Ko te hītori o te ahupūngao: ana'iraa, physicists me o ratou tūhura

Ahakoa anake timata te hītori o te ahupūngao hei pūtaiao motuhake i roto i te rau tau XVII, ona takenga he wa tino tawhito, ka timata te iwi ki te whakarite i tona mohio tuatahi e pā ana ki te ao huri noa ratou. Tae noa wā hou no ratou ki te rapunga whakaaro tūturu, me te ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te rehe, tātai arorangi me te whaiaroaro. Kua timata te hītori tūturu o te ahupūngao whakawhetai ki ngā a Galileo me ana akonga. Kei te hoki i whakaturia te reira i te turanga o te ako i te taha o Newton.

I roto i te XVIII me XIX rautau, i reira nga ngā ariā matua: .. Energy, papatipu, ngota, torohaki, me ētahi atu i roto i te rau tau XX ko nga fakangatangata mārama o te ahupūngao puāwaitanga (haunga ahu reira ahupūngao aronui, ngä ariā, te ariā o microparticles, etc ...). kō atu mōhiotanga Pure te me tenei ra, rite reira he maha ngā take kāore anō me ngā pātai e pā ana ki te āhua o to tatou ao mo kairangahau me te ao katoa tonu.

tawhito

E rave rahi o te mau haapaoraa etene o te ao onamata i runga i kōkōrangi me kaititiro whetu matauranga. Ngā mihi ki a ratou kitenga o te rangi po i hoko tuku kōrero. E kore te haaputuputuraa o te matauranga arorangi taea e engari pā te whanaketanga o pāngarau. Heoi, takahi whakamārama i te take o te taiao e kore e taea e tahito. pēnei tohunga ki uira me te solar te āraitanga riri fakalangi e i kahore ki te mahi ki te pūtaiao.

I te wa ano, kua ako matou ki te ine i te roa, taimaha, me te koki i roto i Ancient Ihipa. I tika tenei matauranga mo kaihoahoa i te hanga o ngā koeko rahi me te mau hiero. Te whakawhanake i rehe tono. Kaha i roto i a ia i nga Karari. E hāngai ana hoki ratou i runga i to ratou mōhiotanga arorangi, ka anga ratou ki te whakamahi i te ra ki te ine i te wā.

ka anga Ancient hītori Hainamana o ahupūngao i roto i te VII rau BC. e. Te wheako whiwhi i roto i te mahi toi, me te hanganga i te waiho i raro ki te tātari pūtaiao, i te aroaro o nga hua o nei i roto i nga karaipiture taumauri. Ko te rongonui tino o te kaituhi e whakaaro ki Mo-tzu, e noho i roto i te BC IV rau. e. I hanga e ia te nganatanga tuatahi ki te hanga i te ture taketake o te tūpuku. Ahakoa Na, te tuatahi whakaaro nga Hainamana te kāpehu. kitea ratou nga ture o optics āhuahanga, a mohio e pā ana ki te oraraa o te Obscura kāmera. I roto i China puta timatanga o ariā waiata me Acoustics, e hoki te wa roa kihai i mohio ki te Te Hau-ā-uru.

tawhito

hītori tawhito o te ahupūngao pai mohiotia hoki nga mau philosopho Kariki. hāngai ana ratou ako i runga i te matauranga āhuahanga, me te taurangi. Hei tauira, he raro ki te ture ao o pāngarau te Pythagoreans te tuatahi ki te whakapuaki i taua āhua. kite Kariki tenei tauira i roto i optics, arorangi, waiata, rehe me ētahi atu pekanga.

whakauaua taea te whakaaro te hītori o te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao, kahore nga mahi o Aristotle, Plato, Archimedes, Heron, ko Lucretius. Kua ora ratou tuhituhi ki to tatou mau taime i roto i te ara ka makona ratou katoa. e kore e ariā namata philosopho Kariki kehe i hono to'utangatá i ētahi atu whenua kia whakamārama ratou nga ture o te ahupūngao, engari tino i te wāhi pūtaiao o te tirohanga. I te wa taua i reira ko nga Kariki hoki hape nui. Ēnei ngā nga rehe o Aristotle. au te hītori o te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao rite te pūtaiao nui ki te whakaaro o Kariki, ki te anake hoki ratou rapunga whakaaro tūturu noho te pūtake o te pūtaiao ao tae noa ki te rau tau XVII.

