He aha te wāhanga o te pūtau te nui tino? Pūtau i raro i te karu

E rave rahi milioni o rerekē momo o kaiao. O enei, te wheori anake he puka kore-pūtau o te ora. te toenga katoa o tona iti rawa, ko te wae hanganga matua i te whare herehere. Na reira, ko te reira - he tohu nui o te takitahi ngā, no ki tetahi ranei tetahi atu rangatiratanga o te natura. kia whakamārama Parts me organelles pūtau pehea te tinana ora tupu me te puta e tukanga roto reira. He nui hoki mahara ki te katoa o te āhua i roto i te whānui tēnei hanganga wae hanganga o te matauranga.

mahere hanganga pūtau Tapeke

Cell i raro i te karu - he whakaaturanga rawa ngā. E mea maere pehea huna nui i te kanohi tangata, me reira kei i te taumata o te microcosm! Ki te tenenga o tenei ahurei pūrere whatu hei kua taea ki te riro wahi o tenei taumata, ki te tūhura me te matau i te tikanga o te ora, ki te ako pehea ki te tiki wāhi i roto i a ratou, ka whakamahi hoki te painga o te iwi.

Ko te kupu, i kitea ai e kore rauropi katoa i te wae whare taua. e kitea i roto i tata te mau melo atoa o te rangatiratanga rerekētanga. Hei tauira, te wahi matua o te pūtau tipu e rerekē i te hunga o te kararehe. āhuatanga Ko tōna hanganga he huakita me ngā harore. Heoi, ka taea e koe tonu te tautuhi i te mau parau tumu whānui o te hanganga pūtau.

1. (Hāngai i roto i te karihi, e kore e prokaryotes (huakita) kua tukuna te karihi mō kaiao eukaryotic - - tipu, harore, kararehe) te rauemi iranga i roto i te puka o ngā rāpoi ngota DNA.
2. kiriuhi Cytoplasmic delimits te tirotiro o te wāhi ā-me pānga waho.
3. Ko te cytoplasm ki organelles me inclusions.

Ko te taua hoki ngā pūtau katoa, e haapapu ano te takenga noa o te ora katoa i runga i to tatou ao hoki He maha organelles. wahi hanganga i roto i ia kōwae o te ora i te rota rawa. Ko reira, hei tauira, i runga i:

• pungaraungao;
• lysosomes;
• taputapu Golgi;
• EPS (reticulum kiriuwhi ranei);
• ribosomes;
• inclusions o te pūmua, me te te warowaihā, me ētahi atu.

He matatau organelles motuhake e te hunga ahurei ki te māngai o tetahi rangatiratanga ngā o te natura. Hei tauira te wāhanga matua o te tipu ngā pūtau, - e kore e tika i te pata, ko te taiepa pūtau me te miru. e kore e He plastids nui, engari i enei hanganga i roto i te wae kararehe.

He aha te wāhanga o te pūtau te nui tino?

Ko te whakahoki ki tenei pātai ko tino matatini. I muri i te katoa, kahore tetahi o ona wahi hanganga o te pūtau kore e taea ki te ora noa, ka whakawhanake. Ko tonu i reira e rave rahi o te nui tino i roto i te mahi o nga organelles me wahi.

1. Karihi ki rauemi nucleoli me ira hāngai i roto i te pūira.
2. Ko te taiepa pūtau (mo ngā tipu), kiriuhi cytoplasmic (ngā pūtau katoa), anga mucic (mō huakita).
3. Ko te cytoplasm o nga wae hanganga.

Ēnei wāhanga - ko te pūtake o tetahi pūtau, ahakoa o te rauropi no ki tetahi ranei puka tetahi. I roto i te organelles cytoplasmic taea hoki te tohu nei wahi o te pūtau te nui tino.

1. Pungaraungao.
2. Ribosome.
3. EPS.
4. Lysosomes.
5. Taputapu (matatini) Golgi.

Ko reira kitea e taea te tumuaki te karanga te nuinga o ngā waeine hanganga katoa o te wae hanga o kaiao.

