Ko te tikanga o te oti'a pūtaiao. Ko te tikanga o te oti'a pūtaiao i roto i te ōhanga

whakaaro Economy te ki kia kotahi o nga pūtaiao matamua. nohoia Ahakoa te tangata i tahito ra i te mahara taketake i roto i tenei rohe: i te tetahi māramatanga o te mau parau tumu o te pāmu, i runga i te hononga puta i waenganui i ngā mema katoa o te hapori i roto i te tukanga o te whakaputa me te tohatoha o taonga, me te utu o te hua whiwhi. Heoi, e kore e enei whakaaro piri ki te mara motuhake o te matauranga.

History o Theory Economic

Tupu āhuatanga whakaaro ōhanga mua-ahumahi (ahuwhenua) wā o te whanaketanga pāpori me te e hipokina u'i i tahito ra pērā i te Patireia o Roma, Greece, etc ... (IV mano BC -... V i roto i AD ...). i tu'atiraa rahi ia i roto i tenei tau o te Māoritanga fakalotu me whakaaro tōrangapū, me te ture.

Tuhi te ara ōhanga o te whakaaro kua whakahuatia nuinga mahi raruraru, me te te whakahaere kouma o te pakihi me te mahi, te kāwanatanga, me te kawenga mo te taonga. Enei tohi ko: waehere ture, tuhinga o te Faufaa Tahito a Hou, ngā kirimana, Ngā tuhinga whakapae pāpori me te taumauri o takitahi.

pau kunenga atu o te outlook ōhanga i roto i nga wa wharekarakia: .. Western Europe - V-XVIII senituli, tae atu i te revolution bourgeois, Russia - IX-XIX senituli, atu ïa, ki te whakahou o 1861. pā ana tēnei wā kei te ki ngā whakaaro puta e pā ana ki te raruraru, tupuna, tohatoha moni, mana whenua, te hononga momo rangatōpū (korerorero tāone, kaihokohoko Guild tata hapori, toa mahi, me Knights me whakahau none m. p.). no te mana tōrangapū ki te rangatira feudal fakamāmaní, me te Siasí (rangatira whenua), whakaturia tūranga nui peka iho, ano, ka kaha a tirohanga fakalotu.

I timata ki te whakaatu moni, e hāngai ana ki whanaunga koloa-moni. Ko te pūkenga matua i ngā pūkenga, me pai io ōhanga whakaaro tono i titorehanga, mo te tauira taurite, te whakatau he hoko taikaha, te mahi ohipa me t. D.

I roto i te horopaki o te putanga o whanaunga capitalist me te mimiti haere o te feudalism whakatika tuatahi kura o ōhanga etiology - (. Senituli XV-XVIII) mercantilism. Na, ko te reira te āhuatanga tenei wā e te tirohanga o te ohaoha rite pūtaiao motuhake no o te putanga o te pūnaha tuatahi o whakaaro ōhanga, pokapū ki nei ko te raruraru o te taonga.

ariā Economic: definition, tohutohu matua me ngā wāhanga

kaiwhakamana te reira i te ako o te ohaoha, ka ko reira he turanga taumauri me ariā, arā, o te momo o ngā me ngā kura. ariā Economic, kua te whakamāramatanga o e kua aroaro i runga, e taea te tāpiri i te meka e ko te reira matua te ako o te tukanga o te whiriwhiri mōhio o te iwi, me te hapori i te ara ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi mutu e he maha-whakaaro.

ariā Economic ngā he maha o ngā wāhanga:

• tikanga o te ohaoha;
• Microeconomics;
• macroeconomics;
• te ōhanga ao;
• Econometrics;
• ariā kēmu.

Ko reira taea inaianei ki te tohatoha i te kura pūtaiao me tohutohu o te ariā ohaoha e whai ake nei:

• neo-Keynesianism;
• economics pütahitanga hou;
• monetarism;
• neuroeconomics;
• ōhanga tōrangapū hou;
• Kura Austria;
• ohaoha, me te ture.

Ko tavini te kaupapa o te pūtaiao i roto i te pātai?

