E kore e te ari ohaoha tono ... Types o ari ohaoha

Ko te wā "ōhanga" he ona pakiaka i roto i Kariki tawhito, me te ko te huinga o nga pakiaka e rua "Oikos" me "Nomos". Tuatahi i roto i te Kariki tikanga te rite te whare ranei te pāmu, me te tuarua - te ture. Nō reira, ko te ōhanga - he huinga o ture, ture, paerewa o riko. Ko te tikanga o tenei ariā mō neke atu i te piti miliniuma i nui ke, ka taonga.

tikanga hou o te ariā

Tuatahi, ko te ōhanga - te ōhanga iho (kohinga o ngā, taputapu, ngā, matū o te wairua, me te ao rauemi, he tangata nei whakamahia ki te whakarato i te tikanga e tika ana o ratou ora, me te mauruuru o ngā hiahia).

Ko tēnei tikanga o te wā i raro i te arotake - i tona perception hei pūnaha ora-tautoko pumau, ka tono, me te tiaki i a te whakapai ake i te tikanga o te oraraa o te tangata.

Tuarua, ko te ōhanga - he pūtaiao (he tinana o te matauranga ki te pā ki te ōhanga me te mahi a te tangata e pā ana) i runga i te whakamahi kouma o ngā, te tikanga iti, ngā rauemi ki te whakatutuki i ngā matea faufaa o te tangata takitahi, me te o te hapori rite te katoa; o whanaunga tangata puta i roto i te tukanga o te whakahaere.

Economics rite te pūtaiao, me te rite te ōhanga iho terminologically rerekëtanga i te whakauru e rua ngā ariā e pā ana etymologically - "ohaoha" me "ōhanga". Ko te tuatahi - hāngai ōhanga (te ōhanga i roto i te whakakitenga tinana), me te tuarua - pūtaiao ohaoha - ariā ohaoha. whai wāhi ana tēnei tuaki ki pai ake te māramatanga o te ariā.

Kei te whakapono te reira i te tuatahi te ōhanga rite te pūtaiao whakaatu ai e te tangata tohe kōhure o onamata - Socrates (470-390 HTT ...). Kia aroha mai, i kauwhau ia i roto i nga waharoa matua me ara, na kihai i whai tetahi taunakitanga tuhituhia o tenei. I muri i te matenga o te tangata tohe i tonu tona mahi i te akonga tata - Platon me Xenophon. ka korerotia e ratou te taata e i runga i mahi ai ia Socrates.

kia fakamahino'i reira e whakaaro te whakamahi tika o te wā "economics" i roto i te reo Russian te hē, na kua whakakapia reira ki te wā "ariā ōhanga."

Mai i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te perception whāinga o te ariā (hei pūnaha ōhanga, me te tinana o te matauranga e pā ana ki taua mea), me etahi kaituhi tautuhi te toru o nga uara o te ōhanga: whanaunga tangata e puta i roto i te tukanga o te whakaputa tuatahi, aru e te tohatoha, ka te utu, a te mutunga, taonga me ngā ratonga kiritaki.

Ko te kupu, ko te ōhanga - ahuwhenua, te pūtaiao o reira, me te te whakahaere me te whanaunga tangata i roto i tona tukanga.

Ko te tikanga o te ariā o "ari ōhanga me ngā tukanga"

Ko nga hua o te mana tukutahi o te maha nui o take o takotoranga ōhanga enei. E hua ngā tukanga Economic me ari tonu whanake me whakangaromia (he ratou i roto i te nekehanga tonu). Ko ratou pera-ka karanga dialectic tenei. Tauira o taua ari me ngā tukanga e taea e: ko te utu o te taonga, . Kaihau, pūtea, marketing, me ētahi atu Otiia hokohoko tōrangapū ki te ari ōhanga kore e tono.

tukanga Economic - te wā o te kukuwhatanga o production rauemi, me te ona ope hua (. ngä Direct, ratou pūkenga, mōhiotanga, ngā pūkenga, te hangarau, me ētahi atu) ka hanga e runga i te pūtake o ratou whanaunga production, tae atu ki te pā ki te whanaunga mana i runga i nga tikanga e wātea ana o hanga (tūmataiti, mahitahi, kāwanatanga, a na i runga i. d.), ngā mahi utu i runga i te pūtake o te wehenga o te mahi, me te hononga i roto i te tohatoha o te taonga ngā.

