Ko te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā pūpū. Whanaketanga me te mau parau tumu o te ariā kahuki

I roto i nga pukapuka koiora ta e te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā pūpū - Ivan Pavlov. Ko te pono tenei, engari tae noa ki te aroaro o te physiologist Russian rongonui, kua ako maha kairangahau te pūnaha io. O enei, i hanga te takoha nui i te kaiako Pavlova Ivan wāhanga.

MURI ariā pūpū

Ko te wā "takiri" e pā ana ki-whāiti te rauropi ora whakautu ki te faaitoitoraa waho. He maere reira, engari he pakiaka pāngarau tenei ariā. I whakaurua te wā ki ahupūngao pūtaiao René Descartes, e noho i roto i te rau tau XVII. tamata ia ki te whakamārama ki te awhina o nga ture o te pāngarau, i roto i nei i reira ko te ao o ngā kaiao ora.

Rene Dekart - e kore te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā pūpū i roto i tona ahua hou. Otiia kitea ia nui o te mea i muri ka wahi o reira. Descartes Ua tauturu Uilyam Garvey - rata English nei whakaahuatia tuatahi te pūnaha circulatory i roto i te tinana tangata. Heoi, te aroaro ano ia i te reira i roto i te puka o te pūnaha aunoa. I muri, ka whakamahi i tenei tikanga Descartes. Ki te oho Harvey tona parau tumu ki te pūrere ā-o te rauropi, tono tona tauira French i runga i tenei hanga i te pāhekoheko o te rauropi ki te ao waho. Tona ariā, whakaahuatia ana e ia te whakamahi i te wā "pūpū", tangohia i te reo Latin.

Ko te faufaa o ngā āhuatanga Descartes '

Physicists whakapono e te roro tangata, ko te pokapū kawenga mō te kōrero ki te ao waho. I tua atu, fokotu'u ia e haere ia i runga i te muka io. A, no te pā ngā āhuatanga o waho nga pito o nga whenu, haere he tohu ki te roro. E ko Descartes te kaiwhakaū o te parau tumu o te determinism fakamatelié i roto i te ariā pūpū. teie parau tumu ko e tetahi tukanga io e puta i roto i te roro, meinga e te mahi o te faaitoitoraa.

He nui i muri, physiologist Russian Ivan Sechenov (kaiwhakarewa o te ariā pūpū) Descartes tika ka karanga tetahi o nga pūtaiao i runga i okioki ia i roto i ona akoranga. I roto i tenei take, he rota o pōhēhētanga i te Wīwī. Hei tauira, i whakapono ia e kararehe, pērā tangata, ko te hope'a. Kua whakaaturia e kore ko reira - te wheako o ētahi atu pūtaiao Russian - Ivan Pavlov. Ko te pūnaha io o te kararehe kua te hanganga ano rite i roto i te tangata.

Ivan Sechenov

Ko tētahi atu tangata, nana nei i hanga te takoha nui ki te whanaketanga o te ariā pūpū ko Ivan Sechenov (1829-1905). Ko ia he kaiako me te kaiwhakarewa o Pātukitukinga Russian. Ko te pūtaiao tuatahi i roto i te ao o te pūtaiao fokotu'u e mahi anake nga wahi teitei o te roro i runga i reflexes. I mua ia, kahore i neuroscientists me physiologists whakaarahia te take e whai pea te tukanga hinengaro katoa o te tinana tangata he natula whaiaroaro.

I roto i te rangahau i roto i France Sechenov whakamatauria e pā te roro i runga i mahi toitoi. kitea e ia te āhuatanga o te inhibition pokapū. Kua hanga tona rangahau he Nahe i roto i te whaiaroaro o mua.

Hanganga o te ariā pūpū

I te tau 1863 whakaputaina Ivan Sechenov te pukapuka "reflexes o te Brain", e tango te pātai e pā ana ki te tangata e ko te kaiwhakaū o te ariā pūpū. I roto i tenei mahi he tokomaha o nga whakaaro i hanga e te pūtake o te ariā hou o te pūnaha teitei io i whakatakoto ai. I roto i ngā, ka korerotia e Sechenov te whakarongo e tenei parau tumu ture pūpū. takoto te reira i roto i te meka i heke nga mahi mohio, me te kohatu o te kaiao ora te ki tauhohenga i roto i te pūnaha io.

Wāhanga kore kitea anake meka hou, engari mahi ano hoki he rota o te mahi i runga i te kōtuitui o ngā mōhiohio mohiotia kua e pā ana ki te tukanga whaiaroaro i roto i te tinana. whakamatauria e ia e te mana o te taiao, ko te tika mō te ringa odergivaniya tikanga, a mo te putanga o mau mana'o aore.

whakaaro faaino a Sechenov i Russia

e kore te Society (rawa Russia) whāngai tonu te ariā o te physiologist ngingila. I muri i te pukapuka "reflexes o te Brain", mutu etahi oko o te pūtaiao whakaputa i roto i te "Contemporary". Sechenov maia patua te whakaaro minita o te Ekalesia. Ko ia he materialist ka tamata ki te whakamatau i nga mea katoa i roto i ngā o ngā tukanga whaiaroaro.