Ko te takoha o nga Kariki Arehanaria

whakatakoto ngota Demokrit te ariā, rite ki nei e tito nga tinana katoa o matūriki iti, me te wehewehe. whakaarohia Empedocles te ture o te atawhai o te mea. whakatakotoria e ia te turanga Archimedes hydrostatics me rehe, whakaatu i te ariā o te hua, me te tātai i te nui o puāwai o te wai. Ko ia te kaituhi o te wā "pokapū o te mahara".

whakaaro Alexandria Kariki Heron te tetahi o nga Engineers rahi i roto i te tuatapaparaa o te taata. hanga e ia he mamaoa mīhini huri hiko whakarāpopoto matauranga o te elasticity me compressibility o nga haurehu rangi. Ko te hītori o te ahupūngao me te tuku kōrero whakawhetai ki tonu Euclid, tūhura i te ariā o whakaata me nga ture o te tirohanga.

Middle ake

I muri i te hinganga o te Hau emepera Roma haere mai hinga ao tawhito. E rave rahi pūkenga Kua wareware. Europe tata te mano tau, mutu i roto i tona whanaketanga pūtaiao. Mau hiero o te matauranga ka monasteries Karaitiana, e whakahaere ki te pupuri i etahi o nga mahi o te mua. Heoi, te ahunga whakamua pakanga iho hahi ano. rongo tonu ia i te rapunga whakaaro o te parau haapiiraa minita. Whakaaro e kua tamata ki te haere ki tua atu i te reira i whakaatu hairesi, me te nui whiua e te whakataki.

Ki tenei whakamārama, kua haere te tuatahi o nga pūtaiao taiao ki te Mahometa. Ko te hītori o te putanga o te ahupūngao Arapi e pā ana ki te translation i roto i a ratou mahi reo o ngā pūkenga Kariki onamata. I runga i te pūtake o ratou whakaaro o te Te Tai Rāwhiti kua hanga e matou etahi āhuatanga nui o ratou ake. Hei tauira, whakaahuatia Al Jazeera te ihi o te kawau hake tuatahi.

Roa stagnation Pākehā tae noa ki te Renaissance. I roto i te anotau Middle i te Ao Tahito i whakaaro mōhiti me te whakamārama i te takenga mai o te aniwaniwa. German rau philosopho XV Nikolay Kuzansky tuatahi marohitia e he mure ore te ao, a ko te kupu i tawhiti i mua o tona wa. I muri i te tahi tau ahuru matahiti o Leonardo da Vinci ko te I TE te āhuatanga o capillarity me te ture te waku. tamata ia ano ki te hanga i tētahi mīhini nekehanga mau tonu, engari e kore e mahi i te mahi, timata ki te whakamatautau i te impracticability o te kaupapa pēnei i roto i te ariā.

Renaissance

I roto i 1543 te arorangi Polish Nikolay Kopernik whakaputaina he mahi nui o tona ora "I te huringa o tinana tiretiera". I roto i tenei pukapuka, ko te wa tuatahi i roto i te Karaitiana Old World he whakamātau ki te tiaki i te tauira te Inikisisio o te ao e faaafaroraa te whenua a tawhio noa te ra, me te kore e hurihia, rite mahara te hahi e ki te tango i te tauira geocentric o Ptolemy. He maha pūtaiao o ahupūngao me te kerēme kitea ki kia nui, engari ko te reira i te ahua o te pukapuka "I te huringa o tinana no te" kei te whakaaro te timatanga o te revolution pūtaiao, i aru e te putanga o te ahupūngao hou e kore anake, engari ano o te pūtaiao hou i roto i te whānui.