Roto tukanga ohaoha taea e taiea rua apa pāhekoheko tangata motuhake: te tuatahi kotahi - te mata (kitea e ngā), me te tuarua - te roto (huna i mātakitaki). Investigation e ngā whanaunga ōhanga kitea he wātea ki te katoa, na mai tamarikitanga, hanga he tangata he whakaaro ōhanga angamaheni e hāngai ana i runga i te matauranga tūturu whakahaere tikanga. he tūturu i roto i te nuinga o maha tuakiri tenei ahua o te whakaaro. Kei te iti te reira ki te outlook ngā o te tangata kotahi, me te te maha e hāngai ana i runga i te kōrero kanohi, me te kotahi-taha.

rapu hoki ariā Economic ki te tautuhi i te ihirangi ā-me pehea kei te honohono etahi ari ohaoha ki ētahi atu (ratou hononga causal).

Ko te whakarōpū o enei tukanga

E wehea ari pāpori-ōhanga ki momo mahi, me te momo, e hāngai ana i runga i ngā paearu pērā i te natura pāpori me te ngākau nuitanga o te hapori, te āhua o ratou whakatinanatanga i roto i te hapori ngā. Ko te herenga tenei wehenga, Heoi, e tauturu te reira ki te hoatu i to ratou tirotiro ā-me te maha o ngā āhuatanga o ratou mahi.

Ka taea te wehewehea momo o te ari ohaoha i runga i te pūtake o te wāhanga e whai ake nei:

1. Ko te āhua o ngā kaupapa pāpori taea ki te wehewehe e toru ngā kāwai o ngā tukanga ōhanga me tītohunga:

• pūāhua piha haapiiraa (te kaiwhakaari matua me te kaha peia - te akomanga e hāngai ana);
• pūāhua motu (te kaha peia matua - te iwi);
• he pūāhua motu (kaiwhakaari - rōpū pāpori me te whenei o te taupori o te whenua).

2. Ngā Āhuatanga o te tirotiro ngā nga ari pāpori-ōhanga, me ngā tukanga e whai ake nei:

• Ki te pā ki te whakaoti rapanga noa o te revolution pūtaiao, me te hangarau;
• i roto i te pā ana ki te whakaoti rapanga motuhake e pā ana ki te mahi o te pēke, me te whakapaipai ahumahi;
• i roto i te whakatutuki i te raruraru o whanaunga ā-iwi;
• Ki te pā ki te whakaoti rapanga o tika ā, me ona rangatiratanga.

Kua tāutuhia 3. te hōkai me te hōhonu o ō rātou mahi i te whai ake ngā tukanga ōhanga me tītohunga:

• ao, me te kāinga;
• tauine me ētahi atu rohe, me te nui.

taea hoki te wehea ari pāpori-ōhanga ki: te haamou, me te kiko, tauwhirowhiro me te pūmau.

I roto i te ohaoha, i te nuinga o te tukanga kōtuitui. He āhuatanga nui ko te meka e kore anake o rapunga o te hononga i waenganui i ngā tukanga ōhanga me ngā tītohunga, engari ano hoki ratou matapae me te whakahaere pai i te hoatu i te quantitation pāngarau. te mahi tenei ki tatauranga. Ko te kupu kotahi rōpū o tohu mahi rite āhuatanga (take), meinga hihiri tetahi huinga o tohu e kua tuku ki rite hua.

Tirohia Whakaröpütia te hononga e hāngai ana i runga i te āhua, i runga i te tikanga me te ako o te kōrero rānei. E kore e nga ari ohaoha ngā: te Electrification o tinana pirau o te nucleus, he hihi o te rā, hukarere, etc ...

tikanga ōhanga

Ko te pūtaiao me te pā ki ngā tikanga o te matauranga, me te ako o nga āhuatanga ohaoha o ari ohaoha. whakaritea e te reira ki te tohatoha tikanga whānui, me te motuhake o te matauranga o ari ohaoha.

