He aha te mea te mahi o te pūmua whākōkī? Ko te mahi enzymatic o pūmua: tauira

Ko te mahi o to tatou tinana - he tukanga rawa matatini i roto i nei miriona o ngā pūtau whai wāhi, mano o matū rerekē. Ko reira he kotahi wāhi i te mea ti'aturi i runga i te pūmua motuhake, kahore nei e waiho tino taea te ora tangata ranei kararehe. Ka rite ki a koutou pea fifili, e korero tatou inaianei e pā ana ki te whākōkī.

I teie mahana, e whakaaro tatou te enzymatic mahi o pūmua. Ko te wāhi nui o te matūora tenei.

Mai te pūtake o enei matū he pūmua te nuinga, ka taea te whakaaro ratou e ratou. kia mohio koe e hoki kitea nga whākōkī wā tuatahi i roto i nga 30raa o te rau tau 19, te pūtaiao anake ka mau neke atu i te rau tau, i roto i te tikanga ki te tae i te whakamāramatanga atu iti iho ranei kākahu mo ratou. Na he aha te mahi whakamana e whākōkī pūmua? I tenei, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki to ratou hanganga me ngā tauhohenga o te tauira e ako koe i tenei tuhinga.

whai ki te matau, e kore e taea e nga pūmua e he paru, ara i roto i te ariā koe. pūmua flare anake hanga nehenehe o whakaahua mahi catalytic ki te faatura ki ētahi atu ngā pūhui matū waro. Ka rite ki ki pūhui tūturu katoa i roto i tenei piha haapiiraa, e tito whākōkī o ngā toenga waikawa amino. Kia mōhio e taea te whakamana i te mahi enzymatic o pūmua (tauira o e ka hei i roto i te tuhinga) anake i tetahi nei niho kauoro papatipu he iti atu i 5000.

He aha te mea he whākōkī, te whakamāramatanga hou

Whākōkī - he whakakōkī o koiora takenga. E ratou te kaha ki te whakatere i te tauhohenga, e tika ana ki te whakapā tata i waenganui i te matū hohe (substrates). Ka taea e tatou te mea e te mahi enzymatic o pūmua - he tukanga etahi catalysis o tauhohe matüora e e ahurei ki te rauropi ora. Anake te wahi iti o ratou e taea te tāruatia i roto i te taiwhanga.

Me kï reira e i roto i tenei rohe i reira kua etahi pakaruhanga i roto i nga tau tata nei. āta kua pūtaiao mai tata ki te hanga whākōkī horihori e taea te whakamahi e kore hoki noa take ōhanga, engari ano hoki rongoa. Kei te whakawhanakehia te reira i whākōkī tōtika e taea e whakangaro ara ngā wāhi iti o te mate pukupuku incipient.

Ko tēhea wāhanga o te paru whai wāhi tika i roto i te tauhohenga?

Kia mahara e, i roto i te whakapā ki te tïpako kore e ngā te tinana katoa o te pūmua whākōkī, engari he wāhanga iti noa o nei i huaina ko te pae hohe. Ko to ratou taonga matua o te kïnakitanga tenei. fakahu'unga ana tēnei ariā e te tano oreore ki te tïpako i roto i te puka, me o ratou āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū o te whākōkī. Ka taea e tatou te mea e te mahi o whākōkī i roto i tenei take, ko te rite whai:

• Ratou wai mai ki raro i te mata anga.
• He he he tetahi deformation (vahiraa, hei tauira).
• I muri i taua e whakaritea e ratou i roto i te ara motuhake i roto i te wāhi, i te neke ofi ki tahi i te tahi.

Ēnei āhuatanga arahi ki te whakatere o te tauhohenga. Na, kia hanga tatou i te whakarite i waenganui i nga whākōkī me kaiwhakakökï pararopi.

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, titau te mahi enzymatic o pūmua pū. I tahaki ka tāpiri hoki e tokomaha o enei pūmua i hoki momo motuhake. Mämä noa iho, whākōkī tangata whakauaua e tika ana mō te poaka hereni i.

ngā mōhiohio nui e pā ana ki te hanganga o whākōkī

taratahi te hanganga o enei pūhui te tonu e toru ngā taumata. Ka taea te tāutuhia e te hanganga tuatahi i te toenga waikawa amino i he wāhanga o te whākōkī. Mai te mahi enzymatic o pūmua, tauira o nei i tamau tatou hua i roto i tenei tuhinga, e taea te kawea i roto i anake i etahi kāwai o pūhui, ki te tautuhi i ratou ïa i runga i tenei pūtake ko tino tūturu.

