Ko te ahunga matua o te kukuwhatanga. Ko te kukuwhatanga o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe

Ko te takenga mai o te ora, me tona whanaketanga i nga wa onamata maere pūtaiao. Kua tamata tonu te iwi ki te whakatata enei mea ngaro, ki te hanga i te ao, ko te kupu ake maramarama me tonutia. He maha tenetere nuinga wāhi o te tirohanga o te tupuraa hanahana o te Universe me te ora. Ko te ariā o te kukuwhatanga riro hoki te wahi o te kororia nui, me nga putanga tino pea o ora katoa i runga i tenei ao tata. Ko te tikanga matua whakatakoto e Charles Darwin i te waenganui o te rau tau XIX. hoatu te rau tau muri i te ao te rota o ngā āhuatanga i roto i te iranga, me te koiora, i hanga reira taea ki te whakamatau i te tika o te ariā o Darwin, ki te whakawhānui i te reira, ngā ki te raraunga hou. Heoi he ariā waihanga o te kukuwhatanga. riro te reira i te whakaaro katoa o te kaihōpara rongonui me nga hua o te rangahau pūtaiao i roto i ngā wāhi ngā i iranga ki rauropi.

Mai i takitahi ki te piha haapiiraa

kunenga koiora tohu te whanaketanga hītori o kaiao e hāngai ana i runga i te ahurei mahi iranga tukanga mōhiohio i roto i etahi taiao.

Ko te wāhanga tuatahi o te huringa, pea fakaiku ai ki te putanga o te momo hou - he microevolution. Taua huringa kohikohi i runga i te wā, me te mutu ake hanga he taumata teitei hou o te whakahaere o mea ora, puninga, te utuafare, te piha haapiiraa. e karangatia Mātauranga runga ake-hanganga macroevolution.

tukanga rite

taumata rua e waiwai te rere taua. Nga ope peia me te mea ha'iha'i, me te makroizmeneny he kōwhiringa tūturu, taratahi, whakapapa, rerekētanga. Ko te rerekētanga faufaa i waenganui i te tukanga e rua ko e i waenganui i ngā momo rerekē he whakawhitinga tata taea. Ka rite ki te hua, te pūtake o te macroevolution ko te kōwhiringa interspecific. Microevolution whai nui ki te hanga i te utu noa o te mōhiohio ā-ira i waenganui takitahi o te taua momo.

Ko te āhuatanga pūtahitanga me te hahiraa

Ko te ahunga matua o te kunenga taea puta i roto i te maha o puka. puna mano o te kanorau o te ora - he tohu o te hahiraa. Mahi i te reira i roto i te momo ngā, me i ngā taumata teitei o te whakahaere. ngā āhuatanga taiao me te whiringa māori arata'i ki te wehenga o tetahi rōpū o rerekē ngā āhuatanga motuhake e rua, neke atu rānei. I te taumata o te momo hahiraa e whakataka. I roto i tenei take, hanumi te taupori hou i hanga ki tetahi. I ngā taumata teitei, he tina heke te tukanga.

Ko tētahi atu puka - kukuwhatanga phyletic, kï momo panoni kahore wehe i roto i te taupori takitahi. Ia rōpū hou ko te uri o te tupuna o mua, me te muri.

Nui te whai ki te kanorau o te ora, me te hanga i te pūtahitanga āhuatanga "pūtahitanga" ranei. I roto i te tukanga whanaketanga o ngā rōpū auauhia, o ngā kaiao i raro i te mana o nga tikanga taiao taua, i hanga tinana rite i roto i te mau taata. E ratou he hanganga rite, engari te take mai rerekē, me te mahi tata te taua mahi.

E te pūtahitanga ko te tino tata parallelism - he ahua o te kukuwhatanga, ina whanake i roto i te ara ōrite i raro i te mana o te taua tikanga te rōpū te faaatea taketake. Pūtahitanga me parallelism tuwhatuwhaia raina tika pai, a ko reira maha uaua ki te ahua i te kukuwhatanga o te rōpū ngā o kaiao ki tetahi ahua ranei tetahi.

te ahunga whakamua koiora

Ko te ahunga matua o te kukuwhatanga i te aroaro tuatahi i roto i nga mahi o AN Severtsova. tapaea e ia ki te whakarato i te ariā o te ahunga whakamua koiora. I roto i nga mahi o te pūtaiao whakatakoto ana i ngā huarahi ki te whakatutuki i te reira, me te te ara matua me tohutohu o te kukuwhatanga. Ngaahi Fakakaukau whakawhanakehia Severtsova II Shmal'gauzen.

