Mana Tree i Russia: te kaupapa

Ko te parau tumu i runga i hanga te o te rakau mana taiawhio ki manga, kua whakatakoto hoki te wa tuatahi e J. Locke -. Kaiako English i noho i roto i te rau tau 17. Ko ia te hoariri kaha o te faatîtîraa, ka taunaki te ariā o te kirimana pāpori, me te tau. I roto i tetahi o ana i tuhituhi ai, tapaea Locke ki faaite te mana i roto i te wāhi e toru. I muri, he whānui tenei parau tumu. A feruri atu e te kaupapa ko te rakau o te kaha.

āhuatanga General

Kaituhi parau tumu o te wehenga o mana, whakaarohia Locke ki te rerekëtanga ki e toru nga peka:

1. Executive. kia waiho tona matenga he ariki.
2. Legislative. Ko Pāremata.
3. Federal. Hei wāhanga o tenei aronga kawea i roto kaupapa here ke.

Na roto i te peka whakahaere hoki kawea Locke marae. Kua te tauira tuku iho kua whakaarohia e te kaiako French Sh. L. Monteske. ngā Ko tōna kaupapa te mana te rakau:

1. People.
2. pūtahi whakahaere. I te aroaro ano hoki ia e te ariki, me te tino iti.
3. Tiāti. Ko tōna mahi ngā te whakarite o te whiu mo hara, me nga tautohe i waenganui i takitahi.
4. mana Legislative. E tika ana kia he huihui o māngai, me te whakapuaki i te ngākau nuitanga o te taupori.

manga Tree ki te mana e Montesquieu te taviniraa rite te paearu ki te whakaōrite poari wanoke. Otiia, i roto i tona hukihuki kore Constitution e korero o ngā taurite. I riro te reira e ka noho i te tūranga nui rawa o te Institute te ture. Ko te ariā o te wehenga o te tautoko me te Rousseau. Heoi, e hāngai ana tona rakau mana i runga i te parau tumu o te matua o te mana arii o te iwi. piri Rousseau faufaa nui ki te manapori tika.

United States

I whakaturia tuatahi Amerika rite te käwanatanga. I roto i tenei take, whakaaturia te kotahitanga i roto i te tīmatanga o te wāhanga. Muri, ka puta ke ia ki te Republican āhua e hānga ana. Ko te kaiwhakatū o te United States i nui whakawhānui te ariā o te wehenga o mana. whakatikaia ratou te hiahia mo te rangatiratanga, me te mavahe ahunga matua. Na, ko te tino te whare-ture. I roto i te tikanga ki te karo tāne i, i whakaritea e ai ki runga ki te wehenga o te Pāremata i roto i te Whare - runga, me te raro. Ko te tukanga mō te pōtitanga o te tuatahi i te taua wa tino rerekē i te ture whakaratohia mo te tuarua. I riro te ruma i runga, ano he huānga tutakina rawatia hoki te raro. Ko te rāngai ture kua he tūranga motuhake.

mahi World

I roto i te whenua o te mana rakau ture faaite te pāhekoheko i waenganui i te Pāremata, kāwanatanga, me te peresideni. tipu mana rerekē momo rerekē o te kāwanatanga. Nä, ko te hanga e tetahi tetahi kaupapa o te mana rakau ranei.

Grade 3: te ao

Ko te mohio tuatahi ki te parau tumu o te wehenga o ngā kāwanatanga e tamariki i roto i te haapiiraa tuatahi. Ko te mau haapiiraa o te ao huri noa ratou whakaekea he kaupapa tika ohie o te mana rakau. e kore e Grade 3 ngā i roto i-hohonu ako o ngā momo o te kāwanatanga. E hoatu tamariki mōhiotanga whānui i roto i te tikanga ki te kua i hanga te whakaaro o te taputapu whakahaere o te kāwanatanga. Heoi te utu e ratou he rakau ohie o te kaha. whakarato 3 piha te hōtaka e ngā familiarization ki tenei ariā, kia rite ki te Ture. I muri i te katoa, i te reira enshrines hoki te parau tumu o te wehenga o te pūrongo o pūtahi tūmatanui i roto i te tohutohu.

