Ika Cartilaginous, ika a Ihakara: āhuatanga, hanganga, rerekētanga

E ai ki nga raraunga pūtaiao hou tupuna o ika hou - kararehe jawless, haamana'oraa o ratou ahua - noho kē i roto i te Cambrian Early, e pā ana ki 530 miriona tau ki muri. tukua te reira i te whakaaro e kia enei mea, i kitea i roto i te tau 1999 i roto i Yunnan Province, kia te tupuna o vertebrates katoa.

I te kau, ika cartilaginous, ika a Ihakara pūkete (ray-finned me taupa) mo neke atu i te hawhe o te katoa kararehe whai tuaiwi, e noho ana i runga i te ao. E pā ana ki 31 mano momo o te whānui o ngā āhua, te rahi momo, noho i roto i te tote me te wai hou. Ko te ako o mea tawhito mahi i roto i te pūtaiao motuhake - ichthyology. Kia tatou atu taipitopito i runga i te akomanga, o ratou āhuatanga me ngā rerekētanga.

ika cartilaginous

Ko te āhuatanga matua o ngā mema katoa o te piha haapiiraa i hanga e te ratou kōhiwi o ngohe, e pae hopea e hua i roto i putunga kohuke kia pakeke nui. I mua, mo tenei take i whakaaro ratou kararehe o onamata. Heoi, mo te tokomaha o ratou angamaheni o te whanau ora, ētahi wā noa ki te hanganga o ewe ate - he te tahi mea rerekē i te ika cartilaginous ika a Ihakara tino.

I tua atu, kua ratou e rave rahi kikokiko hanganga āhuatanga. Tuatahi, ko te kore o te tōngāmimi kaukau. Na reira, E ratou ki te neke, ki te totohu ki te raro o te hāroto. Tuarua, i roto i te ika cartilaginous he kahore pihapiha me Kosi pihapiha tuwhera āhuatanga waho. A toru, hipoki katoa o ratou unahi placoid, i te mea rite ki te niho o vertebrates. Kei a ia ko apa dentin me korahirahi hipoki reira. e kore e taea te whakahokia taua unahi i roto i te take o te mate, engari ki te tupu o te ika whakanuia ana tona rahinga.

pūnaha ora-tautoko i roto i te ika cartilaginous

Āhuatanga o ika cartilaginous me a Ihakara kore e kia tino kahore whakahua o te pūnaha taketake: circulatory, kūnatu me te tahae, i roto i nei kitea te rerekētanga. Wheua ngohe kua he te tae whero toto (e tika ana ki te aroaro o te pūtoto, me ngā pūtau toto whero), whakaputaina nei e te kōateate. rite ia pūnaha circulatory e o te hanganga i roto i cyclostomes. Te taha te totoro o te tuarā i roto i te ahua o rua pouri ropu tākihi whero. ngā whēkau ika Cartilaginous o wehenga e toru e: nui, me te iti paru, tōu. Pai mō te ate, repe taiaki. Ko tino nui ko e te akomanga o ika cartilaginous me ika a Ihakara, he hanganga rerekē o te pūnaha whakaputa uri. Hoki te āhuatanga tuatahi kikiritanga ā- ki te whakaputa hua, e taea te roa ki te taiao noho i roto i te raro o te pūkākano ranei. I roto i te take tuarua, tīmata tinana o te whaea ki te whakawhanake i te ira.

Whakarōpū o ika cartilaginous

Kua wehea katoa o nga mema o ngā o te ika Cartilaginous piha ki toru superorder.

• Stingrays - ika cartilaginous (ika a Ihakara - i raro) ki te āhuatanga "papatahi" āhua o te tinana, me te pectoral nui tara tauta ki te matenga. E rave rahi o ratou i heke unahi, tetahi o nga māngai matua - manta.
• Sharks. Ika he taua āhuatanga motuhake: kua Torpedo-āhua i te tinana, elongated, heterocercal pakihau hiawero nui me te maha nui o niho i runga i te kauae. puta tetahi o nga māngai matamua o te ao, nei tupuna 420-450 miriona tau ki muri. Rahinga ngā i 17 cm ki te 20 m (whale mango - whakaahua i runga ake), te nuinga o konihi. Ia momo he tetahi whanganga te ora, engari e te nuinga o ratou roa-ora - 20-30 tau.
• Holocephali - kanohi e tetahi anake wehe - Chimeras ngā pā ana ki te 50 ngā momo hohonu pai. He tika ki to ratou ako iti tenei.

