Ko te oraraa o te momo kanorau - e ko te microevolution

Ko te ariā o te kukuwhatanga rite te whanaketanga tonu o nga mea katoa e noho ana i runga i te ao, kei te whakamahia whānuitia te whīwhiwhi o ngā puka ora me te ahua o ona puka hou i tenei ra i roto i te tuhinga rongonui a i roto i te pāpāho. Nounou e pā ana ki te kukuwhatanga me microevolution, te whakamahi o te wā i roto i ngā puka whāia i āna tona uara, mau mai i whakarongo ki te tukanga o te faufaa. He aha te mea moroiti-kunenga i te koiora, tona āhua me te hua mutunga - ko nga pātai e kua hipoki i roto i tenei tuhinga enei.

Evolution rite te tukanga koiora

tāutu ariā whanaketanga e rua momo o here - macroevolution me microevolution - rite tikanga o te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te whenua. Wehewehe a raro herenga e hāngai ana i runga i te rahi wae taxonomic, e arata'i ki te kaupapa whanaketanga. Macroevolution uhinga te hanganga o te taxa nui (puninga, te utuafare, te piha haapiiraa, a pera i runga i) mo o te wā he wā roa. Ko te hua o te microevolution - te hanganga o ngā momo hou, te kōwae taxonomic raro. Na reira kei te kore i huaina microevolution whakamomonga, te hanganga o ngā momo hou i roto i te waenganui o te taketake e whakatutuki wehe uri me te wehenga i roto i te taxon motuhake.

tauira o te whanaketanga

nga ture katoa o te kukuwhatanga rite whakamomonga i roto i macrotaxa haere i roto i te tauira e taua me te taua ture pera mo te wae taketake o te kukuwhatanga - taupori. He aha te mea microevolution, ngāwari whakaahua e te hi'oraa o te mātauranga e pā ana, phylogenetically momo tata i roto i te puninga kotahi. Hei tauira, i roto i te Arctic, te kāinga ki te toru momo tata o hiri - hiri Witt, te reparo me Ross hiritia. I tua atu i ngā rerekētanga iti waho, ratou taonga e tino rerekē, kua arahina e ratou ki te hanganga o ngā momo tata e pā ana engari rerekē.

momo o te microevolution

Whakamomonga, e tika ana ki te whakaputa uri neskreschivaemosti rite te wā whakamutunga o te rōpū wehe kunenga i roto i te momo, he maha ngā tikanga. E ai ki te momo o te mātao tikanga tāutuhia he maha o ngā puka. Na roto i te microevolution ngā:

• whakamomonga Matawhenua.
• Whakamomonga o wehenga kaiao o taupori.
• Whakamomonga i wehe uri tika (dokopulyatsionnoy me poslekopulyatsionnoy).

He aha te mea microevolution matawhenua, me te kaiao?

I roto i tenei take, whakaaro te panmictic wehe tikanga (moepuku tārua) rōpū o kaiao, ka hanga e te tirohanga hou kei raro i te mana o ngā āhuatanga matawhenua taiao ranei. whakaaro wehe matawhenua o taupori ko te take o nga huringa whenua e arahi ki te wehe rangitahi oti ranei o taupori o te taua momo. He tauira maitai - te hanganga o ngā momo motu. Na te nuinga, pea, e mohiotia i roto i tenei horopaki - reira Galapagos bindweed, whakaahuatanga me te ako o nei arahina Charles Darwin ki tona ariā o te take mai o ngā momo. He tauira o taua he microevolution rite whakamomonga kaiao kua kē i homai - hiri Arctic. I roto i te take o hiri ko take taiao te wehe o te supply kai. Ko he hoki tauwehe taiao he rerekētanga i waenganui i taima tupuranga, rerekē iwi kaiao i roto i te momo, me pera i runga i.

Dokopulyatsionnaya ahua o te noho motuhake rite te ahua o te microevolution

I roto i te take o te eita o whakawhiti noa o takitahi rite ki te hua o te wehe, honoa ki te kore o te mātauranga o te whakatō kākano (kukune) o te tinana, te mea dokopulyativnoy taratahi. Ko tōna ngā puka:

• Mātao, puta tika ki te āhua o te whanonga fakasekisualé (ethological). Tauira - tata poraka pārūrū, me te timbre rerekē momo pū kahui waiata.
• Te wehe meinga e ngā hanganga rerekē o whekau copulative me uri. Tauira - rerekē momo o te tāwhara i te hanganga motuhake o te puawai, e taea ki a ratou faahoturaa i te tetahi anake momo o colibri.

Te wehe meinga e te ōritengakore o tohuhema. Tauira anake ngā āhua ara, he uaua tenei tikanga.

mātao Poslekopulyatsionnaya rite te huarahi o te whakamomonga

I roto i tenei take te tikanga reira e hanga e te whakatō kākano te. He aha te mea moroiti-kunenga, i roto i tenei take, whakaatu i te puka e whai ake nei ki te whakatutuki i wehe uri oti o taupori i roto i te momo:

• Non-tonutanga o te whakatō kākano i roto i te tīmatanga o te ontogeny.
• Ko te mate o te tamaiti takitahi taitamariki ranei ki te tae tau uri.
• Ko te sterility o hybrids.

He matatini te tikanga koiora o tenei ahua o te wehe, me te te e pā ana ki cytological, matüora me ngā āhuatanga humoral.

Moroiti-kunenga rite te tukanga o te whakatutuki wehe uri tonu o ngā rōpū i roto i te taua momo arata'i ki te hanganga o ngā momo hou o ngā kaiao atu atu i te puka matua. Otiia he reira i roto i te ariā. Ehara i nga wehe o te taupori ka arahi ki te wehe uri, me te kore nga wehe uri ka arahi ki te hanganga o ngā puka hou. He aha te i roto i te pono mārika o te kukuwhatanga - ko e tīmata microevolution ki mātao, me te reira mutu hoki.