arikitanga

He rakau ki peka o te kaha i roto i Russia i roto i te wa o iti arikitanga (i waenganui i rua takaí hītori) fokotu'u e kua Pāremata te tika ki te ture, a ka hanga te kingi te kāwanatanga, me te kua te kaha ki te tangohia ture aukati. kua tētahi pūnaha rite kua i roto i te UK i muri i te Revolution kororia. I roto i te arikitanga pāremata, whakaaro te upoko o te whenua kei te ki kia iti. e kore e faaohipa e ia o ratou mana takitahi. He te tika ki te hanga i te kāwanatanga i toa i te pōtitanga me ngā māngai o te rōpū e whakatu te nuinga Monarch. kia whakaritea ia, me ētahi atu mana. Otiia mau rere te upoko whenua o te kāwanatanga. Ka taea e anake te tīariari he rakau taua o te mana i roto i te aroaro o te pūnaha e rua-rōpū pūmau.

arikitanga pūmau

Katoa te mana, te ingoa titau rite, e hāngai i roto i te ringa o te kingi. I roto i tenei take, o te akoranga, e pā ana ki tetahi wehenga o te pātai. Na reforomatio mohiotia Speranski whakaarohia kaupapa i runga i nei tāutatia te he ture arikitanga me tinana māngai whakaurua i roto i te pūnaha poutū. I tua atu, tūmanakohia reira whakatinanatanga o te parau tumu o te wehenga o mana:

1. whakawhiti Ture kororia nui Duma.
2. Executive - ariki.
3. Rāngai ture - marae, ahu e te kaumatua, me te tekau.

I tua atu, etahi mana taea te tiki i te Kaunihera o State. I nga Decembrists i to ratou ake whakaaro i runga i tenei kaupapa. Na, whakaarohia Pestel ki te whakatū i te tikanga o te ture Republican. I roto i tenei pūnaha, te tikanga ki te whakauru i te wehenga o mana i waenganui i te whakahaere (tae atu ki te tika i roto i reira),-ture, me te tirotiro. I tua atu i whakaarohia ai ki whakawhānui te mahi o nga tangata. E ai ki te kaupapa Muraviev, uru mai te reira te whakatūnga o te ture arikitanga, he wae hānga. I roto i tona hōtaka, e tahuri iho te mana ki-ture, ture, me te whakahaere, whakaurua te pāremata bicameral. hanga Alexander II whakahounga. Ka rite ki te hua, i hanga te kāwanatanga ā-rohe, me te pūnaha kotahi o marae. I roto i te 1905-1906 gg., I muri i te whakatūnga o te State Duma, te parau tumu o te wehenga o mana pūmau i roto i te Faaiteraa o Oketopa 17. E ai ki te tuhinga nohoia Monarch mana ture tahi ki Duma ko State Kaunihera. e hua ana hoki Emperor ki mana whakahaere. Kooti kawe atu ratou mahi i runga i mo o te ariki. Kua tahuri te Kaunihera o Minita ki te kāwanatanga motuhake i raro i te kingi.

repupirita Presidential

Ki te puka taua o te rakau mana kāwanatanga titiro tino mārama. Ko te US Ture o 1787 whakapumautia te parau tumu o te wehenga tino. I runga i ngā whakapumautia whakamana pōtitanga peresideniraa e extraparliamentary. arata'i ia te peka whakahaere katoa, me te kāwanatanga. He te peresideni i te tika ki te aukati suspensive me kore e taea memeha pāremata. mahi tenei puka ahakoa o te pūnaha rōpū. Heoi, e kore e whakarato i te reira no te ki tikanga whakatau i te raruraru kaupapa ture.

mana Tree i Russia: te kaupapa i roto i te wā Soviet

I roto i ngā wā Soviet, e kore te te parau tumu wehenga mau kawea i roto i. Katoa te mana ki te Sovietí ko (ōkawa te iwi). i hanga tinana Executive me ētahi atu e ratou a i ratou i raro i te mana. Tree o te mana i roto i Russia i roto i nga wa Soviet presupposed te oraraa o te rōpū kotahi. whakahaere whakaīngoa Election. tonoa e te rōpū ona māngai ki te Poari, a roto i a ratou - i roto i te tahi atu whēkau.