Ko te ahunga matua o te kukuwhatanga o te ao organic, taratahi e pūtaiao - he koiora te ahunga whakamua, inenga me te stabilization. O taitara e mea ohie ki te mārama me pēhea te rerekē enei tukanga i ia atu. arata'i te ahunga whakamua ki te hanganga o te āhuatanga hou e whakanui i te tohu o te urutaunga ki te taiao. faaite inenga i roto i te whakaiti i te rahi o te rōpū, me tona kanorau, ārahi hopea ki te ngaro. Stabilization tā whiwhi āhuatanga riro me ratou whakawhiti i whakatupuranga ki te whakatupuranga i roto i te tikanga ngā tonu.

I roto i te tikanga whaiti, e hūanga te rārangi matua o te whanaketanga organic, titau te reira te ahunga whakamua koiora me ona puka.

E toru ngā huarahi matua ki te whakatutuki i te ahunga whakamua koiora:

• arogenez;
• allogenez;
• katagenesis.

arogenez

hanga ana tēnei tukanga e taea ki te whakapiki ake i te taumata whānui o te whakahaere kia rite ki te hua o te hanganga o te aromorphosis. whakahere tatou ki te kitea i roto i te mea te tikanga o te tenei wā. Na, aromorphosis - te ahunga o te kukuwhatanga ārahi ki te huringa kounga i roto i ngā kaiao ora, tahi e te whakanui ake ratou matatini, me te whakanui ake i ngā āhuatanga urutau. Ko te mutunga o ngā rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga riro mahi atu kaha o takitahi, e taea ki te whakamahi hou, ngā rauemi i mua hunahia ratou. Ka rite ki te putanga, ko te rauropi i roto i te tahi mau tikanga noa i ngā āhuatanga taiao. I te taumata teitei o te whakahaere o ratou urutaunga e te nuinga o te ao, hoatu te kaha ki te whakawhanake takitahi o nga tikanga ambient.

He pai tauira aromorphosis ko ki te tahuri te pūnaha circulatory o vertebrates: te putanga o ruma wha i roto i te ngakau, me te wehenga o te tohanga e rua - nui, me te iti. āhuatanga kukuwhatanga o ngā tipu e te tupeke nui atu rite ki te hua o te hanganga o te ngongo hae me te uri. Aromorphoses arahi ki te putanga o wae taxonomic hou: akomanga, tari, momo me ao.

Aromorphosis i Severtsov ko te āhuatanga whanaketanga ngā onge. tohu te reira i te ahunga whakamua morphophysiological, e, i roto i te tahuri, tīmata te ahunga whakamua o whānui koiora, haere tahi e te roha nui o te rohe urutau.

aromorphosis pāpori

Whakaaro i te aronga o te kukuwhatanga o te tangata, kua whakaurua etahi aivanaa te ariā o "aromorphosis pāpori". E whakaritea ratou huringa ao i roto i te whanaketanga o rauropi pāpori me o ratou pūnaha, hua i roto i te matatini, urutau nui me te whakapiki ake i ngā rōpū tahi. Ko te maha o taua aromorphoses ngā, hei tauira, te putanga o te kāwanatanga, tā me te rorohiko hangarau.

allogenez

He iti i hanga, me te āhua ao o te akoranga o te ahunga whakamua koiora nga huringa. Ko ratou te faufaa o te allogenez. I roto i tenei aronga o te kukuwhatanga (titiro ki te ripanga i raro nei) i reira ko te rerekē nui ki te aromorphosis. e kore e whakanui i te reira i te taumata o te whakahaere. Ko te putanga matua o te allogenez - reira idioadaptation. I roto i te meka, tohu te reira i te huringa wāhanga, e tika ana rite ki nei te tinana ki te urutau ki etahi tikanga. Tenei aho o te kukuwhatanga organic āhei ora momo ōrite i roto i te tino rerekē ngā wāhi matawhenua.

