakatupuranga. Ki te kitea i roto i pehea ki te whakaoti rapanga i runga i iranga, kōeke 10 i roto i te piha haapiiraa te koiora whakamahi record kahui rua-ranu, te faaohiparaa i te tātai o wāwāhi tohuāhua 9: 3: 3: 1. I raro i te huru e taea te whakamahi e whakaritea te ira i roto i te rerekē takirua Mendel toru o postulate - āhuatanga ture whakakotahi o āhua motuhake.

Ka rite ki te rōpū toto riro?

Ko te tikanga o te tuku o te āhuatanga pērā i te rōpū toto i roto i te tangata, e kore e hāngai ki te ture kōrero mua. Ko, e kore nei hoki e ngawari ki te ture tuatahi, me te tuarua o Mendel. Ko tenei no te mea he āhuatanga pērā i te toto, kia rite ki ngā akoranga Landsteiner, te mana e toru ngā irarā ahau: A, B, me te 0. Fakatatau ngā tohuira e whai ake nei:

• rōpū Tuatahi - 00.
• Tuarua - AA A0 ranei.
• rōpū Tuatoru - BB B0 ranei.
• A maha - AB.

0 ira he irarā ngoikore ki te ira A me B. He wha rōpū ko te kodominirovaniya hua (aroaro tahi o ira A me B). E mea titauhia te tikanga ki te whakaaro, ki te mohio me pehea ki te whakaoti rapanga i runga i nga iranga o rōpū toto. Otiia e kore e katoa te e. Hei whakapumautia te tohuira o ngā tamariki i te toto, i whanau ki ngā mātua me ona rōpū rerekē, te whakamahi i te ripanga i raro nei.

ariā o te whakapapa o Morgan

E hoki ki te wāhanga o to tatou tuhinga "Te ture o te āhua motuhake o te whakakotahi tohu", i roto i nei kōrero matou pehea ki te whakaoti rapanga i roto i iranga. ripeka Dihybrid, rite te ture i te III Mendel o, i te mea hoki e ngawari, he hāngai ki ira allelic, he ngā pūira huirua i roto i ia rua.

I roto i te T. geneticist American waenganui-20 rautau kua tohe Morgan e te nuinga o nga tohu mana e te ira, e kei i roto i te pūira taua. E ratou he puka whakaritenga me te hononga rōpū rārangi. Na ko rite to ratou maha huinga haploid o pūira. I roto i te tukanga o te whāiti pūira, ārahi ki te hanganga o tohuhema, e kore te haere mai ngā pūtau sex ira kotahi, whakaaro ia Mendel, me te katoa o ratou complexes, ka karanga Morgan rōpū mamau.

crossover

I roto i prophase ahau (ka karanga ano te wehenga meiotic tuatahi) i waenganui i e whakawhiti nga chromatids roto o ngā pūira huirua wahi (lukusami). huaina ana tēnei āhuatanga te crossover. Ko reira te pūtake o te tāupetanga iranga. He tino nui mo te ako o te koiora āwangawanga ki te ako o disorders tuku tangata crossover. Mā te whakamahi i te haapiiraa whakaturia mai i roto i te ariā pūira o whakapapa Morgan, tautuhi tatou he hātepe papatono e whakautu ana ki te pātai o te pehea, ki te whakaoti rapanga i roto i iranga.

take kainga Sex-hono ko te take ngā o te whakawhitinga o ngā ira, e kua kei roto i te pūira taua. Ko te tawhiti e vai i waenganui i te ira i roto i ngā rōpū hononga faaite rite te ōrau - wae mahere. He kaha hononga mai i waenganui i te ira tika hautanga ki te tawhiti. Na reira, te nuinga o whakawhiti mo puta i waenganui i ira, e kua kei matara atu i ia atu. A feruri i te āhuatanga kainga hono i roto i te taipitopito atu. Otiia i roto i te haamana'oraa no wawe aha āhuatanga o whakapapa haepapa mo te āhuatanga fakasekisualé o kaiao.

pūira sex

I roto i te karyotype tangata to ratou he hanganga motuhake: i roto i te aroaro wahine te taua pūira X tokorua, i nga tangata i roto i te tokorua fakasekisualé, i roto i te tua ki te pūira X, i reira te mea ano hoki he U-putanga, ngā e rua i roto i te puka, me te i roto i te huinga o ngā ira. Tenei te tikanga e kore ko reira huirua ki te pūira X. tuku taua mate tangata pērā i hemophilia, me matapo tae whakatika tika ki te "pakaru" o ira takitahi i runga i te pūira X. Hei tauira, e taea te whanau te kaimau o te marena o te hemophilia ki te tangata hauora o te huaai.