I roto i tahuri, i te tuatahi ngā o te tikanga e whai ake nei:

1. (E tātarihia tukanga me ngā katoa i roto i akiaki tonu, te whanaketanga tamau me te whanaungatanga tata) dialectic fakamatelié.
2. oti'a pūtaiao (tohatoha hiahiatia o tino āhuatanga o te tītohu ako me ngā tukanga, i te aperaa i Tuarua).
3. Uouangataha o te hītori, me te arorau mōhiotanga (whakamātautau o te hapori i roto i ngā o te raupapa o mua i roto i te tua ki te tikanga arorau o te ako e whakaatu ana i te raupapa o te putanga me te kukuwhatanga o ture ōhanga me ngā kāwai).

tikanga tūmataiti ako nga pānga ōhanga ngā:

1. Economics ko Pāngarau (whakamāramatanga o ngā āhuatanga kounga me te ine o enei ari me o te plurality o ngā rerekētanga o te otinga tino tika o te raruraru ōhanga).
2. tātari me te tikanga kōtuitanga (e wehea ari ōhanga matatini ki ngā wāhanga māmā, muri i raro ki te tātari taipitopito, hua i roto i te hononga i whakaritea o te pūnaha katoa e hāngai ana i runga i te whakawhāititanga o ngā wāhanga takitahi).
3. tikanga whakairoiro (kanohi ataata o te whanaungatanga o ngā tohu ōhanga i raro i te mana o te āhuatanga ōhanga hihiri).
4. (Whakapumautia te tukanga i nei e ako ari ohaoha āta tuatahi, a ka riro i roto i te akoranga o tenei ako te substantiation pūtaiao ranei whakakahore mahi pāpori) te tikanga o te mahi pāpori.
5. Tikanga Whakangungu me te mōhiotanga (whakawhiti i te kanohi ki titi katoa, me te hurihia).

tātari ohaoha

Ko te huinga pūnahanaha o ngā tikanga, ngā tikanga me ngā tikanga e kua tono i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi whakatau ōhanga ki te pā ki te hinonga ngā.

tātari ohaoha - tohungatanga pūnaha i roto i te wāhi e whai ake nei:

1. Tātaritanga o ari ohaoha me ngā tukanga i runga i to ratou hononga causal ki tahi i te tahi, e kua awe e āhuatanga ohaoha tuakiri me ture whāinga.
2. substantiation Scientific o mahere pakihi.
3. Identification o nga āhuatanga pai me te kino, me te te inenga ine o ratou mahi.
4. Whāki o ngā whanaketanga ōhanga me te whakatau i te tohu o rāhui pāmu-kore.
5. Ko te whakatamarikitanga o whakataunga e tika ana, me te tika te whakahaere.

Ko te tātaritanga ngā te ari ohaoha ngā nui: te whakatū i te hononga, me te taupuhipuhinga o te interdependencies me take.

Kore mahi hei tauira o te tītohu ōhanga

Tona take matua - he huringa i roto i te tono ki te whakapai kanohi ki te mahi e tonu te huri i raro i te mana o te uara o te whakapaipai putu o te kaimahi.

Kore mahi - he āhuatanga ōhanga i roto i te puka mākete o ngā mahi e pā ana ki te hanga, whakakitea nei i roto i te meka e te taupori hohe ōhanga kua kahore mahi me te moni kainga take tua atu tona mana.

Take whakaaro he āhuatanga ōhanga

Ka taea te whakarōpūtia ratou i runga i te tirohanga o rerekē ngaahi tokāteline ōhanga:

• Malthusianism (te take matua o te kore mahi - te taikaha o te taupori);
• ariā hangarau (tetahi auaha hangarau "pana" nga kaimahi i te tukanga ahumahi);
• Keynesianism (kore o whakahiato whai hua) whanaunga (ki te tono hua me te hanga āhuatanga);
• monetarism (rite ki tona māngai, Friedrich Hayek, te take o tenei āhuatanga ōhanga mahi ine o moni, me te utu taurite o ratou taumata pūmau me te āhua o te tikanga mākete, hua i roto i te putanga o te whakanohonga öhanga ore o rauemi tangata, e, i roto i te tahuri, arata'i ki te āhua o te tāne i roto i te tono me te supply o mahi);
• ariā Marxist ( "toenga whanaunga", te take o nei, i roto i te tahuri, ko te ki te āwhatatia whakapaipai hanganga organic i roto i tona rokiroki, i roto i te hononga ki ai (anake i roto i te hanga capitalist) i reira ko te hekenga whanaunga i roto i te tono mō te mahi).

