He aha te mea te cytoplasm? Te hanganga, hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te cytoplasm

He aha te mea te cytoplasm? He aha te mea tona hanganga, me te hanganga? He aha te mahi e mahi ai? I roto i tenei tuhinga, ka whakahoki matou i roto i te taipitopito ki enei pātai katoa. I tua atu, ka titiro tatou ki te hanganga o te cytoplasm me ona āhuatanga āhuatanga, me te kōrero e pā ana ki te wehenga o te otinga colloidal, te hanganga o kiriuhi pūtau me organelles pūtau tino.

Nga wae hanganga o te kopa katoa me ngā pūtau o whēkau. E rua ngā momo o te whakahaere hanganga

Kei te mohiotia te reira e ka hanga i nga pūtau kopa o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe katoa. Enei kōwae hanganga o nga mea ora katoa e rerekē i roto i te āhua, te rahi, me te ara te hanganga ā-. Otiia i te wa ano i ratou te mau parau tumu rite i roto i ngā tukanga ora, tae atu ka pākia, tupu me te whanaketanga, te kārangirangi me te rerekētanga. Ko te puka māmā o te ora ngā o ngā pūtau kotahi, me te whakaputa uri mā te wehewehe.
Kua Kua Kua tohaina Scientists e rua ngā momo o te hanganga pūtau o te whakahaere:

• prokaryotic;
• eukaryotic.

E ratou he rota o ngā rerekētanga i roto i to ratou hanganga. Ko te pūtau prokaryotic te ngaro hanganga matua. Kei tona pūira kotahi te tika i roto i te cytoplasm, e kore te e wehea i te tahi atu āhuatanga. He angamaheni o huakita te hanganga taua. Ko rawakore i roto i te hanganga o ngā hanganga ratou cytoplasm, engari i reira he ribosome iti. Ko atu matatini atu pūtau prokaryotic Eukaryotic. Ko te pā ana ki te pūmua tona DNA i roto i te pūira, e kua kei roto i te organelles pūtau motuhake - karihi. Kei te wehea te reira i te tahi atu organelles o te kiriuhi maiengi o te pūtau, me ngā o ngā tūemi pēnei i pūpūira, te wai karihi me te nucleolus. Otiia, i reira he tahi mea i roto i noa i roto i nga momo e rua o te whakahaere pūtau. Na whai kiriuhi prokaryotes me eukaryotes. Na te aroaro o ratou tirotiro ā-otinga colloidal motuhake, e kei ngā organelles me whakahohenga rangitahi.

pūtau Eukaryotic: te cytoplasm. Ko tōna hanganga me ngā mahi

Na, haere tatou ki te ngakau o to tatou rangahau. He aha te mea te cytoplasm? Kia whakaaro o roto i te taipitopito atu tenei hanganga pūtau. Ko te cytoplasm Ko te pūtau wāhanga tino nui kei waenganui i te matua me te membrane wē. Semi-wai, e î te reira i tubules, microtubules, microfilaments me kakawaea. Ano i raro i te cytoplasm taea te mohio ki otinga colloidal āhuatanga nei i te te kaupapa o matūriki colloidal me ētahi atu wāhanga. I roto i tenei āhua-reo arā, o te wai, me te ngā matū, me te pararopi, whakaritea hanganga pūtau, organelles, me te whakahohenga rangitahi. Ko te mahi tino nui ko te cytoplasm. mauria e te reira i roto i te rēhitatanga o ngā wāhanga pūtau katoa i roto i te pūnaha kotahi. Nā ki te tubules me microtubules cytoplasm o te pūtau mahi te mahi o te kōhiwi, me te whakarato i tētahi taiao mō ngā tukanga whaiaroaro, me te matüora. I tua atu, whakarato reira he whai wāhitanga hoki katoa o nga organelles pūtau me whakarato kaupapa. Enei āhuatanga e Ko te tino nui te cytoplasm pūtau, rite tukua ratou te wae hanganga o nga mea ora katoa ki te kawe i roto i to ratou mahi noa. Na e matau ana koutou ki ta te cytoplasm. Ka rite ki te pai mōhio o te aha te huru o te tūranga i roto i te pūtau, me he aha e te reira "mahi" mahi. Next whakaaro tatou te hanganga me te hanganga o te otinga colloidal i roto i te taipitopito atu.

