Ko te tūranga koiora o waikawa amino me ratou tono

He aha te mea te tūranga koiora o waikawa amino? Kia tamata o tahi ki te kitea he whakahoki ki tenei pātai. Te tautuhi hanganga āhuatanga o te piha haapiiraa o ngā pūhui matū waro, ratou āhuatanga matū, te mara matua o te tono.

mōhiohio hītori

i tuwhera amino waikawa glycine Tuatahi. Ana godu 1820 synthesized e paparetanga waikawa o gelatin. Ko te hanganga waikawa amino whakapae o te muingota o te pūmua i anake te waenganui o te rau tau whakamutunga, i ka whakakitea reira waikawa amino - threonine.

mahi taketake

I te kau, i reira e pā ana ki 300 waikawa amino e mahi ngā mahi i roto i te tinana.

He aha te mea te tūranga koiora matua o waikawa amino? Rua tekau o ratou e whakaaro paerewa (proteinogenic), no te mea he wahi o te matua o nga rāpoi ngota pūmua ratou.

Enei pūhui he wahi o etahi pūmua. Oksiprilin te pūtake o te collagen, i hanga desmosine elastin.

Ka taea e ratou hei intermediates i roto i ngā tukanga pūkoro tinana. He pera ano te mahi o te citrulline, ornithine.

Ko te koiora mahi o nga waikawa amino me ko te kōtuitui o nucleotides, haukini. Ko te mekameka waro o te pūhui whakamahia ki te hanga i ētahi atu matū organic:

• synthesized kūhuka te i waikawa amino glucogenic;
• Lipids e hanga e pūhui ketogenic.

Ko te tūranga koiora o waikawa amino ko te taea o ratou te whakamahi mo te faaotiraa o ngā rōpū mahi. Kei te whakamahia Cysteine mo te tāutu o rōpū pūkawa. whakamahia Aspartate te i roto i te tāutu i te rōpū amino.

Āhuatanga nomenclature

Me pēhea te ki te tautuhi tika i te waikawa amino? Te hanganga, te whakarōpū, kei te whakaaro tūranga koiora o enei pūhui, ara i roto i te marautanga akoranga.

waikawa amino He pärönaki o ngā waikawa, te hanganga o nei whakakapia kotahi ngota hauwai e te rōpū amino.

Tei runga i te wāhi o te rōpū mahi i roto i te kotahi pūhui kia maha ngā poinanaha. whakamahi Whārangi tika e toru nomenclature rerekē: kouma, mama, nahanaha.

ingoa mama o enei pūhui e pā ana ki te puna i nei i taratahi ratou. Serine whakauru ki te fibroin hiraka, kitea glutamine te i roto i te pata pumuawiti. Cystine reira i roto i te kohatu tōngāmimi.

ingoa kouma e pā ana te ki te pārōnaki waikawa, me te whakarāpopototanga whakamahia mō te tautuhi ana i te wāhi o te raupapa o waikawa amino i roto i te rāpoi ngota pūmua. I roto i te mataora He ingoa mama me whakapotonga o enei pūhui.

whakarōpū o waikawa amino

I roto i te tikanga ki te matau tūranga aha koiora o waikawa amino me ratou tono, ka noho ki runga ki te whakarōpū o enei momo o ngā pūhui matū waro.

I tēnei wā, e rave rahi ngā momo o te whakarōpūtanga:

• i te tuwhena;
• i runga i te tohu o te wehenga tawhiti;
• o te kōtuitanga ahua i roto i te tinana.

E ai ki te hanganga tuwhena momo rerekē o waikawa amino taratahi i roto i te matū waro.

Ka taea e roto i te pūhui tīmeka kotahi carboxyl me rōpū amino, i roto i nei take e ratou pūhui monoaminokarbonovymi.

A, no te e karangatia e ngā rōpū amino rua COOH me ngā rauemi ororongo matū monoaminodikarbonovymi.

Ano te huna hoki diaminomonocarboxylic me diaminodikarbonovye puka waikawa amino.

e kore momo huri taiāwhio rerekē anake i roto i te maha o ngā huringa, engari ano hoki ratou hanganga kounga.

E Lehninger, kua wehea nga waikawa amino ki wha ngā rōpū rite ki nga peculiarities o te tauhohenga tuwhena waiwaro ki te wai:

• hydrophobic;
• hydrophilic;
• tōraro - i ako;
• pai-i ako.

Tei runga i te kaha ki te synthesize te waikawa amino i roto i te tinana tangata o te huna hoki faufaa (mahi ki te kai), me ngā momo whakawhiti.

Kua te tūranga koiora o te waikawa alpha-amino kua kï e maha ngā pūtaiao.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

E huru no te waikawa amino? Nomenclature, āhuatanga me te tūranga koiora o enei pūhui e patua ana ki paetahi o ngā kura i roto i te whakamātautau kāwanatanga kotahi i roto i te matū. He ngāwari wairewa i roto i te wai enei waikawa organic, whai ira whakakoero teitei.

Ratou mahi whatu tika ki te aroaro i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te ngota waro hangarite (anake te okotahi he glycine). Ko Ko te aha te L- me D-stereoisomers o te waikawa amino Kua kitea.

Poinanaha o L-raupapa kitea i roto i te hanganga o te pūmua kararehe. Ko te uara mō te taupū hauwai o enei pūhui kei roto i te awhe 5.5-7.

āhuatanga matū

A feruri atu waikawa amino. Hanganga, matū āhuatanga, Me ki mohio tūranga koiora o enei matū waro.

Ko te pū o te āhuatanga matū o waikawa amino takoto i roto i to ratou whene. Ko take Amphoteric te aroaro o e rua ngā rōpū mahi o enei waikawa waro.