Fish a Ihakara: āhuatanga whānui

Hoki te wa roa, tae noa ki te rau tau 21 th, ika cartilaginous, i whai whakaaro mai ika a Ihakara rite akomanga e rua. Heoi, kei te hoko i te hapori pūtaiao piki noa tetahi wāhi o te tirohanga. Hei tauira, he kaimātai kararehe Kānata i roto i ana mahi ika ray-finned me taupa tautuhi i ngā akomanga motuhake, me te wheua, aua, i roto i te superclass. Ko te kanorau tino o nga tangata katoa o Faarii tenei. Kei te pakaru o ratou mangai ngaro kauae me niho kei runga, ko nga pihapiha i runga i te haurangi pihapiha, a takirua pongaihu.

Rerekētanga i te ika cartilaginous

Ko te rerekētanga tino nui i te hiroki ika cartilaginous mārama i te taitara - he tuahiwi. Ko ia i te wheua. I roto i whakaritea te kōhao i roto circulatory pūnaha, wehenga, uri, me te nakunaku. Ko hoki Tauine he huru o tetahi o e toru ngā momo: cycloid, ranei ganoid ctenoid.

Ko tētahi atu rerekētanga - te aroaro o te tōngāmimi kauhoe, kei te i raro i te tuarā, ka ki tonu i te hau e hua oko toto. A, no te whakanui ake i tona ika rōrahi ngāwari ki te mata ki whakaiti - whakahaua i roto i te hohonu.

e kore e tohu anake o ika cartilaginous me a Ihakara, engari ano hoki nga whekau whakaputa uri nga rerekētanga, kua rite kua mea. Hoki te nuinga o te rōpū tuarua ngā mema āhuatanga e kikiritanga waho, e puta i roto i te reo wai. mohiotia ana tēnei tukanga te rite whenua, koira, mai te reira i roto i te wa i whakaritea, me te e haere tahi e te whanonga āhuatanga.

actinopterygii

Ko reira numera piha tino i roto i te momo hou o ika, i reira e neke atu i te 20,000 ngā momo, e te mea e pā ana ki 95%. noho ratou pito katoa o te ao, i te moana Arctic ki te kōpae waenganui wera, ngā rahinga i 8 mm ki 11 mita, me tae te taimaha o te mau taata hau atu i te rua taranata. Te ingoa, rite koutou kia imi, e pā ana ki te hanganga o te tara takirua, kore tuaka basal. Class, i roto i te tahuri, wehea ki e rua ngā rōpū: Novoperye (momo tino whai) me osteochondral ika. He āhuatanga motuhake te hanganga muri. E ratou he tōngāmimi kaukau, engari i te wa ano, kua ratou kōhiwi nuinga titoa o ngohe. Ko te rauoro he anake pewa cartilaginous ka dismembered, nga tinana vertebral rite kore ratou e te tīariari. He āhuatanga motuhake - te torona, me te mangai o raro. He tokomaha o ratou he hī ika, i roto i ngā sturgeon (whakaahua i raro nei - hao o beluga).

sarcopterygii

piha Iti o ika, e hāngai ana i runga i te kōhiwi o te mea chord rapa. ngā ratou āhuatanga matatau me te tawhito, no te mau melo katoa ki te rua superorder hou - Crossopterygii me lungfish. rōpū e rua ngā ika tawhito. ora Lungfish i roto i te tinana wai māori i roto i Ahitereiria, ki te Tonga Amerika me Africa. Ratou e kore anake i pihapiha, engari ano hoki marama. Tenei taea ratou etahi wa, kahore te wai, me te neke noa i roto i nga wai te hāora-mauriora. mohiotia katoa 6 momo: protopter Awherika wha (whakaahua i raro nei), Ahitereiria, me te South American cheshuychatnik Queensland Lungfish.

superorder Crossopterygii

Kei te whakaaro te reira i tata ngaro. Tae noa kua tae tenei ra kotahi anake iwi - te Konohana Teikitan (whakaahua i raro nei), e rua ngā momo o te tataunga. Rua o nei i kitea ngā tata, mau te kape tuatahi i roto i te Indian Ocean i 1938. Kei te whakapono te reira e ika crossopterygian - tangata o wai māori, i te hapa hāora. I roto i tenei whakaaro, kua whakawhanakehia e ratou nga uaua i te turanga o nga tara, me te aratau rua o te kupukupu (pūkahukahu me pihapiha). tukua tenei etahi muri neke hoki ki te wai moana, me te hou te mutunga ka riro ngaro. He he nounou e te reira ika crossopterygian hoatu ara ki te piha o amphibians.

Ko te kupu, ika cartilaginous, ika a Ihakara i te maha o ngā āhuatanga motuhake. Ko te matua o ratou e kitea i roto i te hanganga kōhiwi (wheua ngohe wheua ranei), te aroaro ngaro ranei o te momo kauhoe tōngāmimi unahi, te pūnaha whakaputa uri me te tikanga o te whakatö.