Ko te pata, me tona hanganga

Mua te whakaaro e te wahi matua o te pūtau - te karihi. Heoi, e kore e whai reira katoa o ratou. Na, kahore he karihi i roto i:

• pakeke pūtau toto whero,
• whakahaere pūtau o te tipu te kopa ;
• huakita.

He hoki momo, e, ki runga ki te anga ke, e rave rahi karihi. Hei tauira:

• poperchnopolosatye uaua;
• harore;
• rimurimu;
• huawhenua oko lactiferous.

I roto i te whānui, i te hanganga whānui o te mahere ko tetahi o te hanganga whakaaro. He maha ngā wāhanga taketake e hanga ake te matua o tetahi.

1. Karyotheca (kōpaki karihi) - tohu te rua mahi hanganga membrane rite tauārai i waenganui i te cytoplasm me te matua i roto. Ki e piri ai ki te waho o te ribosome, te CSE, te matatini Golgi.
2. Karyoplasm - kopu rā ā-whakakī i te matua. Ko tētahi atu ingoa - nucleoplasm. Oku i ai e pūmua rerekē, RNA ribosomal.
3. Ko te ahei o te wehenga i waenganui i nga pūira piri Kikī helical pūpūira. Kei te nuinga tōna hanganga whakaratohia e te whenu o DNA. He hoki konupūmā me te konupora ngota kei, pūmua, RNA, lipids.
4. Nucleoli, paetata wāhi huri noa i te pūira. ngā ratou o RNA, DNA, pūmua. Whakamahia mō te whakaminenga o subunits ribosomal ariā o te p-tuipūmua (tuipūmua ribosomal).

Ko te mahere whānui o te hanganga karihi, i te mea te reira kitea e te uara o tenei hanganga i roto i ia pūtau - whakatakotoria mo te uri, te rokiroki me te tuku o te mōhiohio ā-ira, te whakakotahi ngā āhuatanga ira.

Ko te cytoplasm me tona hiranga

Ko rawa kaha hoki te whakanui ake i ngā taputapu i te faufaa o i whakatuwheratia anake ki te tenenga tenei hanganga. I mua i mahara ai ki - noa i te whenua tupuranga mo organelles. Na, Heoi, kitea ana e ia e te cytoplasm kua te hanganga e whai ake.

1. Cytoskeleton - microfilaments me ngongo pūmua matatini e hanga te whatunga matua. Roto a te neke i te organelles pūtau.
2. Cytosol hyaloplasm ranei - cytoskeleton colloidal tirotiro ā-, ai nga kohuke memeha, wai, he lipids, pūmua, te warowaihā. kawea e tukanga pākia pūtau e i roto i e korerotia tahi hanganga.
3. Ectoplasm - te cytoplasm, hāngai tata ki te membrane. Endoplasma - te wāhi katoa i waenganui i karyotheca me ectoplasm.

I roto i te cytoplasm o tukanga waka intracellular puta e taea ki te kia i te whakapā tata i runga i te wāhanga. Ko te whakawhetai ki te kaupapa hihiri tonu o te hanganga i roto i te organelles roto neke nga pūtau.

Ko te kiriuhi cytoplasmic

tohu te reira i bilipidny paparanga rapa ngoto e rāpoi ngota pūmua. Ko te ariā tino noa o te hanganga o tenei organelle - he tauira wai-mosaic. tavini te reira ki te wehe i te taiao o waho, me te ā o te pūtau. He uruhanga whiriwhiri, reira, ārai reira me tiaki ki te tomo ki o matūriki ke. I roto i te tikanga maha pupuritia reira āhua pūtau.

