Oranga me te hanganga o te harore. amanita Avilable

I roto i te ngā rima kingitanga o te natura i roto i te tūranga motuhake he harore. E ratou āhuatanga rerekē e tohu ia ratou rite ahurei, i rawe ki engari tino nui, me te whai hua mo te taiao me te tinana tangata. Ka tamata Āhuatanga o te hanganga me te mahi o harore me tatou ki te whakaaro i te tuhinga, ki te matau te mea ko te ahurei o ratou.

āhuatanga

neke atu i te 100 o ratou momo no ki te rangatiratanga o te harore. A i roto ia ratou e taea te whakatau e koe he momo o puka i te tukanga o te supply:

• saprophytes;
• pirinoa;
• symbionts.

He whānui i roto i te āhua o raro ngā rauropi me te multicellular teitei hanganga raraunga, me te noho i te wāhi nui i roto i te pūnaha organic ao. Kaua e wareware harore me te tangata, kia rite ki kaiao e haere mai ana ki te whakapā ki a ratou, waho kore anake, engari ano hoki i te taumata pūtau, roto (harore pirinoa, Candida).

He wāhi nui i roto i te oraraa o te taata nui te Basidiomycetes piha motuhake, ranei blewits. I muri i te katoa, te nuinga o ratou - he momo kai whakamahia e te tangata rite te hua kai tino mō tauatini maha.

Mai i te wāhi koiora o te tirohanga, tika reira whakarongo motuhake ko te hanganga o te harore, e kua he maha o āhuatanga e hāngai ana kia rite ki ki te tipu me te kararehe kaiao. Ahakoa waho ko reira atu tata ki te rangatiratanga whakato. I roto i te whānui, i te mushroom he hanganga taiawhio tino ohie, ki te te rauropi rauropi pūtau, ngā reira o weuweu mycelium noncellular me ki sporangia me pua. Ki te korero tatou e pā ana ki te māngai teitei, i nga wahi hanganga e whai ake nei:

• mycelium (mycelium) - wahi raro;
• weuweu tuituia i roto i te wahi irirangi ki te hanga i te tinana hua;
• waewae;
• pōtae.

He ko te hunga e te hunga i te ripeka i waenganui i nga harore raro me teitei i roto i te hanganga me te ara o te ora.

whakarōpū

E 7 ngā akomanga nui ngā ki wehenga e toru taxonomy Modern. Hanganga me oranga o harore ia i to ratou ake āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga. Kia titiro tatou ratou i roto i ngā kōrero.

Phycomycetes

Ko te nuinga o enei rauropi nui - he pirinoa reira me ngā puka hamupirau e whakamahia ki te ora whakato, tika kararehe, kai, tūemi whare. Ēnei ngā toru ngā akomanga:

• Chytridiomycota - tangata o te wai hou, me te tote. Parasitic i runga i te pūkohu wai taea hoki kai decomposing saprotrophic tonu o te tipu, me te kararehe te kopa. Tohu hanganga pūtautahi. Āhuatanga o te hanganga o tenei momo o te harore - e ngā pūtau i growths maha - rizomitselii te taviniraa no te tāpiritanga ki te tïpako, me te ki te neke i roto i te tīwae wai. Māngai chytrid, monoblefarisovye, spizellomitsetovye, rauropi rizofidievye.
• Oomycetes - pirinoa tino kino o te tipu teitei, me te pokepokea ai te wai āhua. Ko te hanganga kanohi e te harore mycelium multicore kore-pūtau, uri puta na roto i te neke zoospores. Ko te aroaro o te cellulose i roto i te taiepa pūtau kōrero pātata ki te otaota ki te whānuitanga nui atu te tahi atu harore. Māngai o Phytophthora, peronospory me etahi atu. meinga kore anake wāhanga pirau o ngā tipu, engari ano hoki mate o te ora moana, i ētahi wā whakangaro kai katoa.
• Zygomycetes - nga tangata o te oneone, me te rangi, puka uaua rauropi pūtau. Ka atu kia kōrero i runga i te tauira o te māngai kanapa - Mucor.
• Gifohitridiomitsety - momo takawaenga o te hanganga me te ara o te ora e waenganui i nga Oomycetes me Chytridiomycetes.

