Kaihoahoa - he tikanga, hokohoko piiraa ranei?

Tetahi pakeke, ara rawa tawhiti i toi me te hoahoanga, tonu i te kura e matau e te kaihoahoa - he mataaro hoahoa, kaiwhakahauhau, kaihanga, te kaimahi i roto i te tangata kotahi. I roto i te rau tau XIV, kia rite ki te rangahau i te A. academician I. Sobolevskogo, kua tae mai te kupu "kaihoahoa" ki te reo tuhituhi Russian o te pukapuka Tonga Slavic. Tae noa taua wa, kaimahi, hangaia, ka hanga te hahi ki te kawe i roto i to ratou whakarakai me te peita, e kiia he kaiarahi Siasí.

Ko te hītori o te hoahoanga Russian

ka karanga te nuinga hītori o te hoahoanga te wa o te hanganga o te kohatu Russian hoahoanga o rau XI. I muri i te mutunga o te X rautau Prince Vladimir rave i roto i te whakataki o Karaitiana i Russia, tahi me timata te horapa o te haapa'oraa ki te whakawhanake i te hanga o hahi, me mau hiero. Hoki tetahi pa o Russia tahito te kaihoahoa pai - ko te tangata tino nui, e whakatau i te rahi me te ataahua o nga mau hiero me hahi, a, no reira, te taumata o te mana, me te mana e i hanga e ratou i nei utu. I mua i to tatou wa i nga mahi kohatu o te auahatanga hoahoanga i taua wa tae noa Sophia Cathedral i Kiev ko Novgorod, Chernigov Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral me te Ekalesia kuwaha o te Toru tahi i roto i te ohu o te Caves i Kiev.

Ko te putanga o te kōrero tuku iho Russian

I waenganui XI XII mo tenetere. nga kaihoahoa Russian - he matua he ākonga e kua ako tauira o Byzantine hoahoanga fakalotú, me te hanganga o tona matua, tamata ia ki te pai o ratou āheinga, kaha me taranata ki te whakaputa i ngā tātauira.

Ko te kaupapa rangatira me te hanga rahi i roto i Novgorod XII rautau, kua riro te hou "imitative." ka te hauwhā tuarua o te rau tau XII te wa ka puta a te whakawhanake ratou ake, kura toi Russian.

Whakatika noa te waenganui o te rau tau XII, te hanga o hahi kohatu me mau hiero e kore e whakahaere. I reira anake ki te haere mai ki te kaha tīmata Yuriya Dolgorukogo hanga kaha o whare karakia Karaitiana hanga o kohatu. Tona mono, Andrew Bogolyubskii, e whai ana ki te tini i te kororia o Vladimir rangatiratanga ko ano hoki he whare kohatu.

I teie mahana, e taea te tohe i te reira e i roto i te rangatiratanga i hanga Andreya Bogolyubskogo kura Russian o kaihoahoa, ko wai i muri i taea ki te whakawhānui i tōna mana i runga i toi o te tahi atu mau e kua puta ake i roto i te wā o te totohe feudal me wehewehenga o Russia.

E rua ngā kura o hoahoanga Russian

A, no te Prince Vsevolod te Nest Big, te matau o te whenua Vladimir-Suzdal i muri Bogolyubsky, i reira he āhuatanga hou i roto i nga tikanga toi, me te hangarau o nga kaihoahoa, e ka arahi ki te putanga o e rua kura o te hoahoanga i roto i te heke mai. Tuatahi, ko te Vladimir School pera-ka karanga, tonu te whakarerenga iho o te whare-kohatu ma aronui, i roto i tenei take, ki te mahi i whakapaipai whakairo matatini. Ona māngai mahi i roto i Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal ko Nizhny Novgorod. Te kura tuarua, Rostov, āhuatanga e te huinga mīharo o te pereki, me kōrero o kohatu ma. Ko tōna piri hanga i roto i Yaroslavl me Rostov Veliky.

Novgorod ko Pskov iho

I whanau tenei kura, kia rite ki hītori, i roto i te rau tau XI, i te mea kua whakaturia te whare karakia Novgorod Sofia. Heoi, ko te tipu o tenei iho rā hoki ki te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XIV - te wa o te kaha mōrahi me te te pai o te Novgorod Republic. Ko te tauira tino nui, me te nui o tenei wā ko te hahi o te Liliú i runga i ilin Street me Fedora Stratilata i te Creek.

Ko te tata rawa ki Novgorod Pskov iho hoahoanga, engari wehe i tohunga te mea ona ake peculiarities. Ko te fakatupu tino a Tūrongo, Pskov kaihoahoa - ko te hahi o St Nicholas ki te pīngongo, Basil o runga i te Hill, Kuzma ko Damian ki ka noho me etahi atu.