Ko te aroaro o te rōpū carboxyl COOH hanga enei pūhui o te āhua kawa. Ratou noa ariu ki te konganuku hohe, waikura taketake, alkali. Hoki whakaaturia ngā āhuatanga kawatanga o enei pūhui matū waro e i roto i te tauhohe hākawatanga (ki waiwaihā ki te hanga i ngā hākawa).

kia waikawa amino hoki matū ariu ki te tai i hanga e te waikawa kohuke ngoikore. Ka rite ki te tauira o te tauhohenga taua taea te whakaaro te pāhekoheko o te waikawa amino ki pākawa waro me bicarbonates.

Ko te āhuatanga matua o tenei piha e ki amino waikawa kaha ki te ariu ki ētahi atu waikawa i te rōpū amino. I roto i tenei hanga i te tote.

Ko te tūranga koiora o te decarboxylation o waikawa amino e hanga i te taiao kūpapa e he tino haumaru hoki te rauropi ora.

Ka taea e Ninhydrin test kitea waikawa amino i roto i te otinga. Ko te ngako o te tauhohe ko e ka whakawhāiti te otinga taekore o ninhydrin i roto i ngā ki te waikawa amino i te puka o te dimer roto i te ngota hauota piri nei e te waikawa amino hāngai.

Ko te ngarahu hua kua he filoletovy tua whero hue, decarboxylation o waikawa amino puta, hua i roto i te hanganga i te tetahi hāparo-tahi me te waro hāoratahi (4).

whakamahia te reira i tauhohenga ninhydrin e koiora i roto i te tātari o te hanganga tuatahi o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua. E ai ki te kaha te tae e taea te kitea ine ihirangi waikawa amino i roto i te otinga tuatahi, na reira he anōtia he tātaritanga rite ina tautuhi kukū waikawa amino.

tauhohe motuhake

kia roto i te waikawa amino atu atu i te rōpū carboxyl me amino, atu rōpū mahi. Hoki ratou faaotiraa i roto i te taiwhanga rangahau kawe i tauhohe kounga.

Ka taea te tāutuhia arginine i roto i te ranunga e te raveraa i tauhohe Sakaguchi kounga (rōpū guanidine runga). Ka taea te whakaritea Cysteine e Foll, motuhake mo te SH-rōpū.

nitration (ksantoproteinovaya tauhohenga) Tauhohenga āhei ki te whakaū i te aroaro i roto i te ranunga o ngā waikawa amino kakara. Millon tauhohenga ko hoki rapunga o te rōpū hydroxyl i runga i te whakakai kakara o tyrosine.

Āhuatanga o te here peptide

He aha faaite te waikawa whanariki amino? e pā ana ratou tūranga koiora te ki te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota o peptides. I roto i te ngā i waenganui i te waikawa amino maha rāpoi ngota wahia te atu rāpoi wai me ngā toenga waikawa amino mā te peptide (amide) here ki te hanga i peptides.

Ko te maha o ngā toenga waikawa amino e hanga te polypeptide rerekē tino. Ko te hunga peptides e roto i kaua e nui ake kotahi tekau toenga waikawa amino, tuku ki rite oligopeptides. Ko maha tohu te maha o ngā toenga waikawa amino te ingoa o te pūhui hua.

Ki te te hanganga o te taonga kei roto neke atu i te kotahi tekau toenga waikawa amino, kua karangatia e te pūhui polypeptides. Hoki aua pūhui e ngā hunga i runga i rima tekau toenga waikawa amino, te hua o te kōtuitui o te pūmua i huaina.

Ko te kupu, ko te glyukagen taiki, i roto i nei te hanganga i reira e 29 waikawa amino e karanga koiora te taiki. toenga waikawa amino tīmata waetahi whakaaro waikawa organic e kua hanga e i pūhui proteinaceous.

Ko te toenga waikawa amino tuhia e te i runga i te maui, kua he rōpū amino, ka karanga kongakonga N-kāpeka he rōpū carboxyl, kia rite ki a C-kāpeka, te nuinga o te wā i tuhituhia i runga i te tika.

A, no te whakaingoa i te amino polypeptide hua e whakamahia whakapotonga waikawa, kua hanga e i ai reira. Hei tauira, ki te tae te pāhekoheko i i glycine, serine, alanine, ka pānui i tripeptide ahu glitsilserilalanin.

Ko te faufaa o etahi waikawa amino

Glycine (waikawa aminoacetic) ko te kaituku o nga whatiwhatinga waro i he tika mo te hanganga o te pūtoto, pyrrole, Matuorakouawai, nucleotides, me te mo te kōtuitui o creatine.

Ko reira i roto i te Serine pae kaha o whākōkī. hiahiatia ana tēnei waikawa amino te mo te phosphoprotein tukanga kōtuitanga (māori casein waiu).

hiahiatia Glucogenic waikawa ki te hanga i te tuarua, hanganga wānanga o te muingota o te pūmua. Tenei pūhui Ko te rōpū mahi tino urupare, kia e te taonga ngā whakamamaetia tukanga piti hāora-whakaiti, herea te konganuku taimaha rite pūhui rewa. Ko ia te tangata e mahi ana rite te kaituku rōpū pūkawa, tono hoki te kōtuitui o ngā matū-whanariki kei roto.

mutunga

waikawa amino e amphoteric ngā pūhui matū waro e whai auraa koiora. amino te reira i ngā toenga waikawa i roto i te tukanga ariā hanga te raupapa i te mea te hanganga tuatahi o nga rāpoi ngota pūmua. Runga anō i te āhua o ïa kapi ake nga whatiwhatinga waikawa amino synthesized pūmua motuhake mo nga rauropi ora.