Ahakoa te aromatawai whakauru i roto i Russia, i kaha whakamanuhiritia e te hapori pūtaiao o te Ao Tahito nga turanga o te ariā o te mahi pūpū. pukapuka Sechenov Kua whakaputaina i roto i Europe circulations ammonite. Scientist, ara mo te wa oho ana mahi rangahau matua i roto i te taiwhanga Western. Kua mahi hua ia ki te rata French Claude Bernard.

ariā receptor

I roto i te aamu o te pūtaiao e taea kitea maha tauira o te āhua o te haere pūtaiao kotiti, whakahere whakaaro e kore e e hāngai ana ki te mooni. Ka taea e te take taua kia huaina te ariā receptor o sensations, e poka ki nga whakaaro o Sechenov me Pavlov. Me pēhea e rerekē ratou? Receptor me ariā pūpū o sensations i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē ki te whakamārama i te āhua o te whakautu a te tinana ki akiaki waho.

Na whakapono wāhanga, ko Pavlov e te pūpū - ko reira he tukanga kaha. pūmau ana tēnei tirohanga i roto i te pūtaiao hou, me te whakaaro i tenei ra te ki kia ngā kōrero kï. mahi pūpū Ko e tauhohe kaiao ora ki etahi whakaohooho atu te ume nei atu i ētahi atu. wehe Nature te tika i te faufaa. Receptor ariā, i runga i te anga ke, e ai ta e huru te rongo ki te taiao pē.

Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov - te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā kahuki i runga i te par ki Ivan Sechenov. haapii e ia te pūnaha io katoa tona ora, ka whakawhanakehia nga whakaaro o tona mua. Kua ngā tenei āhuatanga i te mataotao ki tona whīwhiwhi. Ko te mau parau tumu o te ariā pūpū i mohiotia e whakamātau physiologist. Ahakoa tawhiti atu i te koiora me te rongoā iwi kua rongo te parau "kuri o Pavlov". O te akoranga, e kore e tatou korero e pā ana ki te kararehe. E pā ana tēnei ki te rau o kuri e Pavlov whakamahia hoki ana ngā.

Ko te pana o te whakatuwheratanga o reflexes unconditioned me te hanganga whakamutunga o te ariā pūpū katoa ko te mātakitaki ohie. ko Pavlov kotahi tekau nga tau ako i te pūnaha kūnatu me te i te rota o kuri e kua aroha i roto i tona taiwhanga. miharo Kotahi pūtaiao aha puta huware kararehe noa i mua i te hoatu e ia te kai. Kua whakaaturia atu kitenga hononga maere. tīmata huware ki tu, no te rongonga o te kuri te wira o rihi ranei hopoi he reo tangata tona kai. Tenei tohu pāngia e te huarahi e ai te hanga o te wai pekitīlia.

reflexes Unconditioned ka makatuunga

paanga te take i runga ake i roto i Pavlov, a ka timata ia te raupapa o ngā. He aha whakatau ka haere mai te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā kahuki? Descartes, i roto i te rau tau XVII korero o te whakautu o te tinana ki akiaki waho. ka mau physiologist Russian rite te pūtake te ariā. I tua atu, i awhina ia te ariā pūpū Sechenov. ko Pavlov tona akonga tika.

Mātakitaki i te kuri, ka haere mai te pūtaiao ki te whakaaro o te reflexes unconditioned me makatuunga. Ko te rōpū tuatahi ngā congenital ngā rauropi, tuku iho. Hei tauira, horomia, ngote, a ka karanga na i runga i. D. o reflexes makatuunga Pavlov hunga hinonga ora e tango i muri i whanau tika ki wheako whaiaro me ngā āhuatanga o te taiao.

e kore e ēnei huru maitatai tuku iho - he ratou tino takitahi. I te wa ano, ka taea e te tinana ngaro tenei pūpū, ki te, hei tauira, ke tikanga taiao, me he reira kore e tika. Ko te tauira tino rongonui o te pūpū makatuunga ko Pavlov whakamātau ki te kuri taiwhanga. Animal whakaako e kawea kai i muri i te marama ruma tahuri te i runga i. physiologist Next aru te putanga o reflexes hou. A pono, hohoro i te timatanga o te kuri ano ki salivate, no te kitenga o ia i te rama ngā. I roto i tenei take, e kore i kawe i te reira kai.

E toru parau tumu ariā

Ko te mau parau tumu te tikanga mohio o ariā kahuki Sechenov-Pavlov o heke ki te toru ture. He aha e ratou? Ko te tuatahi o ratou - te parau tumu o te determinism fakamatelié whakatakoto e Descartes. E ai ki reira, ka karanga ia tukanga ko karere mahi o te faaitoitoraa waho. hāngai ana tēnei ture i runga i te ariā pūpū o tukanga hinengaro.

Ko te tuarua - te parau tumu o te hanganga. kī ana tēnei ture e te hanganga o te pūnaha io tei runga i te nui me te kounga o ratou mahi. I roto i te mahi titiro reira e whai ake. Ki te kore ko te roro te tinana, tona mahi teitei io rerekē i roto i te primitiveness.

Ko te parau tumu whakamutunga - i te parau tumu o te tātari me te kōtuitui. takoto te reira i roto i te meka e te braked i te tahi mau neurons, a i roto i etahi atu - oaoa. Tenei tukanga Ko te anga matou whaiaroaro. Ka rite ki te hua o tona kaiao ora e taea wehewehe ngā me ari e karapoti ana.