I roto i nga ariā runga ake katoa, o te akoranga, tika tohua causation o taua ari ōhanga rite kore mahi. Hei huihuia ake ratou, ka taea e te tiki e koe nui o te whakamāramatanga ao o te take whāinga mo tona hanganga: te kore o te tono tōpū mō rua taonga me ngā āhuatanga o te hanga i raro i te huru o te whakanui ake hanganga waro o te whakapaipai.

Āhuatanga hei āhuatanga ōhanga

I te tīmatanga, i mahi ia rite te pā ana i waenganui i te tangata ki te pā ki te whakamahi o taonga wairua, me te rauemi, me te te tikanga o to ratou hanganga rite te ara mua whakapumautia o tūmatanui hinaaro pai ranei.

Āhuatanga rite ko reira te hononga ōhanga puta i roto i te hanganga o te hapori tangata.

I runga i te tukanga o te monopolization o te taonga, na ki te korero, puritia momo katoa o te faaheporaa ōhanga, me te kore-ōhanga ki te mahi. Ko te kupu, kua te aratau tahito o te hanga, kua wehe ki tųkinotanga anō-ōhanga, tāruatia e te matau o pononga mana, Āhia - mana matau i runga i te whenua, i raro i feudalism - mana e rua i runga i te takitahi me te i runga i te whenua.

fakalili'a te faaheporaa ōhanga ki te mahi i te taonga tika i runga i nga tikanga o te hanga i te mana o te whakapaipai ranei.

Tenei āhuatanga ōhanga - ko te hanganga o te tino matatini, me te maha-ahu nui. Mua, kua mohiotia taua mea e kua rua ngā te taonga: ko te whānui, me te tūmataiti. Ratou rerekētanga i roto i te natura, ngā puka me ngā tikanga o te tukunga, taumata o te whakawhanaunga. I waenganui ia ratou i reira he he pāhekoheko kaua matatini.

Tuatahi, E ratou he timatanga faufaa noa, a kei te tikanga e pā ana ratou rite te rerekētanga taketake (te rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou e kore e taea te kawe mai rawa te ritenga). I roto i te hononga ki tenei taonga tūmataiti e taea te puta ki te noa, me te hurihia. Tuarua, whakaaro he āhuatanga ōhanga, e whakaata ana i te tukanga hohonu o ngā āhuatanga ōhanga o te ora o te hapori, e kore e taea te huri.

He rerekētanga o te momo taketake o te mana

Kei te wehea rawa Tūmataiti ki te momo e whai ake nei:

• kotahi (takitahi);
• tahi (te wehewehe, me te wehewehe);
• whānui;
• kawea ki te whānuitanga o te rōpū ranei te kāwanatanga, motuhake transnational ranei.

hāngai ana te ihirangi o te taonga noa i runga i te rahi o te hapori, me tona mana. Ka taea e te reira e rua i te wā whānau (whare), me i te taumata o te hapori ranei feohi, kāwanatanga ranei hapori (te iwi) ranei.

pānga Economic, tauira o nei e mua (kore mahi, me te taonga) i hoatu, e kore e mavahe. Tenei kia hoki ngā pikinga, deflation, tupu ōhanga, ao, ngā mahi katoa, me pera i runga i. N. te ari ohaoha e kore te tono, mo te tauira, he hātepe pērā i pōtitanga. Tetahi āhuatanga tinana ranei matū tukanga ranei (te huka rewa, te whakaetonga,-iahiko, me ētahi atu) e kore He ōhanga.

I roto i te ohaoha, i reira he ari ohaoha e kua whakaaro ki te kia kuware, puta i te aroaro o te tahi atu, me te hanga i te tūāpapa mō te putanga o atu matatini. Taua he tauira e taea te mahi ki te utu o te taonga.

tikanga Central Economics

Ko ratou ki te whakatauira ari ohaoha - ratou whakaahuatanga i te reo ōkawa te whakamahi i hātepe pāngarau me pūāhua e ōrite ana ki te tāutu i mahi whanaungatanga i waenganui i enei ari tukanga ranei. riro tenei he idealization o te ahanoa.

Āhuahira - te ako kata te tohatoha o te mea pēnei i te ahanoa tino e kore e te tīariari i roto i te vairaa mau, engari kaimahi i te hanga turanga o te ariā. I roto i te tukanga o te hanga taua taonga kairangahau nui ohie mooni, ia āta terironga i ratou āhuatanga tūturu ranei i roto i te meka foaki ratou āhuatanga mariko. taea tenei ki a koutou e kite i kōrero mārama ake tātarihia, ka tapae ratou te nuinga i roto i te āhuatanga pāngarau.