Tētahi atu pūtaiao wā rongonui New Galileo Galiley karu tenenga tino rongonui (no hoki reira ki te ine pāmahana tenenga). I tua atu, whakatakoto ia i te ture o te tūpuku me te parau tumu o te ngä. Ngā mihi ki te āhuatanga o Galileo whanau i rehe tino hou. Te kore reira, e kinakitia tonu te hītori o te ako o te ahupūngao mo te wa roa. Galileo, rite tokomaha o hono to'utangatá, kua whakaaro whānui, i ki te tu atu i te pēhanga o te hahi, te kaha whakamutunga e ngana ana ki te tiaki i te tikanga tawhito.

rau XVII

Kohia moni hua akoranga i roto i te pūtaiao, me te tonu i roto i te rau tau XVII. mataaro pūkaha Tiamana me te mathematician Iogann Kepler ko te Kaikitetuatahi o nga ture o te nekehanga planetary i roto i te pūnaha solar (ture a Kepler). Ana whakaaro i tuhia e ia i roto i tona pukapuka "New Astronomy", whakaputaina i roto i te 1609. whakahē Kepler Ptolemy, faaoti e neke te aorangi i roto i ellipses, e kore porowhita, rite i whakaaro ai i roto i te tawhito. hanga tenei pūtaiao taua kua he wāhi nui ki te whanaketanga o tuku kōrero. torotoro ia te farsightedness me nearsightedness, kia mohiotia ai nga mahi whaiaroaro o te arotahi kanohi. Kepler whakaurua te ariā ki te tuaka whatu me te arotahi, i waihanga te ariā o arotahi.

hanga te Wīwī Rene Dekart te ako pūtaiao hou - āhuahanga analytic. Ia te whakaaro ano e te ture o te hakoko o te marama. mahi nui Descartes 'ko te pukapuka "Ngaahi Tefito'i Mo'oni o Philosophy", whakaputaina i roto i te 1644.

Torutoru physicists me ratou kitea mohiotia rite te pakeha Isaak Nyuton. I te 1687 i tuhituhi e ia he pukapuka orurehau "Mathematical Ngaahi Tefito'i Mo'oni o Natural Philosophy". I roto i te reira faataa te kairangahau te ture o te tōpapa ao, me nga ture e toru o rehe (a ka mohiotia rite ture a Newton). mahi tenei pūtaiao i runga i te ariā o te tae, optics, tuanaki wāhi me te pārōnaki. Ko te hītori o te ahupūngao, te hītori o te ture o rehe - he whanaunga tata katoa o tenei ki ngā āhuatanga o Newton.

rohe hou

Kua aroaro XVIII rau pūtaiao maha ingoa rongonui. Ko te rongonui tino i roto ia ratou Leonhard Hēura. Tenei mataaro pūkaha Swiss me mathematician, i tuhituhi atu atu i 800 mahi i runga i te ahupūngao me te taua wāhanga rite tātari pāngarau, rehe tiretiera, optics, ariā waiata, ballistics, a na runga i mohio. D. Petersburg Academy o Sciences kua ia rite ratou mātauranga, no te mea o te mea Hēura wahi nui o tona ora i roto i Russia. Ko reira tīmataria rehe tātari tenei imi.

Ko reira ngā e kua whakawhanakehia te hītori o te ahupūngao te kaupapa, kia rite ki matau tatou, e kore anake te mea o pūtaiao ngaio, engari ano hoki kairangahau, i aroha, tawhiti atu mohiotia i roto i te kounga tino rerekē. Ko te tauira tino a Tūrongo, o tenei whaiaro-whakaako ko te kaitōrangapū American Pineamine Franklin. whakaaro ia te tokotoko uira, hanga he takoha nui ki te ako o te hiko, ka hanga he whakaaro e pā ana ki tona hononga ki te āhuatanga o te aukumetanga.

I te mutunga o te rau tau XVIII hanga Italian Alessandro Volta te "pëteri". Tona tenenga ko te pūhiko hiko tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te taata nei. kite ano tenei rau tau te putanga o te ine pāmahana mēkuri, ko te kaihanga o e Gabriel Fahrenheit. Ko tētahi atu miramira o tenenga whakamatauria tenenga o te pūkaha mamaoa, i puta i roto i 1784. Kua hoatu te reira i ara ki te tikanga hou o te hanga, me te hanganga o te ahumahi.