Ka rite ki ki te taumata tuarua, whakaritea te tukunga apatoko e te tikanga o ngā momo atu o here e kia puta i waenganui i enei toenga waikawa amino. Tenei hauwai kōrero, hiko, hydrophobic, a Van der taunekeneke Waal. Ka rite ki te hua o te mānukanuka e meinga enei hononga i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te paru hua α-helix, te koropiko, me te β-whenu.

Ko te hanganga wānanga ko te hua o te meka e āhua nui wahi o te mekameka polypeptide korukoru noa. Ko te whenu hua e huaina rohe. I te pae hopea, te hanganga whakamutunga o tenei hanganga e wahi i muri noa i te ngā pūmau whakapumautia i waenganui i rohe rerekē. Kia mahara te reira e te hanganga o te rohe e haere ratou i roto i te tikanga tino motuhake i ia atu.

Ētahi āhuatanga rohe

Tikanga, te mekameka polypeptide i ai ratou e hanga e, ngā o āhua 150 ngā toenga waikawa amino. A, no te taunekeneke rohe ki ia atu, i hanga globule. Mai whakamana te mahi e te enzymatic pae kaha e hāngai ana ki runga ki a ratou, kia matau te faufaa o tenei tukanga.

Ko te rohe ano āhuatanga e te meka e waenganui i ngā toenga waikawa amino i roto i tona hanganga i reira e maha taunekeneke. Ko teitei nui hoki te hunga tauhohe i waenga i ngā rohe ratou ratou tau. Ko te kupu, ko te kōhao i waenganui ratou āhua "whakaraerae" ki ngā mahi o ngā whakarewa organic. Ko te rōrahi o te tikanga o 20-30 Āngatorōma pūtoru e take e rave rahi rāpoi wai. maha i rohe rerekē te hanganga e toru-ahu rawa ahurei, e pā nei te ki te mahi o ngā mahi katoa rerekē.

pae hohe

Ka rite ki te tikanga, kei te kei te pae kaha tino i waenganui i ngā rohe. Fakatatau ki ai, ia o nei whai wāhi tino nui i roto i te akoranga o te tauhohenga. Nā ki tenei whakaritenga o te rohe kitea nui ngāwari, nekeneke i roto i te rohe o te pūmua whākōkī. Ko te tino nui tenei, mai whakamana i te mahi enzymatic te anake aua pūhui e taea tika te huri i tona tūranga mokowā.

I waenganui te roa here polypeptide i te tinana o te pūmua whākōkī, me i mahi pehea matatini i mahi ratou, i reira te mea he hononga tika. tūranga pōauautanga tutuki e rua i hanga i te pae kaha o te tauhohenga i waenganui i te rohe catalytic me tika ki te hanganga o ngā rohe katoa hou.

Ētahi pūmua, whākōkī (tauira - lysozyme me glycogen) e taea rerekē nui i roto i te rahi (129 me 842 toenga waikawa amino, aua), ahakoa catalyzed te tauhohenga te wāhinga o here matū o te momo kotahi. Ko te rerekētanga ko e te whākōkī atu nui, me te nui e taea ki te pai te whakahaere i tona tūranga i roto i te wāhi, e whakarite pūmautanga nui me te tere o te tauhohenga.

Ko te whakarōpū matua o whākōkī

Tēnei wā whakaaetia me whānui i roto i te ao, ko te whakarōpūtanga paerewa. E ai ki a ia, tu te reira e ono ngā akomanga matua, me nga subclasses e hāngai ana. whakaaro tatou anake te taketake. Tenei ko ratou:

1. Oxidoreductases. Ko te mahi o whākōkī i roto i tenei take - whakaongaonga tauhohe pitihāoratanga.

2. Transferases. Kia mahi nga substrates whakawhiti i waenganui i te rōpū e whai ake nei:

• wae kotahi-waro.
• Tonu o aldehydes me ketones.
• Acyl me glycosyl wāhanga.
• Alkyl (rite te okotahi kore e taea e CH3) toenga.
• turanga Nitrogenous.
• Rōpū kei roto ūkuikui.