repupirita super-peresideniraa

I roto i tenei puka o te kāwanatanga mau tahuri te mana rakau-kotahi i roto i Russia. Ko te kaupapa i roto i tenei take e kore e whai wāhi ki te whakamana o te whakahaere me te tinana-ture. Peresideni i roto i tenei whenua ki te mahi i to ratou ake taputapu mahi katoa. ngā ia e taui te kāwanatanga te ture, memeha te pāremata. kia karanga te peresideni i te tāpaetanga. Kei te pōtitia ia e te iwi, engari ka taea e whakarite te reira i tona wikitoria i roto i te rauemi whakahaere. I roto i ētahi wā, mau i te tāpaetanga i runga i te whakawhānui mana o te peresideni. He puka o te kāwanatanga āhuatanga e tikanga whakahaere fakaaoao. Hoki te wā poto, e taea te tāuta i te reira i te wa o te tango o te raruraru ture. I roto i ngā, ko te rakau o te kaha i roto i Russia tenei i Mahuru 21 ki Hakihea 25, 1993

Reform 1988-1993 gg.

i reira i te maha o ngā hanganga ture i roto i Russia. I roto i te Ture Basic hanga atu huringa i roto i te tau 1988, te whakahou. I roto i ngā, i hanga e te Poari pūnaha e rua-atamira. Ko te kupu, whakahekea te pōtitanga o nga kaitohutohu o te iwi i roto i te taha tangata, a ka meinga te hanganga o te Kaunihera Hupirimi e Congress. I tua atu, kua nga menemana kua whakaratohia te whai wāhi ki te whakaingoa kaitono motuhake. I roto i te 1990, tū tuatahi te Soviet Union pōtitanga whakataetae. He tau i muri mai, i hanga huringa i roto i te Ture o te RSFSR, kia rite ki nei i hanga te Komiti te mana me te Kaunihera Federation. I roto i te 1991, i te tāpaetanga katoa-Russian i haere ki te whakatūnga o te pou o te peresideni. Te Ture, e kore i whakaaro ia kia rite ki te matenga o te whenua, a mahi rite te āpiha matua o te tinana whakahaere.

Kia ano, whakaarahia te pātai o te wehenga o mana i roto i te tau 1992. Ko tenei tika ki te raruraru ture hohonu i roto i te whenua. Ka rite ki te hua o te whakahou kawea atu i roto i Mahuru 1993, i roto i nei tamata te pato'iraa ki te turaki o te reira peresideni Yeltsin. Heoi, tangohia te upoko o te kāwanatanga kua he maha o mehua, i roto i ko te whakakorenga o te pūnaha o Kaunihera puta noa i te whenua, te whakawhitinga o te whakahaere me te mana whakahaere ki nga minitatanga rohe, me te rohe. Hakihea 12, 1993 whakaaetia he tāpaetanga motu he kaupapa ture hou ki te enshrine te parau tumu o te wehenga o mana, mahi tenei ra.

mutunga

I waiho i raro i te ariā o te wehenga o mana ki ngā huringa. Ko te kaupapa ture o ngā whenua tūnga whakawhānui i te kaupapa tino tuatahi ia wā puta. te whakaaro i nga kaituhi te ture parau tumu o pūtahi-ture. Otiia i roto i nga rau tau 19-20th. ka kaha kore māngai me te peka whakahaere. Ko e tika ana ki te matatini te whakanui ake o te pūnaha mana katoa i roto i te horopaki o te ahumahi me te ka te tenei hapori mōhiohio. I roto i te whenua i te wahi kua atu te peka-ture, i whakaratohia ai i raro i te mana nui o ngā rōpū tōrangapū. A, no te arahina multiparty tenei ki tapepe o te tikanga whakahaere tūmatanui, me ngā huringa auau o te kāwanatanga, me i kotahi-rōpū - ki te faaueraa o te whakakotahitanga pule. I roto i ngā āhuatanga hou kawea te wehenga i roto i kore i waenganui i toru nga peka motuhake, me mau te puta ke o tohutohu i roto i te pūnaha kotahi o te kaha. Ko te tapatahi o te kāwanatanga e kore e taea te tīariari te maha pūrere mana. Hoki e kore e taea e manga mahi katoa wehe i ia atu.