Kōrero - he aha te mea te reira? puna paki me te hangarau

I mua i puta ki te whakaahua i tenei āhuatanga rite narrativity i hou reia, me te ki te tāutu i ona āhuatanga, me te hanganga, he mea e tika ana te tuatahi ki te tautuhi i te wā rawa "kōrero".

Kōrero - he aha te mea te reira?

He maha ngā ariā e pā ana ki te takenga mai o te wā, kaua, he torutoru puna i nei taea puta reira ranei. E ai ki te tetahi o ratou, te ingoa "kōrero" Taketake i te kupu me gnarus narrare, i iritihia i Latin te tikanga "i mohio e pā ana ki te tahi mea", me te "tohunga". I roto i te reo Ingarihi, i reira e rite i roto i te tikanga, me te tangi o te kupu kōrero hoki - «kōrero», e te mea e kore e iti iho i tino whakaata te mauri o te ariā kōrero. Ka taea e puna teie mahana kōrero e kitea i roto i te tata pūtaiao katoa mara: hinengaro, pāpori, philology, rapunga whakaaro, me te ara mate hinengaro. Ko mo te ako o ngā ariā pērā i narrativity, kōrero, kōrero toi, me te tahi atu i reira ko te aronga motuhake motuhake - narratology. Na, ko te mea e tika ana ki te mahino te kōrero ano - he aha te mea reira me aha e ona mahi?

Rua puna etymological fokotu'u runga ake, te kawe i te tikanga kotahi - pūkete te matauranga pūrongo. E ko, ki te hoatu i te reira noa, te kōrero - ko te ahua o te kōrero e pā ana ki tetahi mea. Otiia e kore e whakapoauau tenei ariā ki te kōrero ohie. I roto i te kōrero o te kōrero i ngā āhuatanga takitahi me ngā āhuatanga o e kua arahina ki te putanga o te wā motuhake.

Kōrero me te kōrero

He aha te mea rerekē i te kōrero ohie o te aamu? Ko te kōrero - ko te reira te ara o te kōrero, he ara o whiwhi me te whakawhitihia te tūturu mōhiohio (kounga). Ko te kōrero - te pera-ka karanga "whakamārama i te kōrero", ki te whakamahi i te kupu o te philosopho me toi American fakaanga Arthur Danto (Danto, A. kaupapa tātaritanga o hītori M: Ariā Press, 2002. P. 194..). Ko kōrero - ko reira, kaua, e kore te whāinga me te kōrero tuakiri. puta kōrero ka tapiritia he kōrero noa ki nga kare tuakiri me te aro mātai o te kaikörero-kaikōrero. He he he hiahia e kore e tika ki te kawe i ngā mōhiohio ki te hunga mātakitaki, engari ki te faahoruhoru, ki te moni, ki te hanga whakarongo ki te meinga etahi tauhohe. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, pērā i te kōrero kōrero noa kōrero ranei, kī he meka - i roto i te kukume aromātai narratorskih takitahi me kare o ia i te faati'araa i. Ranei, i roto i te tohu o te causality me te aroaro o mekameka arorau i waenganui i nga ngā fakamatala'i, ki te e korero tatou e pā ana ki te tuhinga o mua pūtaiao ranei whāinga.

Kōrero: he tauira

I roto i te tikanga ki ngā kōrero whakapumautia te uho o te pūrākau kōrero, he mea e tika ana ki te whakaaro i te reira i roto i te mahi - i roto i te kuputuhi. Ko te kupu, ko te kōrero - he aha te mea te reira? He tauira whakaatu i te rerekētanga i waenganui i te kōrero o te kōrero, i roto i tenei take, kia hanga he whakarite o te mau irava i muri: "Inanahi i ahau waewae haurangi. I teie mahana e kore ahau i haere ki te mahi ", me te" Inanahi, i haurangi ahau ona waewae, na hinga mate i tenei ra, me te kore hoki i haere ki te mahi. " I runga i te ihirangi o enei tauākī e tata ngā. Heoi, e taui kotahi anake huānga te mauri o te kōrero - he whakamātau ki te hono i te ngā rua. tauākī noa o tirohanga tuakiri me te whanaungatanga causal Tuatahi ahua, i roto i te take tuarua he hakari ratou, a ko o faufaa matua. I roto i te putanga taketake kihai i whakapūtā he aha kihai i haere mai i te hero-kaikōrero ki te tari, pea ko reira he ra atu, ranei ia tino ua kino, engari mo te take rerekē. Heoi, kei te whakaata kua te kōwhiringa tuarua he huru tuakiri ki te tuku i tetahi kaikōrero, e na ratou ake whakaaro, me te piira ki te wheako whaiaro pau mōhiohio tātari me ki te whakatū i tētahi hononga causal, tö rätou ake kōrero o te karere. tino taea hinengaro, "tangata" tauwehe huri te tikanga o te kōrero, te kore te horopaki whakarato iti mōhiohio.