Ko te akoranga i runga o te whakawhiti ira fakapapau'i e te ira mamau e mana upoo- toto, ki te sex X pūira. whakamahia tēnei kōrero pūtaiao te ki te whakaako i ngā ākonga tikanga, whakatau pehea ki te whakaoti rapanga i roto i iranga. E 11 te piha haapiiraa i te hōtaka i roto i te koiora, e tirohia i roto i te taipitopito te wāhanga pērā i "iranga", "Medicine" me "iranga tangata". tukua ratou ākonga ki te ako riro mate tangata, me te ki mohio nga take i runga i nei whakatika ratou.

taunekeneke ira

Whakawhiti āhuatanga tuku - tukanga kaua uaua. Ēnei kaupapa mua riro mārama anake, ki te te ākonga taketake mōhiotanga iti. He faufaa te reira, rite whakarato reira huarahi e whakarato he whakahoki ki te pātai o te pehea, ki te ako ki te whakaoti rapanga i roto i te koiora. Genetics rangahau te pāhekoheko hanga ira. Tenei epistasis polymer, kïnakitanga. Ka kōrero tatou atu e pā ana ki a ratou.

E mea maramarama maitai o tenei momo o te taunekeneke rite kïnakitanga TAUIRA tupu i roto i te whakarongo tangata. Te rongonga te mana e rua o ira rerekē takirua. Ko te tuatahi he kawenga mō te whanaketanga tonu o te koko o te taringa roto, me te tuarua - mo te mahi o te io rongo. Ko te faaipoiporaa o te mau metua turi, ko ia o e ngoikore iraruarite mo ia tetahi o e rua o ira te takirua, kua whanau tamariki ki i te whakarongo noa. Enei tohuira e kitea e rua ira tino e whakahaere whanaketanga noa o rongo taonga.

pleiotropy

Tenei take ngā o ngā ira i roto i nei kotahi ira reira i roto i te tohuira, Tei faaiteraa tohuāhua i te maha o ngā āhuatanga. Hei tauira, i roto i te uru o Pakistan kitea he taupori tangata o etahi māngai. E ratou kahore repe werawera i roto i etahi wāhi o te tinana. I te wa ano taua iwi kua pāngia ki te ngaro o etahi molars. kihai i taea i hanga e ratou i roto i te akoranga o te ontogeny.

I roto i te kararehe, hei tauira, karakulskih hipi hakari W ira tino, e whakahaere pehea huruhuru tae me te whanaketanga noa o te puku. Fakakaukau ki he founga riro te ira W e i roto i ripekatia o rua takitahi iraruakē. Huri i te reira i roto i taua ratou uri ¼ reme ki tohuira WW, mate e tika ana ki ngā kōhikohiko i roto i te whanaketanga o te puku. I te wa ano ½ (ki huruhuru hina) iraruakē me taea, me ¼ - he takitahi ki huruhuru pango me te whanaketanga noa o te puku (ratou tohuira WW).

Tohuira - he pūnaha katoa

pānga maha o ira poligibridnoe whakawhitinga, he āhuatanga hono kainga mahi taunakitanga rite tuturu o te meka e te huinga o ira i roto i to tatou tinana ko te pūnaha oti, ahakoa te māngai reira e ngā irarā takitahi o ira. Ka taea te riro ratou i te ture o Mendel, ahakoa te huanui ranei hono te haapa'oraa i te haapiiraa o te ariā o Morgan. Whakaaro i te ture te kawenga mō te ara ki te whakaoti rapanga i roto i te iranga, i kitea e matou i te awe te tohuāhua o tetahi kaiao e rua allelic me ira kore-allelic whakaawe te whanaketanga o ngā āhuatanga kotahi, neke atu rānei.