He reira tetahi rerekētanga i roto i te cytoplasm o te tipu me te kararehe pūtau?

organelles Membranous, kei roto i te otinga colloidal, whakaaro taputapu Golgi, kiriuwhi, pungaraungao, lysosomes, me te waho membrane cytoplasmic plastid. I roto i te kararehe me te tipu ngā pūtau faikehekehe hanganga reo semiliquid. Te cytoplasm i roto i te pūtau tipu he organelles motuhake - te plastids. Ko ratou he tinana pūmua motuhake e rerekē i roto i te mahi, puka me te tae ngā uhi i roto i ngā tae rerekē. Kei Plastids i roto i te cytoplasm me e taea ki te neke me te reira. tupu ratou, proliferate me te hua ngā pūhui matū waro kei roto whākōkī. Ko te cytoplasm o te pūtau tipu e toru ngā momo o plastids. huaina chromoplasts kowhai karaka ranei, matomato - chloroplasts, me taekore - leucoplasts. He he tetahi āhuatanga āhuatanga - te matatini Golgi māngai dictyosome marara puta noa te cytoplasm. I roto i ngā pūtau kararehe, i roto i te rerekē ki te whakato, te cytoplasm o e rua ngā papa e wātea ana. I waho ka karanga ectoplasm, me te roto - endoplasma. Ko pātata ki te membrane pūtau, me te rua o te paparanga tuatahi - i waenganui i te mea ratou maiengi membrane karihi. tito Ectoplasm te o te maha nui o microfilaments - whenu o ngā rāpoi ngota o te pūmua actin flare. Endoplasm kei ngā organelles, granules me āhuatanga e te pokey raro.

Hyaloplasm i roto i te pūtau eukaryotic

Ko te pūtake o te cytoplasm o eukaryotes he pera-ka karanga te hyaloplasm. Ko he, te huitahi, otinga kore-kākahu hāwareware i roto i nei ngā tukanga pūkoro tinana tonu puta. Hyaloplasm (i roto i te kupu atu, te kopu) he pūnaha colloidal ki te hanganga matatini. Ko tōna hanganga ngā RNA me pūmua wairewa, lipids me polysaccharides. I roto i te roto i tonu he nucleotides nui nui hyaloplasm, waikawa amino, katote pararopi, me te pūhui o te momo Na ^- ranei Ca ^2+. Te kopu He hanganga ōrite. Ko reira e wātea ana i roto i te rua ngā rā (totoka) me te Sol (wai) e kua tuku. whakawhitinga Mutualé i waenganui ratou puta. I roto i te wāhanga wai i reira ko te pūnaha thinnest kakawaea pūmua huaina mikrotrabekulami. herea ratou hanganga katoa i roto i te pūtau. A i roto i nga wahi i reira e whiti ratou i te rōpū o ribosomes. Mikrotrabekuly ki microtubules me microfilaments hanga he kōhiwi cytoplasmic. tautuhi te reira a regulates te wāhi o organelles pūtau katoa.

matū Organic me pararopi i roto i te pūtau otinga colloidal

Kia titiro a ki te mea ko te hanganga matū o te cytoplasm? Ka taea te whakarōpūtia matū roto i roto i te pūtau ki e rua ngā rōpū - organic me inorganic. aroaro Tuatahi i roto i te pūmua, te warowaihā, te ngako, me te waikawa karihi. E te aroaro warowaihā i roto i te cytoplasm o Pālesi, di- me polysaccharides. Na roto i te monosaccharides, tioata te huitahi, reka te tikanga reka ngā huahuka, te kūhuka, ribose me te rite. D. rāpoi nui polysaccharides ngā o hukatahi. I roto i te pūtau, e māngai ratou i māngaro, glycogen me te cellulose. Lipids, i.e. rāpoi ngako, toenga i hanga o te nonireka me fatty waikawa. cytoplasm Hanganga: kua aroaro matū pararopi matua wai, e te nuinga o moni ki te 90% i te taimaha. mahi ia i roto i te cytoplasm o ngā mahi nui. Water Ko te whakarewa te ao, homai elasticity, he tika wāhi i roto i te kaupapa o matū, e rua i roto i, me te i waenganui i ngā pūtau. No nia i tonotono e hanga i te pūtake o biopolymers, neke atu i te 98% o te katoa hanganga nohoia e te hāora cytoplasmic, hauwai, te waro me te hauota. Haunga a ratou, kei te pūtau konutai, konupūmā, whanariki, konupora, māota me etahi atu. He hakari rite tīhiko me tīhiko te tai kohuke, te ōwehenga whakatau ai ratou kawatanga.