Patu tauira o te tukanga taua - te utuafare o wuruhi. E kitea tōna momo i roto i ngā rohe āhuarangi. Ia kua he huinga motuhake o urutaunga ki ratou taiao, i te kore nui rawa tetahi atu ahua o te taumata whakahaere.

Scientists tautuhi maha ngā momo idioadaptatsy:

• i roto i te puka (hei tauira, he Waterfowl tinana kaunuku);
• tae (konei pā tāwhai, ārai me te Whaitae paruru) ;
• tupuranga;
• i runga i te kaupapa (membrane Waterfowl, manu putea rangi);
• urutaunga ki ngā āhuatanga taiao.

Rerekētanga aromorphosis me idioadaptation

whakahē ētahi pūtaiao ki Severtsov me kahore e kite i rawaka take mō te wehe idioadaptatsy me aromorphoses. whakapono ana ratou e te whānuitanga ki e te ahunga whakamua e taea te aromatawai anake i muri i te wa nui i muri i puta te huringa. I roto i te meka uaua ki te ite ki te mea hua ngā whanaketanga i roto i te kounga hou whakawhanakehia kaha ranei.

E hehema ki te whakaaro e kia mohio ki taua mea e idioadaptatsy taui āhua tinana, tupu nui whakaiti o nga tinana ranei Severtsova muimuí. Aromorphoses ano tohu nui huringa i roto i te whanaketanga embryonic me te hanganga o ngā hanganga hou.

catagenesis

Ka taea e te kukuwhatanga koiora puta me te whakangāwaritanga o kaiao hanganga. Matuatanga - te tukanga e hōloa katoa e arata'i ki te hekenga i roto i te whakahaere o mea ora. Ko te hua matua o tenei aronga o te kukuwhatanga (Ripanga whakatairite i te ara e toru i tabulahia i raro nei) ko te putanga o te katamorfozov pera-ka karanga tahito tohu ranei e e whakakapi i ngaro ahu whakamua. kia tauira o kaiao e kua haere taahiraa e hōloa noa, i tetahi werau. Hoki te wahi tino, ngaro ratou i te kaha ki te kaupapa motuhake, kua nui raweketia e ratou nga pūnaha io, me te circulatory. Ko reira he whakaaro ngā mō pai whakatinanatanga i roto i te tinana o te ope, me te tāpiritanga ki te mana e tika ana.

Ko te ahunga matua o te kukuwhatanga

	arogenez	allogenez	catagenesis
Ko te huringa matua	aromorphosis	idioadaptation	katamorfoz
Ko te ngako o te ahunga	he hua whānui i roto i te whakahaere; te whakamahi o ngā rauemi pāpāho hou; te putanga o hou akomanga, tari, momo, me kingitanga	te whakapai ake i te apa urutaunga; momo whakataunga rite ki rerekē ngā wāhi matawhenua; huringa o whēkau me te āhua tinana, e kore e hua i roto i te whakapai ake nui i roto i te whakahaere	he hekenga whānui i roto i te whakahaere e tika ana ki te whakaiti o tinana nga Ropu; te putanga o ngā akomanga hou, tari, momo, me kingitanga; te rironga o hou, engari ko te tahito tohu
tauira	te ahua o te wha-chambered ngakau i roto i ngā kararehe; whanaketanga o te haereraa bipedal i tupuna tangata; te putanga o te paparanga embryonic i roto i angiosperms	hanganga āhuatanga o te wahi pakihau ungulates ranei; tinana pātiki flat; rawa te ngutu o te manu o te taonga parakete	te putanga o suckers me ētahi atu pirinoa prisposoboeny; te ngaro o nga upoko o te mātaitai; whakaiti o te pūnaha kūnatu i roto i tapeworms

ōwehenga

e toaati nga ahunga matua o te kunenga me te i roto i te akoranga o te whanaketanga o mua tonu whakakapi tahi i te tahi. I muri huringa taketake i roto i te puka aromorphosis e hōloa ranei o te wā, ina tīmata te rōpū hou o te kaiao ki te delaminate rite ki te hua o te whanaketanga o ona wahi motuhake o rerekē ngā wāhi matawhenua. Evolution tīmata i idioadaptatsy. I muri i te wa, i te huringa putu arahi ki te tupeke kounga hou.