Eumitsety

Tenei kāwai ngā puka matatau atu taepū o te akomanga e toru:

• Ascomycetes - tino i roto i te harore mahi hauora. Hanga titau mycelium, multicellular, septate me tino tino whakawhanakehia. Ka rite ki tona ingoa (marsupials), enei harore kua riro hoki peke taketake, hikinga asci ranei, e pakari pua fakasekisualé - ascospores. Ko te hanganga o te weuweu e hakari i nga pito o e kua hanga e conidia whai wāhi i roto i te uri. Māngai rewena, Penicillium, Aspergillus, me ētahi atu. mauruuru e ahau te meka e maha momo e taea ki te whakaputa paturopi.
• Deuteromycetes, harore ta'ehaohaoá ranei. Te nuinga māngai o te puninga tatau Candida e ai te taua ingoa o te mate i roto i te tangata, me te kararehe. Patua nga kopa me okana. e kore e ratou i tenei Toene psevdostrukturu anake. Nui haere, hanga chlamydospores.
• Basidiomycetes puka shlyapochnye ranei. Ka kōrero te hanganga o te piha haapiiraa harore i roto i te kōrero atu i raro.

Ritenga ki ētahi atu rauropi

Ko te hanganga o nga pūtau o ngā tipu, kararehe, harore, kua he maha o ngā āhuatanga i roto i te noa. reira i te mea tonu e kore e hopea faaoti ranei ki te tohatoha i te kaiao i roto i te pātai i roto i te rangatiratanga motuhake ranei tonu ngā ki tipu me ngā kararehe.

Ko te mea, ko te e reira e he maha o whenua i runga i nei e rite ki te hunga o otaota te harore:

1. Capacity mō te tupu mutunga puta noa te ora.
2. pūtau fungal whai taiepa pūtau matotoru, me te tipu.
3. He rite ngā tikanga o te uri: e te tikanga o pua, me ngā wāhanga o mycelia, e ko te vegetatively.
4. Ngoikore ki te neke i roto i te wāhi.
5. Absorption o tikanga ngā matūkai absorption.

Heoi, i roto i te rerekē ki te hunga e te hunga i runga i enei whenua whakaaro harore ki te raro tipu, kia hoatu he maha o taunakitanga o kore e iti iho i te ōrite o enei rauropi ki kararehe:

1. Kei roto i te taiepa pūtau polysaccharides - chitin. Ahakoa ngā te rauemi taua te exoskeleton o waimāori me etahi ngārara.
2. Ko nga hua pūkoro tinana o te harore kua kitea tohu o mua.
3. matūkai Reserve i roto i enei rauropi - glycogen, me te i roto i te tangata.
4. Na roto i te ara o te absorption o ngā matūkai he kua kaiao heterotrophic kitea chlorophyll i roto i o ratou pūtau.

Ko te kupu, ko reira kitea ai te harore katoa - ko te rangatiratanga motuhake tenei, me ona āhuatanga motuhake.

Hanganga o te pūtau fungal

Kei te kitea hoki nga ritenga i runga, me te rerekētanga ki ētahi atu kaiao ora i roto i te hanganga ki te taumata pūtau iti. Hei tauira, te pūtau fungal he maha o nga āhuatanga e whai ake nei kua:

1. Waho, kua wehea ai e te taiepa pūtau i roto i ngā tipu. Heoi, ngā matū e he wahi o tenei hanganga whakaatu e reira e nui ake ngā ōritenga ki kararehe. Wae: chitin (i roto i te tahi mau momo o cellulose), glycan, polysaccharides, monosaccharides, heteropolymers. Neke atu i te wa, ka taea e tenei hanganga ossify, piki konupūmā oxalate tote, a ka tinana mycelium waho e totoka Ahakoa te tipu kakau. I roto i ētahi wā, taupokina te taiepa pūtau kei ki te uku i runga i te waho.
2. Next ko te hanganga paerewa o te membrane wē - te hanganga wai-mosaic arā, o bilipidnogo paparanga ki hohonu, me pūmua tāmau o ngā mahi rerekē. Ko te taua rite i roto i ngā kaiao teitei, membrane mahi - ki te whakarite i te waka hohe, me te hāngū ki te pūtau me i o reira.
3. I raro i plasmalemma protoplast kei kei te miru, te karihi ki nucleoli cytoplasm hyaloplasm me organelles.
4. Miru ki te wai pūtau - ko reira he faitatau tino ki te pūtau tipu. I roto i te nui te ora-te huri me te rahi o ngā hanganga raraunga. I roto i te pūtau pakeke kua kotahi miru kōpako nui tonu ki te otinga kei roto polyphosphates, warowaihā, rāpoi organic kai.
5. Ko maha wātea i roto i te tārua kotahi te karihi, me te nucleolus. Kei ofi ange ki te pokapū o te pūtau, me te mahi mō te rokiroki me te whakawhitihia mōhiohio iranga i roto i te puka o ngā rāpoi ngota waikawa karihi (DNA, RNA). Mea faahiahia te hanganga o nga pūtau rererua o te harore e matua mā te wehewehe i te whāū pūira, engari e kore e taka tonu ki e rua pūtau constriction hake. Na reira, e taea te kitea i etahi wa i roto i te hanganga mushroom me trinuclear hanganga matua rua.
6. tohu te reira i hyaloplasm cytoplasm me pūtau organelles. Ko te reo wai warowaihā rewa whakaritea whakauru glycogen tupu microfilaments, pūtau i hanga cytoskeleton. Na roto i te organelles ngā pungaraungao, ribosomes, dictyosomes. Te kōrero e pā ana ki nga āhuatanga o te hanganga o te harore, he reira utu te whakahua lomasomah. Tenei kuao translucent, tona tūranga he kore ano mārama.