I roto i runga ki te tikanga o nāianei, ki te he te reira e tika ana ki te whakamārama i te āhuatanga, ka hangaia he tauira pāngarau e whakaata ana ona āhuatanga taketake. aru ana tēnei e te kitenga e te tikanga rite tika mo nga meka kitea, ahakoa rite tauākī kore e e fehangahangai te āhuatanga ōhanga.

Ko te atamira i muri - te kohinga o ngā raraunga tëtehi mō te whakamātautau i muri o te tauira. Kaupapa ki te fariiraa i te ngā tau e whai ake nei hua manakohia o te tauira taua taea ana te kī e te hua ariā whiwhi tautoko tëtehi.

Whakaaro nga whāititanga o te tukanga

Kei te whakahuatia te reira i roto i te meka i rite rawa te tauira pāngarau whāriki te ki te rohe o te whīwhiwhi. I roto i te ngako, ka hopu i te reira me whakamārama ana anake tetahi o nga āhuatanga tino nui. arata'i te pōauautanga ki fifi mahi o te tono whiwhi whakaaetanga takotoranga pāngarau.

Ko tētahi atu ngoikoretanga nui ko te meka i hoatu nga whakapae katoa mua i roto i te pāngarau, kaore he aweretanga, e taea te whakamatautau i roto i te ara ōkawa. fokotu'u tenei te taea o te hanga e rua memeha, me te whai hua, ara tauira teka ranei.

whakaaro Mathematical - te reira whakaaro tātari. dissects te reira i te āhuatanga ki ona wahi wāhanga, e taea e hua i roto i te takarepa i roto i pā ana ki te whakapuaki o mooni, ngā e pā ana ki te ari pāpori. pokanoa nga pāngarau ōkawa pera-ka karanga ki te faaiteraa o te pau o whanaunga ōhanga i roto i te hapori.

ōhanga o te whenua i roto i te 2015

E ai ki te heamana tuarua o te Central Bank Ksenii Yudaevoy, i tenei ra i roto i to tatou whenua, ko te tino uaua te āhuatanga ōhanga: te tihi o te pikinga (te ahua o nāianei - 8.9%) ka kia i roto i te hauwhā tuatahi o tenei tau (ka taea tae 10%), i te mea ka tangohia e te reira i roto i te pā ki ngā hua kai uara ara teitei (e pā ana ki te 12%). E ai ki a ia, ahakoa te meka e ko te vaivai o te RUPO ki te tāra US āhua 40%, me te ūropi - 20-30%, e kore te auau pikinga e manako uara ōrite rite o tenei ra i reira he he whakakā i tono o ngā hua kawemai mo motu, e faarahi ko nui pōturi te utu.

whakatau o OPEC ki te pā ki te tiaki o hopukia mō te hanga hinu e mooni takoha te Central Bank ki te whakaaro i te tauira e hou i roto i nei e whakawhanake ōhanga te whenua o roto i te heke mai (i roto i te take o te whakaiti wā-waenga o te utu o te hinu ki te uara o $ 60 ia oko). E ai ki te taua K Yudaeva katoa i roto i ka āwhatatia hanganga o te ōhanga Russian tenei āhuatanga, i honoa e ki te whakauru kawemai me te whänui.

whakapono hoki Daria Zhelannova (Tuarua Kaiwhakahaere o te Tari "Alpari" Analytical) e ka kitea te uara teitei o te pikinga me te paruparu nui o te RUPO ki te mutunga o te hotoke 2015. tohutohu ia e kore ki te pikaunga ratou ki taurewa, me te kore ki te hoko i te moni i te iti rawa i tetahi atu e ono nga marama. D. Zhelannova kī e he reira pai ki te tatari noa i te wā.

Na, i roto i te mutunga ko reira utu ki te fakamanatu e te ari ohaoha (tauira :. kore mahi, rawa, te pirau, pikinga, me ētahi atu) e tākiekina e te maha nui o take motuhake o te takotoranga ōhanga. Ki te whakaaro ki ngā tukanga ōhanga, ka pā tenei ki tetahi tukanga e pā te hanga, utu me te kohi o taonga rauemi.

Ko reira utu te haamana'oraa e kore e te tukanga pōti ki ari ohaoha tono, me te tetahi tauhohe matū tukanga tinana ranei.