Ko te whakahoki ki tēnei pātai, ko te whakamāramatanga maha. Ko te kupu, rangahau ariā ohaoha:

1. ngā mahi e pā ana ki ngā tukanga pūkoro tinana me whakawhitinga arumoni e tango te wahi i waenganui i te iwi.

2. rā mahi ora pakihi o te iwi me te te tārua me te tohatoha o te moni e hiahiatia ana mo te oranga.

3. Ko nga āhuatanga whanonga o te tangata, me ngā rōpū o te iwi i roto i te anga o te hanga, tohatoha, whakawhiti, me te kohi o taonga rauemi.

4. ki te kaha o te tangata akakoromaki i te mau tamataraa puta i roto i te mara o te hanga me te kohi.

5. momonatanga rite ki te hua o te whanaungatanga tangata.

6. Ture whakahaere i te hanga, utu o te taonga rauemi i te wāhanga e tika ana o te kukuwhatanga o te hapori (Engels).

7. te rawa me te poapoa e paingia ponana ki mahi a te tangata, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te taumu'a o ratou pato'iraa (A. Marshall) me ētahi atu kaiwhakaatu o te mea ako ariā ōhanga.

ariā Keynesian o tupu o te öhanga

pā ana te whakaako hakari ki te wā pou-pakanga. Ko te fie whāinga mo tona takanga he tukanga e puta i roto i te ōhanga ao i te mutunga o te rau tau XX. Ko ētahi o ēnei:

1. Ko te whakamahinga o NTR.
2. He hua nui i roto i te tere o te tupu o te öhanga i roto i nga whenua-pāpori.
3. Pāhiwihiwi i roto i te whanaketanga o te whenua capitalist, a na i runga i. D.

E te tukanga i faahitihia i kitea te raruraru o tere tupu, ka arahina ki te maha ariā o tupu, i roto i nei kua arotahi te kaituhi i runga i te kimi āhuatanga noa o te tukanga.

I Ohunga te reira i ariā Harrod (Ingarangi) ko E. Domar (USA), e hāngai ana nei i runga i te mutunga o te admissibility o te tere ukauka o tupu ōhanga rite te tikanga matua mō te āhua taurite hihiri o te ōhanga, tuku ki te whakatutuki i oti kohi o rua kaha production me te hōpuni.

Ko tētahi atu whakaratonga o te tauira Harrod-Domar rave tawhā āhukahuka whakapae tamau: pai whakapaipai toharite me te wahi o penapena i roto i nga mea hua katoa.

Ko te toru o tūranga whānui ko te tauākī e ki te whakatutuki i te tipu tauwhiro me taurite hihiri he whakawhetai taea ki te wawaotanga kāwanatanga kaha i roto i te ōhanga.

mutu te kaituhi: whakaratohia hua whakapaipai pūmau me he kainga, me te tere o te tupu o te moni motu ( "tere o te tupu kī") te auau o te haaputuputuraa. Ko reira kitea te whīwhiwhi o te whakarite toenga i roto i te anga o ope mākete, ara te kore o ngā āhuatanga aunoa e e whai wāhi ki te ora wawe o te toenga waimaero i mua.

He drawback nui o te tauira Keynesian ko e waihotia reira Harrod Domar me te hanganga pāpori-ōhanga o te hapori capitalist tīariari, he pānga tika i runga i nga akiaki o tohu macroeconomic.

Economics Institutional New

Kua ia kua ako i te whanonga o ngā hinonga ohaoha. Ko tetahi aronga hou, he wahi o te ariā ohaoha taketake tenei. e pā ana puta tauira pütahitanga moni te ki nganatanga hāngai ana ki te upooti'araa i te maha o preconditions e he āhuatanga o te Neoclassicism (whakataetae tino, te axiom o rationality oti, te tauritenga kāwanatanga mā te whakamahi i te huarahi utu), te tātaritanga o ngā tukanga ohaoha i roto i te matatini, me te hiahia puta hoki rangahau o te tītohu hou, e pā ana ki Str.

Ko te tikanga o te tauira

Tuatahi, te aroaro nga pūtahi te whanonga o āpiha ōhanga.