Ko te āhuatanga o te otinga colloidal i roto i te pūtau

A feruri i atu, he aha e nga āhuatanga matua o te cytoplasm. Tuatahi, he mea he cyclosis tamau. Ko te kaupapa cytoplasm intracellular. I tuhia tuatahi te reira i ka whakaahuatia i roto i te rau tau 18, te kaiputaiao Itari Corti. kawea atu Cyclosis puta noa te cytoplasm, tae atu i roto i tyazhah hono i te cytoplasm ki te karihi. Ki te mutu te motini mo etahi take - mate pūtau eukaryotic. Ko tika te cytoplasm i cyclosis tamau, kitea nei e te kaupapa o organelles. Ko te tere o te nekehanga o te kopu tei runga i ngā āhuatanga, tae atu i te marama, me te pāmahana. Hei tauira, i roto i nga kiriwaho o tere unahi riki cyclosis ko e pā ana ki 6 m / s. kaupapa cytoplasm i roto i te tinana tipu he pānga nui i runga i tona tupu me te whanaketanga, te whakatairanga waka o matū i waenganui i ngā pūtau. Ko te taonga nui tuarua ko te pokey o te otinga colloidal. rerekē te reira i nui i runga i te momo o te kaiao rānei. Ko anake ētahi pokey mea ora cytoplasm paku nui ake i te pokey o te wai, etahi, i runga i te anga ke, ki te whakatutuki i te pokey o glycerine. Kei te whakapono te reira e ko te reira ti'aturi i runga i pākia e. puta te utu kaha, te raro te pokey o te otinga colloidal. Ko semipermeable tētahi atu āhuatanga nui. Te cytoplasm i roto i tona hanganga he membrane whāiti. Ko ratou e tika ana ki te motuhake te hanganga, i te kaha ki te tīpakongia haere rāpoi ngota o te tahi mau matū, me te kore ki te mahue i te tahi atu. uruhanga whiriwhiri o te cytoplasm whai wāhi nui i roto i te tukanga o te ora. Ehara i te mea tamau puta noa te ora, te huri ki te tau me te piki i roto i te whakato kaiao ki te whakanui ake kaha te marama, me te pāmahana. He uaua ki te pe si◊aki te faufaa o te cytoplasm. Ko reira whai wāhi i roto i te ka pākia pūngao, waka o ngā matūkai, exotoxins excretion. Kei te whakaaro ano hoki te reira i te kopu arai osmotic me te whai wāhi i roto i te ture o tukanga whanaketanga, tupu me te wehewehenga pūtau. Tae atu i te cytoplasm whai wāhi nui i roto i te pītauira.

Āhuatanga o te wehenga pūtau

tini i te wehewehe tipu me te kararehe pūtau katoa. E toru ngā momo mohiotia - autaki, hāngai, me te Whakaiti. Kei te karanga a hoki ana te tuatahi amitosis. whakareatanga tītaha puta e whai ake. I te tīmatanga, "pereshnurovyvaetsya" matua, a ka te wehenga o te cytoplasm puta. Ka rite ki te hua, e hanga e nga pūtau e rua, e āta tupu ki te rahi o te matua. Ko te tino onge tenei ahua o te wehenga i roto i te kararehe. Tikanga, puta ratou wehenga autaki, arā whāū. Ko reira nui atu amitosis uaua, me te āhuatanga i roto i taua i reira te nui haere te kōtuitanga i roto i te karihi, me te rearua te nui o DNA. E wha ngā wāhanga, e te hunga kua huaina whāū - prophase, metaphase, anaphase me telophase.