Ki te te whakahoki ki te pātai: "He aha te wahi o te pūtau te nui tino", ka waiho te tuatahi rite te membrane, no te mea te mea i roto i ia o ratou. Rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga puta i rerekē momo o kaiao. Hoki te huakita ngā āhuatanga i roto i te hanganga o te chitin, kararehe - tona ngaro.

pungaraungao

e kore e ēnei hanganga mo tetahi mea i huaina i te pūngao "tipu te mana" o ngā pūtau ranei. Ko reira i roto i enei tukanga puta phosphorylation oxidative hua i roto i te pūngao tukua i ATP (adenosine triphosphate). I roto i te heke mai, tenei pūngao ko te puna o nga tukanga ora katoa, e rua roto, o waho.

kihai i tangohia tonu ingoa o ngā wāhanga o te pūtau tonu. I roto i te take o te pungaraungao tuatahi i roto i 1894, kua whakaahuatia enei hanganga i raro i te ingoa bioblastov.

I tahaki, te hanganga o tenei organelle kaua ngā. Ko te bilayer membrane waho. Te paparanga roto he hanganga takai, hanga te cristae, i runga i nei e whakaritea maha ribosome.

Pungaraungao i to ratou ake te DNA me te momo tuipūmua rua (waka, me te kopu). Hoki i reira ko te matatini o pūmua. Ko te tokomaha o nga hanganga i roto i te pūtau e taea rerekē, e ko ti'aturi i runga i te mahi o te okana. Ko te tokomaha rawa o ngā pungaraungao i roto i ngā pūtau uaua.

ribosomes

Iti a tawhio hanganga pouri e taea te kite ka ui nga pūtau i raro i te karu whārahi irahiko, ka karanga ribosomes. Ko hoki te reira i te wahi nui o te pūtau, no te mea he wahi kaha tika i roto i te whakaminenga o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua ratou.

E ratou, e te aroaro ratou ribonucleoprotein riro tetahi wha o te papatipu pūtau katoa. Tito o rua subunits Nä, piri i roto i te kotahi a taka i roto i te āhua. Āpitihia ki te Golgi matatini, EPS, pungaraungao, karihi. Kei roto te tahi mau wāhanga.

Kei te synthesized reira e ribosomes i roto i ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua e tika ana mo nga tukanga katoa o te kirihou me te pūngao pākia.

pūnaha kiriuwhi

pūtau i raro i te karu rite te pakari kaha striated. Ko te hanganga hoki pērā i EPS ranei tenei kiriuwhi, reticulum. E whakaatu ana te reira i te whatunga katoa o takere branched, korere, oko, e tetahi organelles katoa, a rawa tata hāngai huri noa te karihi.

Hoki enei aerodynamics me takere ko te kaupapa (transportation) o matūriki rerekē i tetahi pūtau ki tetahi wahi. Na reira EPS - rite tetahi o ona hanganga matua.

Miru me taiepa pūtau - o te pūtau tipu

Ki te te whakahoki ki te pātai: "He aha te wahi o te pūtau te nui tino i roto i ngā tipu", i roto i te tua ki te runga ake, kia tāpiri koe i te torutoru ake. Ko matua tenei te taiepa pūtau. Ko te kōpaki mātotoru whai i te membrane cytoplasmic. Kei te tito te reira o te cellulose me ētahi atu warowaihā me whakarato pūtau kaha motuhake. moe Trees te ki matū motuhake - lignin. Ko te aha e kaha ratou kahiwi. Ano, Ko reira te hanganga taiepa pūtau hanga i te āhua pūtau rite te katoa.

Miru - Ko te wahi nui o nga wae tipu hanganga tenei. E te reira tata te rōrahi katoa o te wāhi i roto o te pūtau. ki tonu wai roto, i te mea he wai pūtau. Tenei ranunga o te wai, huaora, ngā kohuke, hormones, warowaihā.

plastids

Tonu atu wāhanga o te tipu pūtau - plastids. Kanohi e toru momo:

• leucoplasts - taekore;
• chromoplasts - whero, karaka, uhi kōwhai;
• chloroplasts - Kei roto i te chlorophyll ngarahu matomato.

Ko te whakamutunga nga nui tino, mai e whai wāhi tika ratou i roto i te ahotakakame.