Architecture o te rangatiratanga Moscow

I roto i ngā rau tau XIV-XV, e kitea nui haere te hiranga tōrangapū o Muscovy, i arahina ki te tipu o te hanganga me te hoahoanga. Iho o te hoahoanga, i hanga i roto i te rangatiratanga Vladimir-Suzdal, i pai tangohia i runga i te tohunga Moscow. Ka taea te whakaaro te mutunga o te rau tau XV te takenga me te hanganga o te kura Moscow o hoahoanga. Ko tenei wā Cathedral Whatahoro o te whakaaro i runga i te pa i roto i Zvenigorod.

Orua te puāwaitanga o te kura Moscow o te hoahoanga ki te kingitanga o Ivan III, i te mutunga o te rau tau XV. Ko te kaihoahoa nui o te wa, Italian Aristotle Fioravanti hanga te whakaaro Cathedral i roto i te Moscow Kremlin.

ngā tikanga hoahoanga Russian o te rangatiratanga

Ivanom Groznym kingitanga whakatamarikitanga me panoni o Russia ki te rangatiratanga, i tangohia e wahi i roto i te rau tau XVI, kua meinga hei hiringa kaha mo te whanaketanga o ao katoa o te ora pāpori, tae atu ki hoahoanga. I tenei wa, te kaihoahoa - e kore te mea tika te kaihanga o te mau hiero, hahi me ruma rangatira tenei. Na timata ki te hanga i te pa kohatu tuatahi - te Kremlin. Ko tētahi o nga kaihoahoa tino rongonui, kaihanga o taumaihi ko Fyodor Kon, nana nei i hanga nga taiepa o te White City i roto i Moscou, Smolensk Kremlin, me te taiepa-Pafnutyevo Borowski, Boldin ko Simonov monasteries.

I roto i te tua, he wahi a Tūrongo o te mahi hoahoanga ko St Vasiliya Blazhennogo Cathedral (Pokrovsky), e, kia rite ki te kotahi putanga, i piki ki te kaihoahoa Pskov Postnik Yakovlev i nga whakahau o Ivana Groznogo.

Pita i kowhiria

ka karanga faihisitōlia Art me toi I. E. Grabar Russia te whenua o kaihoahoa. Ka taea te hāngai ana tēnei tauākī tino ki te pa o St Petersburg, kia rite ki a te emepera Pita ahau, ko nei, ki te whakatairanga i te huringa o Moscow Russia ki Europe. Ki te hanga o "Petrov tamaiti" - St Petersburg - haa amui, te taunekeneke me te whakataetae ki ia atu kaihoahoa karangatia i whenua rerekē me kaihoahoa Russian. Ingoa pērā i Giovanni Domenico Trezzini me Zhan Batist Leblon, Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli ko Johann Georg Mattarnovi tuhituhia ake i roto i te aamu hoahoanga o te pa i runga i te Neva. Pita ahau, e tino whai wāhi i roto i te hanga o te whakapaipai hou o rangatira ke, taua takiwa hoatu ratou huru na e whakaako ratou o ratou kaiāwhina Russian me ngā ākonga i te mahi toi, me te "toi", e riro ratou. ka e taha o te tuatahi taua "whaitake o" kaihoahoa kaiāwhina me te tauira Trezzini, Zemtsov ko Eropkin. I roto i te whanaketanga anō me hanga o te pa tae e taua kaihoahoa rongonui o St Petersburg rite Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (Rastrelli, tama a Charles), Antonio Rinaldi, Nikolaus Gerbel, SI Chevakinsky, Karl Ivanovich Rossi, me te ope o kahore iti iho i te kaihoahoa nui.

hei utu o te mutunga

hoahoanga Russian i runga i te mau tenetere e kore anake whakawhanakehia ana ake motuhake, auraki motu. Ko te huringa i roto i te ora tōrangapū, fakalotu, me te pāpori, te pāhekoheko me ahurea rerekē - katoa o tenei i te pānga nui i runga i te whanaketanga o te kore anake Russian ko Soviet, engari ano hoki hoahoanga Russian. I teie mahana admires te ao katoa nga mahi kahore anake o F. hoiho, Rossi Voronikhin Bazhenov me Kazakov. Kaihoahoa Vlasov, Fomin, Piasecki, Savin, a he tokomaha etahi atu ki to ratou auaha, me te pūkenga faaite te taumata tiketike o te hoahoanga otchechestvennogo.