Ko te kupu, He ritenga ki e rua kararehe, me te tipu te pūtau o te harore. Heoi, ngā reira me ngā wāhanga matatau motuhake.

harore rauropi pūtau: Mucor

Māngai o te ahua kite, pea katoa. pokepokea ai White fluffy e puta i runga i te kai, huawhenua me hua, Matiu huawhenua me te kararehe te kopa - he harore o te puninga Mucor piha Zygomycota.

Waho, ki te kanohi tahanga titiro koroka fluffy. Neke atu i te wa, whakapouri reira me riro he kikorangi, hina. puta tenei i roto i te matuatanga o pua i roto i te sporangia, te wahi hei pokepokea ai kua te paari, me te faaineine no te uri.

Pokepokea ai harore Mucor he tino ohie hanganga. Tuatahi, ko te katoa o taua mea - he rauropi pūtau kotahi hanganga pūtau nui, a te reira. mycelium Just - he maha-matua, engari kahore taiepa, puhoi branched. riro tetahi te ongo o ia i te rauropi multicellular, engari ehara i te mea.

Ko te weuweu o te harore tupu poutū upwardly me te hanga e runga i te mutunga pānepata, ngā āhua ake flare, ai nga pua pakeke. Ko tētahi atu ingoa Mucor - pokepokea ai capitate. I hoatu te reira ki a ratou no te mea o tenei hanganga me te whakaritenga o ngā hanganga spore-hanga.

I muri toulekeleká maringi nga pūtau iti rawa i roto i te pakaru sporangia o ka timata ki te whaiaro germination-i roto i te puka hou. e wātea ana hoki, me te tukanga fakasekisualé - reira hua hoki pakete Mucor. Ko te hanganga o nga whekau e hāngai ana tohu kotahi āhuapūataata ranei whenu o whakahau rerekē, e kua hono ki te hanga i te whakatō kākano. Ia i muri homai Gifu hou ki pānepata, i te mea he tinana motuhake.

e kore e he hanganga pērā o te harore kia kino reira ki te tangata. O te akoranga, ka taea e te tahi mau puka meinga kararehe mucormycosis me te tangata, engari he nui ano hoki te uara pai o tenei piha. Hei tauira, he ratou ngä mahu'inga o tarukino - ramitsina. riro hoki hanga te mahi enzymatic tiketike reira taea ki te whakamahi ia ratou kia rite ki te ahurea rewena hei timata i roto i te hanga o etahi momo o wairua, tiihi, me te pera i runga i.

harore Multicellular: Basidiomycetes

He neke atu i te 31.5 miriona māngai rerekē tēnei piha haapiiraa. I roto ia ratou i reira kia rite ki te werau me symbionts. Kei roto i te rōpū tino ngā o harore kai, ka karanga pileate. tomo taua māngai o te kingitanga ki te mahi whaihua ki te pakiaka o nga rakau, hanga i te mycorrhiza pera-ka karanga - he i whiria, mätotoru o te weuweu me whakato pakiaka fungal. Ko e mo'oni, na te mahi e kore katoa māngai, engari te hunga e e kai, taka ki tenei kāwai.

blewits Avilable takoto i roto i te meka e multicellular mahia ai he etahi wahi tinana, e ko ona āhuatanga motuhake. Ko te kupu, he aboveground me raro wahi taua māngai ia.

ahua

Kei te hanganga waho o te pōtae mushroom hanga ngā āhua, waewae hua o te roa taurite me te massiveness me wahi raro - mycorrhiza arā, o te mycelium weuweu, ka ngā ki pakiaka o te rakau.