Ko te aronga o te kunenga mai o ngā tipu

e kore e puta tonu tipu Modern. Ka rite ki rauropi katoa, kua haere te reira i te ara roa o te whanaketanga. Kukuwhatanga o ngā tipu ngā te rironga o te maha aromorphoses nui. Ko te tuatahi o enei ko te putanga o te ahotakakame i whakaaetia whakamahi kaiao tahito te pūngao o te rā. Nāwai, ka rite ki te hua o huringa o Morphology me ngā āhuatanga photosynthetic o tetahi pükohu.

Ko te mahi i muri mai ko te whanaketanga o te whenua. Hoki te otinga angitu o te "misioni" ka tangohia e tetahi atu aromorphosis - pārōnaki o te kopa. talingelingá puta, otaota spore. I tua atu te fifi i te whakahaere e tika ana ki te tukanga o te hurihanga me te tikanga o te uri. Aromorphoses pērā i te ūhā, pata hae, a te mutunga āhuatanga te uri e gymnosperms, evolutionarily atu matatau atu spore.

Next, te ara, me te aronga o te kunenga mai o ngā tipu neke ki te urutaunga nui ki ngā āhuatanga taiao, te whakanui ake ātete ki ngā āhuatanga kino. Ka rite ki te hua o te putanga o te pepe me te tupuranga apa i hanga tipu whaipua, angiosperms ranei, he i tenei ra i roto i te āhua o te ahunga whakamua koiora.

rangatiratanga kararehe

Evolution eukaryotes (pūtau eukaryotic Kei matua whakapaipai) ki supply mana momo heterotrophic (kore te hanga heterotrophs organics mā chemo- ahotakakame ranei) ano i roto i te tīmatanga o te kiko pārōnaki tahi. riro Coelenterates tetahi o nga aromorphoses kunenga nui tuatahi i roto i nga kararehe: i roto i te kukune e hanga e e rua ngā papa, ecto- me te kiriroto. I te a tawhio noa, me kutukutu flat hanganga he uaua. E āhuatanga ratou e toru o te rau embryonic, te kiriwai. Aromorphosis tenei hanga reira taea ki te atu pārōnaki o kopa me whekau o te ahua.

Ko te atamira i muri - te hanganga o te tinana kōhao tuarua, me te wehewehe i atu i te reira ki ngā wāhanga. Annelids kē parapodium (momo tahito o te akoranga) rite te pai kia rite ki te pūnaha circulatory me romahā. Converting parapodial i roto i wahi nga raparapa, me etahi atu whakarerekētanga kua arahina ki te putanga o te momo o angawaho. I muri ratou tuku timata nga pepeke ki kaha whakawhanake i runga i te whenua e tika ana ki te putanga o kiriuhi embryonic. I teie mahana, e tino taunga ratou ki te ora i runga i te whenua.

kua hanga taea taua aromorphoses nui rite hanga he chord o te ngongo neural, te haoraora puku, me te ngakau, nga chordates momo putanga. Ngā mihi ki te maha o ngā rerekētanga mǎrû i te kanorau o ngā kaiao ora, i kō atu i te ika, mea ngokingoki me amniotes. Tata no o kiriuhi embryonic roa whakawhirinaki i runga i te wai, ka mahue ki te maroke whenua.

Kei te neke kunenga atu ki te huringa o te pūnaha reretoto. He kararehe mahana te toto. hanga taea urutaunga mo whati te putanga o manu. Aromorphoses pērā i te ngakau-chambered wha me te ngaro o te kikorangi te pūtahi o tika, te hua i roto i te whanaketanga tuakoi forebrain me uho, te hanganga o te koti me te repe mammary me te maha o ngā rerekētanga i arahina ki te putanga o whāngote. tu i roto i a ratou i roto i te kukuwhatanga o kararehe placental, a he tenei ra i roto i te āhua o te ahunga whakamua koiora.