3. Hydrolases. I roto i tenei take, te mahi enzymatic ko ki piri te pūmua o nga momo e whai ake nei o pūhui:

• Hākawa.
• Glycosides.
• Hākawa, me thioesters.
• here momo Peptide.
• momo Whanaungatanga CN (anake o te peptide taua).

4. Lyases. He nehenehe o disengaging rōpū ki hanganga muri o te here rua. I tua atu, i reira kia mahi i te tukanga kōaro: hono rōpū kua tīpakohia ki te whawhati here.

5. Isomerases. I roto i tenei take, faingataa te mahi enzymatic o pūmua te tauhohe catalysis isomeric. Tenei rōpū ngā te whākōkī e whai ake nei:

• Racemase, epimerase.
• Tsistransizomerazy.
• oxidoreductases Intramolecular.
• transferases Intramolecular.
• lyase Intramolecular.

6. Ligases (te kore e mohiotia ana ko synthetase). E whakamahia ratou mo te wāwāhi o ATP i hanga etahi hononga.

He ngāwari ki te kite e he nui mīharo te mahi enzymatic o pūmua reira, kia rite ki te hunga tata ratou ki etahi mana whānuitanga katoa o te tauhohe tango wahi katoa tuarua i roto i to koutou tinana.

He aha tonu o te pūmua whākōkī i muri i te pāhekoheko ki te tïpako?

E mea pinepine, te whākōkī ko te takenga flare te pūmua, te pokapū kaha o nei faahoho'ahia e ona taua toenga waikawa amino. I roto i te tahi atu te wā katoa, i roto i te wahi pokapū mau hono ki reira rōpū prosthetic ranei coenzyme (ATP, mo te tauira), ko nui ngoikore te hononga. He whakakōkī huaina te holoenzyme, me ona morehu, i muri i tango o te apoenzyme ATP i hanga.

Ko te kupu, kia rite ki tenei whākōkī āhuatanga whakarōpūtia ki te rōpū e whai ake nei:

• hydrolase Simple, lyase, me isomerase, e kore te tikanga e roto i turanga coenzyme.
• pūmua whākōkī (tauira - etahi transaminase) kei roto i te rōpū prosthetic (waikawa lipoic, hei tauira). Kei roto i tēnei rōpū tokomaha o peroxidase.
• Enizmy hoki e te hiahiatia coenzyme houtanga. Ēnei ngā kinases, me te nuinga o nga oxidoreductases.
• Ētahi atu kaiwhakakökï, e kore e matau ano tino te hanganga o nei.

matū katoa e he wahi o te rōpū tuatahi, kei te whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahumahi kai. atu kaiwhakakökï katoa rapu tikanga rawa motuhake mo tona whakahohenga, a reira anake te mahi i roto i te tinana, i roto i te tahi mau ngā taiwhanga ranei. Ko te kupu, ko te mahi enzymatic - ko te tauhohenga rawa motuhake, i ngā roto (catalysis) tauhohenga i etahi momo o tikanga pai-tautuhi o te tinana tangata ranei kararehe whakaongaonga tenei.

Eaha te tupu i roto i te pae hohe, ranei he aha te mahi whākōkī kia tōtika?

Kua tamau mea matou e te kī ki te māramatanga o te catalysis enzymatic ko te hanga o te pokapū hohe. Ko reira i reira e te here motuhake o te tïpako, i roto i taua tikanga e nui ake kaha huru. I roto i te tikanga hoki ki a koutou matau te kawea te matatini o te tauhohenga i reira, hoatu he tauira ohie ki te tupu FERMENTATION kūhuka, he mea e tika ana i mua 12 whākōkī! Rite riro taea ngā uaua anake e tika ana ki te meka i te pūmua e rave te mahi enzymatic kua te faito teitei roa o te pū.