Kōrero i roto i ngā tuhinga pūtaiao

Heoi, e kore anake mōhiohio horopaki, engari ano hoki ratou ake wheako o te perceiver (narratatora) pānga te absorption o ngā mōhiohio tuakiri, te whakataki o tata me kare. I runga i tenei, te objectivity kua heke o te kōrero, me tetahi e amo e kore he ahurei ki te kuputuhi e kōrero, ka, mo te tauira, kei te ngaro te reira i roto i te pūrongo o te ihirangi pūtaiao. Heoi, e kore te mea pono tenei. Ki te nui, iti ranei o ngā āhuatanga kōrero, ka taea e kitea e koe i roto i tetahi kōrero, no te mea he reira te kuputuhi e kore anake te kaituhi me te kaikōrero, e i roto i te ngako kia kaiwhakaari rerekē, engari ano hoki i te kaipānui ranei faaroo e tirohanga rerekē, me te whakamāori i te kōrero. Matamua e te rahi, o te akoranga, pā tenei ki tuhinga tuhituhi. Heoi, i reira he pūrongo i roto i te kōrero pūtaiao. Ko ratou reira i roto i te horopaki tino hītori, ahurea me te pāpori, me he kahore he whakaata o mooni whāinga, a piki mahi hei tohu o to ratou multidimensionality. Ko taea hoki te pā reira te hanganga o nga hononga causal i waenganui i nga ngā mahu'inga ranei tetahi atu meka.

Homai tenei kanorau o kōrero, me te maha, ratou aroaro i roto i te tuhinga o te ihirangi rerekē, pūtaiao taea kore wareware i te āhuatanga o te kōrero, me te haere mai ki faaû i tona ako. Ki te rā, te anaanatae o ngā hapori pūtaiao i roto i tenei tikanga o te mohio ki te ao, kia rite ki te kōrero. He roto reira i te opuaraa no te whanaketanga, kia rite ki te kōrero ka taea ki a koe te whakarite, te whakarite, te ueue i ngā mōhiohio, me te he rāngai fakaetangata motuhake ki te tūhura te natura taata.

A'oraa me te kōrero

Mai i te runga ake katoa whai reira e he rangirua te hanganga kōrero, hanga reira iu, e kore e tīari tetahi o nga tauira, i roto i te parau tumu, a i runga i te horopaki o te āhuatanga rānei, e ki tonu ratou i te ihirangi takitahi. Na reira, i te horopaki ranei a'oraa, i itehia te kōrero ngā - he wahi nui o tona oraraa.

Ki te whakaaro tatou ki te tikanga o te kupu i roto i tona tikanga whānui, te a'oraa - he reira, i roto i te parau tumu, te mahi reo me ona tukanga. Heoi, i roto i tenei waihanga, whakamahia te wā "malanga" te ki te kōrero ki te horopaki motuhake e hiahiatia ana ki te waihanga i tetahi kuputuhi, pehea tenei ranei e tūranga kōrero oraraa.

E ai ki te ariā Aohou o kōrero - he mooni e awhio ana e i roto ia ia, ka whäkina. ka karanga French theorist tuhituhi me te postmodernist Jean-Fransua Liotar kōrero tetahi o nga momo ka taea o te a'oraa. Ana whakaaro, fakamatala ia i roto i te pukapuka "State o Art Nouveau" (Tūnga Liotar Zhan-François-Aohou St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 1998. - 160 p ...). Ngā kaimātai hinengaro me philosopho Jens Brokmeyer me Rom Harre fakamatala'i te kōrero e rite ana te "momo o a'oraa", me hoki e taea e kitea to ratou ariā i roto i te rangahau (Brokmeyer Jens, Harre Rom kōrero: .. Raruraru me fafau tetahi tauira kē // rapanga o Philosophy - 2000. - № 3 - P. 29-42) .. Ko te kupu, ko reira kitea e ki te faatura ki reo me te tuhituhi ariā "kōrero" me "a'oraa" rāua i tetahi ki tetahi, me te nui faitatau.