• āhuatanga te wāhanga tuatahi e te hanganga o te whenu pōkai pūpūira i te karihi, pūira me te muri rite "tia". I roto i tenei wā ki reira he centrioles ki te amo, me te hanga achromatin muka te rerekētanga.
• Ko te wāhanga tuarua o te whāū pūira āhuatanga i roto i taua pūira, pa tonu mōrahi timata helix ki kia kei i runga i te kōpae waenganui ngā pūtau maau.
• I te toru o nga wā te wāwāhi o ngā pūira i roto i rua chromatids. I roto i tenei take, i te tapahia muka miro me te tamahine unuhia pūira ki amo ritenga.
• I roto i te wha o nga wā o te whāū puta pūira dispiralizatsiya me te hanganga o te kōpaki karihi huri noa ratou. I te wa ano puta te wehenga o te cytoplasm. Tatou pūtau tamahine he huinga diploid o pūira.

wehenga whakaiti moku, ki te pūtau fakasekisualé. I roto i tenei momo o te whakareatanga pūtau puta te hanganga o takirua pūira ngā. Ko te okotahi Ko kotahi pūira unpaired. Ka rite ki te hua, whakaiti wehenga ki rua ngā pūtau tamahine riro hawhe o pūira huinga. Ko te tau waenga, ko te kotahi anake pūtau tamahine. pūtau Sex ki te hawhe te maha o ngā pūira, pakari me te ahei o te kikiritanga, ka karanga wahine me tohuhema tane.

Ko te ariā o te membrane cytoplasmic

I roto i te kararehe katoa, otaota, ngā pūtau, me te ara i te huakita māmā i te kōwae mata motuhake e tauwhāiti me tiaki te kopu i te taiao o waho. membrane Cytoplasmic (plasmalemma, te membrane pūtau, wē membrane) ko te apa tīpakongia permeable o ngā rāpoi ngota (pūmua, phospholipids), e hipokina te cytoplasm. Kei a ia ko e toru pūnaha:

• wē membrane;
• matatini nadmembranny;
• submembranny musculoskeletal taputapu hyaloplasm contractile.

Ko te hanganga o te membrane cytoplasmic ko e: Kei roto te reira e rua ngā papa o ngā rāpoi ngota lipid (bilayer), taua rāpoi ngota ia kua he hiku, me te matenga. Hiku anga ia atu. He hydrophobic ratou. upoko hydrophilic a roto me ngā pūtau waho. Ko te bilayer ngā te muingota o te pūmua. Ano, Ko reira lipids asymmetrical me rerekē whakaritea i roto i te monolayer. Hei tauira, i roto i te pūtau eukaryotic e kitea rāpoi cholesterol i roto i te roto, tata ki te cytoplasm, hawhe membrane. E whakahaua tonu Glycolipids kei anake i roto i te paparanga o waho, me o ratou mekameka warowaihā waho. He mahi nui, tae atu whāiti te tirotiro ā-o te pūtau i te taiao o waho membrane Cytoplasmic, taea reira ki te tomo etahi matū (kūhuka, waikawa amino) ki ngā pūtau. Plasmalemma mahi whakawhiti o matū ki te pūtau, me te ratou putanga waho, i.e. te kōwhiringa. Na roto i te kōputaputa hohonu te wai, katote me matū rāpoi ngota iti, me matūriki makaka e kawea ki te pūtau i te tikanga o te phagocytosis. I runga i te mata o te puka membrane microvilli invagination me diverticulum, e tōtika kore anake te u, me te tuku i matū, engari kōrero hoki ki ētahi atu pūtau. Ko te kiriuhi e āhei tāpiritanga o "kotahitanga o nga mea ora katoa" ki papa rerekē, me te whakahaere kaupapa.