Tuarua, kei te tirohia ratou i te tirohanga puta ratou mana i runga i nga whakatau tangohia e āpiha ohaoha.

Te toru, he tokomaha o nga taonga e kore e pā ana ki "pouaka mangu", arā te whakahaere (kāwanatanga, whare, umanga) kite a te rite te pūnaha ki te hanganga ā-o te moni.

A maha, te whakatairite i te kē pütahitanga ki tahi i te tahi, e kore anake ki te putanga tino o mea.

A pae, te huarahi atu ao o te tāutu i te āhuatanga e pā ana ki te kōwhiringa i roto i te tauira pütahitanga, e taea ana ki te akaanga here i runga i te tikanga o statics whakatairite.

Tuaono, e hāngai ana tenei aronga i mau mai i taurite ki te huarahi ōhanga.

Ko te tikanga tino nui o te matauranga pūtaiao

kia paingia ratou te tikanga o te oti'a pūtaiao. I roto i te ohaoha, e māngai reira e te purenga o te ahanoa rangahau i ngā āhuatanga rangitahi, me te tupurangi, me te te whakamāramatanga o te angamaheni, tino takitahi, me ana āhuatanga auau.

ari Economic kore e tuku moni ratou ki te rauemi ako i mea, kia rite whakamahia te tikanga matua o te ako i te oti'a, ranei, kaua he rorona i te āhuatanga katoa e kore e e hāngai ki te āhua o te ahanoa uiui.

Kia mea he e arata'i te oti'a pūtaiao atu i te tātarihia te uara ōhanga tūturu o te ahanoa. Heoi, ko reira mutunga faufaa he. Ia, i runga i te tahi atu te ringa, piri ki ona faaiteraa pono, huna i muri i te puranga o ngā tuatoru-rōpū maha me te ari.

Ko te tūranga o tenei tikanga i roto i te tātari ohaoha

Ko ki faaohie te tukanga o te tūhuratanga o ari ohaoha. tikanga oti'a pūtaiao riro e te tahi atu mau ohipa katoa anake te hunga e ako ana i tenei wā, noho tonu.

Whakatau, i roto i te meka, he oti'a āta, me te whakangāwaritanga. Ko te kupu, te tikanga te oti'a pūtaiao te rite te kōwhiringa o te pānga taha tino nui o te whakamātautau, me te mawhiti i mea katoa kōpeka me te tuarua.

Ko te tikanga taketake o tenei tikanga

I roto i te ariā ohaoha, e whakamahia whānuitia nga kairangahau, kua rite kua whakahuatia i mua, te tikanga o te oti'a, e kua rua ara matua i roto i nei whakatinana ai - ruritanga me te arataki.

mahi tautoko ratou, e kore e ki te whakahē i te tikanga o te rangahau. Whakatakoto e hāngai ana i runga i enei whakapae he mo te ohanga he ahua o te paearu i roto i te tukanga o te kohikohi raraunga tëtehi. He momo o te whakaaturanga ki te pā ki etahi meka me te ao i te nui ko te tikanga matua mō te atu whakaritenga whai kiko.

raraunga WHAKARĀPOPOTOTANGA fariiraa

Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia, māngai te tikanga o te oti'a pūtaiao o te ōhanga e tikanga e rua. Ko te kupu, arataki (ira) - he tikanga o te whakaaroaro ana, e hāngai ana nei i runga i te kōtuitui o etahi meka. Na roto i tenei tikanga whakarato pera-ka karanga te whakawhitinga i te rangahau tūmataiti (wae) tītohunga ki whakatau whānui me ngā ture.

Ano, ko te tikanga pūtaiao o te oti'a tā te tikanga mo ako i te ahanoa rite he whakataunga (aukati) - te korerorero i te taha o e whakamatauria te whakapae ko tetahi tūturu meka. hanga i tēnei tikanga e wātea ana te whakawhitinga i tūmataiti ki fakamulituku whānui.

Ko te tikanga o te oti'a pūtaiao, faaite whakaaro waitara, āta taea reira whakakitea te uho o te tītohu ōhanga. Me whiwhi tēnei etahi ariā arorau puka, whakaata i roto i ki tonu i te mooni ōhanga pono.