Kōrero i roto i te philology

i homai e tokanga nui ki te kōrero me te kōrero tikanga ki philology: wetereo, akoranga tuhituhi. I roto i te mātauranga wetereo, tenei wā, kia rite ki whakahuatia kua i runga ake, ako i roto i te taha ki te wā "a'oraa". I roto i te akoranga tuhituhi, e pā ana te reira atu ki te ariā Aohou. Scientists Brokmeyer J. ko R. Harre i tona pukapuka "Narrative: Raruraru me fafau tetahi tauira kē 'whakaekea ki matau i te reira rite te ara ki te whakarite i te matauranga, me te hoatu te tikanga ki te wheako. I roto i to ratou tirohanga, te kōrero - he ako i runga i te tuhi ake kōrero. Ko, he huinga o te reo motuhake, hinengaro, me ngā hanganga ahurea, i mohio e taea te hanga e koe i te kōrero ngā, e ka kia mārama fifili ki te huru me te karere kaikōrero.

He nui hoki ngā tuhinga tuhituhi te kōrero i roto i te tuhinga. No te mea i konei ite reira iho he mekameka matatini o ngā whakamārama, timata mai i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te kaituhi, me te mutu ki te tirohanga o te kaipānui / whakarongo. Te hanga kuputuhi, e te kaituhi ki reira etahi mōhiohio e, i muri i haere i te ara kuputuhi roa, me te pa i te kaipānui e taea tino whakarerekē te kore tikanga e ranei. I roto i te tikanga ki te tika te wetewaehere hiahia o te kaituhi, he mea e tika ana ki te tango i ki pūkete te aroaro o te tahi atu pūāhua, te kaituhi me te kaituhi-kaikōrero, i roto i a ratou ano he motuhake, me te narratatorami kaikōrero nei, kei te korero e, a kite. riro atu uaua perception, ki te he te kuputuhi he pūāhua whakaari, no te mea whakaari ko tetahi o nga momo o tuhinga. Katahi ka hē te tikanga kei te ara ake i te haere i roto i te whakaaturanga o tona kaitapere, nei hoki whai wāhi ki te kōrero ona āhuatanga aronganui me te hinengaro.

Heoi, ko reira tenei rangirua, te whai wāhi ki te whakaki i tikanga rerekē te karere, mahue te kaipānui ki te whakaaro e pā ana ki te oneone, me te ko te wahi nui o te tuhinga.

tikanga kōrero i roto i te hinengaro me te mate hinengaro

Ko te wā "kōrero hinengaro 'no ki te kaimātai hinengaro American, kaiputaiao hinengaro me te kaiako Jerome Bruner. tika e taea te whakaaro tona kaimātai hinengaro, me te whare whakawā Theodore Sarbina osnovopolzhnikami o te rāngai fakaetangatá.

E ai ki te ariā o te ora J. Bruner o -. He te raupapa o ngā kōrero me ngā tirohanga tuakiri o etahi kōrero, te whakaaro o te kōrero - i roto i raro i te ao nei. Ko o te whakaaro e roto i te kōrero ngā meka me te pakimaero e tautuhi te wheako o te takitahi T. Sarbin.

Ko te ngako o te tikanga kōrero i roto i te hinengaro - te aronga o te tangata, me ana raruraru hohonu-noho me wehi i roto i te tātari o ana kōrero e pā ana ki a ratou me to ratou iho oraraa. e kore e taea te wehea kōrero i te hapori, me te horopaki ahurea, no te mea te mea i roto ia ratou, a e ratou i hanga. hinengaro paki o te tuakiri e rua auraa mahi: tuatahi, oroko ake whai wāhitanga mō te whaiaro tuakiri-me whaiaro mōhio-i roto i te hanganga, māramatanga o te whakahua me te rerekē kōrero, a tuarua, ko te ara o te whakaaturanga-whaiaro reira, te whakawhetai ki tenei kōrero e pā ana ki ia.

Kei te whakamahia hoki hinengaro he huarahi kōrero. I whakawhanakehia te reira e te kaimātai hinengaro Ahitereiria Michael White me hinengaro Rawiri Epstonom Aotearoa. Ko tōna ngako ko ki te waihanga a tawhio noa te haereraa i (te kiritaki) etahi huru, te whenua mo te hanganga o tona hītori, ki te whai wāhi o etahi iwi, me te kōmihana o etahi mahi. A, ki te whakaaro te hinengaro kōrero te ki kia atu peka ariā, i roto i te huarahi kōrero hinengaro kua whakaatu tona tono mahi.

Ko te kupu, ko reira kitea e kua pai te whakamahia te ariā kōrero i roto i te tata katoa ngā wāhanga o ako natula tangata.