Ngā momo o whākōkī pū

Ko reira tino. I roto i tenei take, whakaaturia te pū te kotahi anake, i ata tautuhi momo whākōkī. Ko te kupu, pāhekoheko urease anake ki Urea. Ki te waiu reihuka rite tomo te reira i te tauhohenga i raro i tetahi tikanga. Ko te mea whakamana mahi e pūmua, whākōkī i te tinana.

I roto i te tua, e kore he pū tino nohinohi te rōpū. Ka rite ki taea te matau i te ingoa, i roto i tenei take ki reira he "ka tangohia ia" tino ki te piha haapiiraa o ngā pūhui matū waro (hākawa, tae atu ki ngā waiwaihā matatini aldehydes ranei). Hei tauira, pepsin, i te mea tetahi o nga whākōkī matua o te puku, whakaatu pū mō te tauhohenga wai o here peptide anake. pāhekoheko anake Waipiro dehydrogenase ki waiwaihā me kore laktikodegidraza wahia e tetahi atu atu waikawa Arepa-hydroxy.

tupu te reira i hoki e te āhuatanga enzymatic mahi o te rōpū ngā o pūhui, engari i raro i etahi tikanga, te whākōkī e taea mahi i runga i āhua rerekē i to ratou matua "whakaaro" o te taonga. I roto i tenei take, te whakakōkī "e whangai ana" ki te tetahi piha o matū, engari i raro i etahi tikanga e taea piri te reira me ētahi atu pūhui (kore tika ōrite). Heoi, i roto i tenei take, ka haere te tauhohenga nui atu āta.

mohiotia whānuitia hoki te kaha o te trypsin ki te mahi i runga i here peptide, engari e mohio ana torutoru iwi e tenei pūmua e rave te mahi o te pūmua whākōkī i roto i te wahi gastrointestinal, kia pai ariu ki rerekē pūhui hākawa.

I te pae hopea, i reira ko te pū o te whatu. whakarārangi ēnei whākōkī taea taunekeneke ki te whānuitanga o matū momo katoa, engari anake i raro i te huru e to ratou he āhuatanga optical pai-tautuhi. Ko te kupu, he tino rite ki te parau tumu o te mahi te mahi enzymatic o pūmua i roto i tenei take e kore ko whākōkī, kaiwhakakökï me take mai pararopi.

He aha ngā āhuatanga whakatau i te tōtika o te catalysis?

I teie mahana, e whakapono ai e ngā āhuatanga e whakatau he tohu tino nui o te tōtika o whākōkī e:

• tutonu i pānga.
• pānga takotoranga mokowā.
• Ko te ringa rehe o te pokapū tauhohenga hohe.

I roto i te whānui, e kore e te pānga o te taonga kukū rerekē i taua i roto i te tauhohe catalysis pararopi. I roto i tenei take, he kukū o taua tïpako, i te mea e rave rahi taime nui atu i te uara rite mo te tahi atu mea katoa te rōrahi o otinga i roto i te pokapū hohe. I roto i te pokapū tauhohenga tīpakongia kōmaka matū muingota e me ariu ki ia atu. Ehara i te mea uaua ki te imi e arata'i tenei pānga ki te hua i roto i te matū auau tauhohe e rave rahi whakahau o nui.

A, no te tango he tukanga matū paerewa wahi, he mea tino nui, i te mea wahi o te rāpoi ngota pāhekoheko e tutuku ki ia atu. Mämä noa iho, me tino hāngai te taonga o te rāpoi ngota i te wa o te tutukinga whanaunga ki tetahi ki tetahi. Nā ki te meka i whakamana ana i raro i te faaheporaa, ka e whakaritea wāhanga wāhi katoa i roto i te tetahi he aho, whakatere te tauhohenga catalysis e pā ana ki toru whakahau o te tahuri taua i roto i te pae kaha o te pūmua whākōkī.

I raro i multifunctionality i roto i tenei take e pā ana te reira ki te taonga o ngā wāhanga katoa o te pae kaha i te wa ano (ranei tino ruruku) mahi i runga i te rāpoi ngota "tukinotia" taonga. Ai tetahi (muingota) Kei te kore anake tika whakaritea i roto i te wāhi (kite. Runga ake), engari nui ano taui ona āhuatanga. arata'i tahi tenei katoa ki te meka e te nui māmā hoko i te paru ki te mahi i runga i te tïpako rite hiahiatia.