tuwhera ka whakamahia

Ki te hāngai te hītori o te timatanga o te ahupūngao whakawhanakehia i runga i te meka e i pūtaiao ki te whakamārama i te take o te taiao, i roto i te rau tau XIX kua puta ke tino te āhuatanga. Na kua ia he nominoraa hou. Mai i te ahupūngao timata ki te tono mana ope tūturu. I roto i tenei whakaaro, kua meinga reira he tere whakawhanake i te pairati e kore anake, engari tono ano hoki ahupūngao. whakaurua "Newton hiko" Andre-Marie wae iahiko he ariā hou o te nāianei hiko. I roto i te rohe taua mahi Maykl Faradey. kitea e ia te āhuatanga o te whakaurutanga hiko, ture o te iahiko, diamagnetism, a ko te kaituhi o taua ngā, hei pitoake, he pitoiho, he insulator, he kawehiko, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, a na i runga i. D.

Whakawhanakehia manga hou o te pūtaiao. Thermodynamics, elasticity ariā, rehe tauanga, ahupūngao tauanga, ahupūngao irirangi, elasticity ariā, seismology, huarere - hanga i ratou katoa he pikitia kotahi o te ao hou.

I roto i te rau tau XIX reira nga tauira pūtaiao hou me ngā ariā. Thomas Jung tāia te ture o te atawhai o te pūngao, whakaarohia Dzheyms Klerk Maksvell tona ake ariā hiko. kēmihi Russian Dmitri Mendeleev ko te kaituhi o te nui pānga i runga i te katoa o te ahupūngao ripanga pūmotu o huānga. I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau i reira i hiko me te pūkaha ngingiha. riro ratou i te hua o Applied Physics, hāngai ki te whakaoti i etahi raruraru hangarau.

ö pūtaiao

I roto i te rau tau XX te hītori o te ahupūngao, i poto, kua oho ki taua atamira, ka te raruraru, ko te kua pai-whakapumautia tauira ariā puāwaitanga. timata Tawhito tātai pūtaiao ki te tukituki ki te raraunga hou. Hei tauira, kua kitea kairangahau e kore e te tere o te marama whakawhirinaki i runga i te anga ngali aueue ore o te tohutoro. I runga i te tahuri o te rau tau e tuwhera ana tono ari āmiki whakamārama: irahiko, ira, X-hihi.

Nā ki te backlog o mea ngaro puta whakahounga o te ahupūngao puāwaitanga tawhito. Ko te hui matua i roto i te revolution pūtaiao muri ko te pūtake mo te ariā o te ngä. Ko tōna kaituhi ko Albert Einstein ao povedyvavshy tuatahi o te hononga hohonu o te wāhi me te wā. , He peka hou o te ahupūngao ariā - ahupūngao aronui. i tae tona hanganga e rave rahi pūtaiao ao-ingoa: Maks kurupae, Maks Bon, Erwin Schrödinger, Paora Ehrenfest, me ētahi atu.

tamataraa nāianei

I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te XX hītori rau o te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao, tona ana'iraa tonu i tenei ra, kua oho te reira ki te atamira hou. Tenei wā tohua te tino pokea ana o hōpara ātea. hanga e ia he astrophysics tupeke inä. He nga whātata wāhi, pōkai interplanetary o pūhohe radiation extraterrestrial. timata te reira i te ako taipitopito o te raraunga tinana o nga tinana ngā o te aorangi solar. Ki te awhina o te hangarau hou, kitea pūtaiao exoplanets me whakamarama hou, tae atu ki ngā ikarangi irirangi, quasars me pulsars.

tonu Space ki kia mahi wehe ki maha he kupu ngaro kāore. A tuatapapa i ngaru tō, pūngao pouri, mea pouri, tere te roha o te ao, me tona hanganga. I kō atu e te ariā Big Bang. Ko te raraunga e taea te whiwhi i raro i ngā āhuatanga teretetiera, tä iti whakaritea ki te nui o te mahi o te pūtaiao i roto i te hanganga.

mau tamataraa matua anga physicists teie mahana ngā rave rahi wero taketake: te whanaketanga o te putanga aronui o te ariā tō, whānui o rehe aronui, te whakakotahi ki te ariā kotahi o nga ope mohiotia katoa o pāhekoheko, te rapu hoki "pai-kita o te ao", me te he whakamāramatanga pū o te pūngao pouri me te āhuatanga pouri mea.