Kōrero i roto i te tōrangapū

He ona matauranga ake o te kōrero me te pūrākau i roto i tōrangapū. Heoi, i te wā "kōrero tōrangapū" te maua e he 'uhinga kino, nui atu i te pai. I roto i te hautoa i matau narrativity rite tinihanga whakaae, huna nga whakaaro pono. Kōrero kōrero tā huna āta o etahi meka me nga whakaaro pono kia te whakauru mo te tuhituhinga, me te whakamahi o euphemisms ki te hanga i te kuputuhi o te Euphony me ki te karo i pau. Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, te rerekētanga i te kōrero mua o te kōrero, ko te hiahia ki te tiki ki te whakarongo ki te mana'o e he āhuatanga o te reo o ngā kaitōrangapū nāianei.

kōrero whakakitenga

Ko te mātakitaki o ngā kōrero, ko reira he pātai kaua uaua. E ai ki etahi aivanaa, pērā i theorist me mahi o te kōrero hinengaro J. Bruner, he kōrero ataata -. E kore te reira kakahu i roto i te kuputuhi puka mooni, hanganga, me te whakahau i te reira i roto i te kaikōrero. Tenei tukanga huaina e ia he ara etahi o te hoahoa me te whakau i te mooni. Oia mau, e kore te "aho pūāhua" puka anga reo te kōrero me te raupapa o te whakaaturanga, me te kuputuhi tika arorau. Ko te kupu, ka taea e koe sioloto te kōrero, te amuamu o ia korero waha ranei i tuhi i roto i te puka o te karere kuputuhi hanganga.

Kōrero i roto i te historiography

Mau, te kōrero o mua - e ko te mea tīmataria te hanganga me te ako o te kōrero i roto i te tahi atu wāhanga o te matauranga tangata. Ko te wā "kōrero" i tono i historiography, te wahi i reira ko te ariā o "hītori kōrero". Ko tōna tikanga ko te ki te titiro ngā hītori e kore i roto i to ratou raupapa arorau, me i te marama o te horopaki me te tikanga. Tikanga ko te kī ki te ngako rawa o te kōrero, me te kōrero.

kōrero Historical - he aha te mea te reira? Tenei kōrero i te puna taketake, e kore te tauākī tino, me te whāinga. E te kōrero puna matua ngā tuhinga o mua noa: Ngā tuhinga whakapae, meatanga, etahi iwi me ngā tuhinga fakalitūsia. puna paki - ko nga tuhinga me ngā karere e he pūrākau kōrero reira enei. Heoi, kia rite ki a J. Brokmeyera ko R. Harre, heoi kihai nga tuhinga katoa he kōrero, me te whakatau "te ariā o te pūrākau."

Pātahi ana ki te kōrero hītori i, i reira e rave rahi pōhēhētanga meinga e te meka etahi o te "kōrero", pērā i ngā tuhinga ā-i hāngai e anake i runga i ngā meka, i ētahi atu i rānei i korerotia ki whakakē ranei. Ko te kupu, heke ratou parau mau, otiia e kore e te mooni ke, huri noa te ōwehenga o ia takitahi ki taua kaikörero. tonu te horopaki te taua, engari ia pāhono i tona ara ake te kaikōrero reira ki nga ngā fakamatala'i, kohika nui, i roto i tona tirohanga, te āhuatanga, whatu ratou ki te papanga o te kōrero.

I roto i te take motuhake o ngā tuhinga ā-, i konei, i reira ko tetahi raruraru: hiahia o te kaituhi ki te utu whakarongo ki tona tangata me te mahi, a na reira, te taea o te whakarato mōhiohio teka ranei hē o te pono i roto i to ratou ake manakohia.

Whakarāpopoto, ka taea e tatou te mea e kua kitea te tikanga kōrero, tetahi ara ranei tetahi, tono i roto i te nuinga o nga momo e ako i te āhua o te tangata te tangata me tona taiao. He hia i te aro mātai tangata tuakiri kōrero, me te he rāua i te hapori i roto i nei i hanga i te reira, me wheako ora takitahi, e te tikanga te tangata e to ratou ake whakaaro, me te tirohanga tuakiri o te ao huri noa ia tatou.

Whakarāpopoto i te kōrero i runga ake, ka taea e tatou te hanga i te whakamāramatanga e whai ake nei o te kōrero: he kōrero - he kōrero hanganga arorau e whakaata ana tirohanga o te takitahi o mooni, me te he ara o te whakahaere i te wheako tuakiri, he whakamātau ki te tautuhi-whaiaro me te whaiaro tuakiri-.