Ahunga o te kukuwhatanga o te tangata

ako te pātai o te take mai me te kunenga o te tupuna o te tangata hou tae noa ata. Ngā mihi ki te āhuatanga o te paleontology me iranga whakatairite kua puta ke te whakaaro kua whakapumautia o matou "rakau utuafare." 15 tau ki mua predominated reira tirohanga e haere te kukuwhatanga o hominids haere te momo rārangi, arā arā o te raupapa o ngā puka atu whakawhanakehia: Australopithecus, Homo habilis, archanthropines, Neanderthal (paleanthropic) neanthropines (tangata hou). Ko te ahunga matua o te whanaketanga o te tangata, i te mea he te take ki ētahi atu rauropi, arahina ki te hanganga o urutaunga hou, te whakatairanga whakahaere.

Ko te raraunga whiwhi i roto i te 10-15 tau whakamutunga, Heoi, kua hanga whakarerekētanga nui i roto i te pikitia kē ngā. kite New me teití parakore kōrero e ko matatini atu te kukuwhatanga. Subfamily Homininae (e pā ana ki te whānau o hominids) whakamatauria ki ngā o momo tata rua rite tokomaha atu i whakaaro i mua. ko Evolution kore mau i te pūāhua rārangi, a roto e rave rahi te wā kotahi whakawhanake rārangi manga ranei, ahu whakamua, me te te pēnei ka. I ngā wā coexisted ki toru ranei wha ranei atu momo. ko tenei whāiti kanorau tika ki te displacement o te rōpū evolutionarily atu matatau o te tahi atu, iti whakawhanakehia. Hei tauira, kei te whakaaetia whānuitia te reira i teie e Neanderthals me te tangata hou noho i te wa ano. Tuatahi ko to matou matua, engari ko reira he manga whakarara, i whakakapi i te māngai atu matatau o te tangata onamata.

huringa whakamua

He pono noho nga aromorphoses matua i arahina ki te te pai o te subfamily. Tenei tūranga tika me te hua i roto i te roro. Ko te take mo te hanganga o te pūtaiao tuatahi whakahē. Hoki te wa roa i whakaaro ai e ko te reira he mehua e tika ana, e tika ana hoki te whanaketanga o tuwhera ngā wāhi. Heoi, raraunga tata whakaaro e haere tupuna tangata i runga i nga waewae e rua i roto i te wā o te ora i roto i te rakau. haere mai tenei kaha i a ratou i muri i tonu wehenga i te raina makimaki mōhio. I roto i tetahi putanga o onamata tīmatanga oho rite orangutans hou, e tu ana ki te waewae e rua i runga i te peka kotahi, me te pupuri ringa i runga i te tahi atu.

ka mau tupu roro wahi i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga. Ia tīmata tuatahi i o Homo habilis (Homo habilis), nei ako pehea ki te hanga i te taputapu māmā. Orua te tupu o te rōrahi roro ki te hua i roto i te ōwehenga o te kai i roto i te kai onamata. Habilis, āhua i ratou hamuhamu. I muri i te hua i roto i te roro i haere tahi ano hoki a reira e te hua i roto i te maha o te kai kararehe, me te whakanohonoho o to tatou mau tupuna i tera taha o te tangata whenua o te fenua Awherika. Scientists whakaaro e te hua i roto i te ōwehenga o te kai i roto i te kai e pā ana te ki te hiahia ki te kapi hoki utu pūngao, ka mahue te mahi tiaki o te roro nui haere. Īhaka, orua te wā i muri o tenei tukanga ki te whanaketanga o te ahi: e kore he kounga anake te kai maoa, engari ano hoki Calories, i roto i te tua, tino heke te wa e hiahiatia ana mō te ngangau.

Ko te ahunga matua o te kukuwhatanga o te ao organic, mahi mō ngā rau tau, i hanga nga otaota hou me kararehe. Movement ki te tukanga ki te urutau ki te huri tikanga taiao arahina ki te momo nui o puka ora. Ko te taua i runga i ngā taumata katoa o te whakahaere i te ahunga matua o te whanaketanga, rite kitea e te raraunga o te koiora, rauropi me iranga.