Pea katoa e kua tonu i haere i roto i te ngahere, i taea e kite ia te potae mushroom i ahuareka ai ātaahua whāki noa atu intertwining rau me te papa ngahere. White, whero, karaka, kōwhai, parauri, iti, me te nui, flavorful me meaty, reka, me te nui atu kai - kua riro enei kaiao wahi o te oraraa o te iwi, me te hanga i te wahi tino o te kai o te nuinga o ratou.

Waho, Ka taea e kite koe i te tinana fruiting anake iho, engari e taea anake te mohio ki te hanganga o te amanita āhuatanga e te wāhanga tātaritanga mohio ake me Microscopy.

hanganga tinana

Tumu pōtae mycelium (mycelium) - ko te wahi hanganga matua o māngai penei enei. He rerekē te hanganga o te tinana fruiting o te harore. 'I hono kehé, rerekē ratou i roto i te rahi me te tae, me te tahi mau āhuatanga o te potae. Roto taua waewae e pōtae - he i whiria, mätotoru o te weuweu fungal i ngā ngā.

Ko te kupu, kei te waewae rau o nga mano o te thinnest o ngā miro, whatu tata ki te hanganga whānui. I te raro pai o reira ki te mycelium, huna i raro i te whenua. Ki te tapahia e koe te mushroom rawa āta, ka taea e kite koe i te konga miro-rite ma kikokore e whakawhānui i te whenua, me te tipu ki te tumu rakau.

I te tihi, tika i raro i te potae, hipoki Stipe te ki nga toenga o tona ranei whakaiti i roto i te tahi mau momo. hanga ana tēnei āhuatanga taea reira ki te wehewehe i waenganui i ngā momo kai, me te paitini, me te whakarite me te whakarōpū ia ratou.

Ko te wahi o runga o te kakau karaunatia pōtae. I roto i te reira takoto te āhuatanga. Ko te hanganga o te amanita ki te wehe kai i ngā puka paitini. Ko te kupu, Ko te pōtae o e rua ngā momo:

• Ēnei - tohu te reira i te taha ki roto o te pereti iti i roto i nei e whakaritea me pua pakeke. Tauira o ngā kaiao volnushki, Russula, harore.
• Tube - i hanga ngongo, kitea ki te kanohi tahanga. whakawhanake hoki hanganga Raraunga pua ki te whakaputa uri. Tauira: harore pata, harore ma, ngaueue, chanterelles.

he hanganga pērā o te potae me te sporangia huaina Hymenophore. hipoki pōtae Waho ki te kahupapa, me te ngohengohe o te kiri, i roto ano hoki e tohu ana i te weuweu. Reira noa e te tae rerekē, i runga i nei e taea e koe te whakawa rite te mushroom.

Ko te hanganga o te mycelium

Mycelium - he wahi tino nui, i hanga nei e te harore. hanganga tinana he weuweu, rite kua kua matou whakahuatia. Otira mycelium - kua elongated reira pūtau multinucleated kowaiwai o tetahi uhi.

mycelium reira symbiosis tomo ki pakiaka o te rakau, me te mau i runga i ki te outgrowths rākau mitseliynym kohuke, me te wai. I roto i te hokinga mai, whiwhi te harore i te mea organic tipu, e hanga heterotrophs reira i te tikanga o te supply.

blewits Hanganga titau whakarea o pua. Heoi, te mycelium i roto i te whakapā i roto i ngā āhuatanga noa (haumākū pai, te pāmahana) e taea te hoatu ano ara ki te tinana hua hou. Na reira maia i huaina mycelium okana o whakatö vegetative.

tautohetohe

Enei hanganga iti e te hunga i roto i te puranga nui o te puehu o te tae rerekē ko te puna tuatahi o te uri o harore. Hūnga o te sporangia i runga i te potae, kua tangohia e ratou ake i te hau, me te horapa ki runga i tawhiti nui. He maha kararehe e kai harore, e kore e taea e ngaungau ratou tautohetohe, na te putanga ki te paru ki te taiao. Here momo shlyapochnye heke mai whiwhi i te whai wāhi ki te ora i roto i te take o te whakatūnga me te germination o pua. Te āhua, te rahi me te tae o aua pūtau tāutuhia te nuinga o ngā momo mushroom, tiraa ratou ki te piha haapiiraa ngā.

I roto i te whakamutunga, e hiahia ana ahau ki te mea e ngā māngai o te rangatiratanga o te harore - ko reira rauropi tino nui, e pa rauropi katoa e hanga ake te mekameka kai, meinga kino tūnguru ki mea ora, engari ano hoki homai tatou te raau ki mate maha.