Organelles i te cytoplasm o te hanganga. kiriuwhi me ribosomes

I tua atu kei hyaloplasm cytoplasm organelles maha, me te mōkitokito e te hunga rerekē i roto i te hanganga. Ratou aroaro i roto i te tipu me te kararehe pūtau kōrero e mahi ratou mahi faufaa, me te faufaa. Ki etahi whānuitanga, enei mātauranga morphological rite ki te tinana tangata ranei nga tinana o te kararehe, i hoatu te whai wāhi ki te karanga ratou organelles. I roto i te cytoplasm wehewehe kitea i roto i te karu marama organelle te matatini mōtepe, pungaraungao, me te centrosome. Ki te awhina o te karu whārahi irahiko i roto i te microtubules, lysosomes, ribosomes me wē whatunga kopu kitea. ngoto te cytoplasm o te pūtau e takere rerekē, e te hunga kua huaina "whatunga endpolazmaticheskaya." Ratou taiepa membrane i roto i te whakapā ki ētahi atu organelles katoa ka riro i te pūnaha kotahi e rave te pākia pūngao, me te te kaupapa o matū i roto i te pūtau. Ko nga taiepa o enei awa ko nga ribosomes, e titiro rite pirepire iti. Ka taea te whakanohoia ratou putawa, ranei i roto i ngā rōpū. Ribosomes ngā o tata rite maha o waikawa ribonucleic me pūmua. i roto i tona hanganga hoki ngā konupora. e kore e taea e Ribosomes e anake i roto i te awa EPS, engari ano hoki noa ki te takoto i roto i te cytoplasm, ka puta ano hoki i roto i te karihi, te wahi ratou e hanga e. E huaina te huinga o takere he ribosomes kiriuwhi potakataka. I a ratou, ki te kahore ribosomes e kei whākōkī e whai wāhi ki te ariā o te warowaihā me te ngako. I roto i nga kōwhao ā o te awa pūtau he hua ururua. I te tahi taime toronga EPS vacuoles i hanga - kōwhao ki tonu i te wai pūtau me te iti membrane. mau tonu ēnei organelles pēhanga turgor. Lysosomes he hanganga iti porotītaha. E marara ratou, puta noa i te cytoplasm. Lysosomes e hanga e i roto i te EPS ranei te matatini Golgi, te wahi e ki tonu i te whākōkī hydrolytic. E hangaia Lysosomes ki ngaungau matūriki i roto i te pūtau rite ki te hua o te phagocytosis.

Cytoplasm: te hanganga me ngā mahi o ona organelles. Plate Golgi matatini, pungaraungao, me te centrosome

Golgi matatini fakafofonga'i e pūtau tipu takitahi corpuscles whakapaipai kiriuhi, a i roto i nga kararehe - tubules, mirumiru me tāke. Tenei organoid hoki whakarerekētanga matū me te withdrawal muri o te hiri ki te cytoplasm o te secretions pūtau. Te reira i kawea ano i roto i te ariā o polysaccharides me glycoproteins hanganga. Pungaraungao - te kuao kau, ko te tokotoko-āhua, filamentous ranei puka potakataka. E whāiti ratou ki te kiriuhi e rua, e ngā o te kahu rua o phospholipids me pūmua. Mai i haere kiriuhi ā o enei organelles cristae, nga taiepa o e he whākōkī. Ki te to ratou awhina, te ariā o te adenosine triphosphate (ATP). E ētahi wā tuku pungaraungao ki rite "tipu mana pūtau" no te mea te whakarato ratou he wahi nui o te triphosphate adenosine. Kei te whakamahia te reira e te pūtau rite te puna o te pūngao matū. I tua atu, pungaraungao mahi atu mahi, tae atu tohu transduction, te mate pūtau, pārōnaki pūtau. Centrosome (te pokapū pūtau) Kei te tito o rua centrioles, e kua whakaritea i te koki ki tetahi ki tetahi. Ko tenei organelle hakari i roto i ngā tipu me ngā kararehe katoa (anake harore timatanga me te raro), a he kawenga mō te tautuhi i te amo i roto i whāū. Kei te wehea tuatahi te pūtau wehewehe centrosome. ngā tenei achromatin muka e tautuhi pūira orientations kë ki te amo. tohua hoki i roto i te organelles pūtau me kia organelle whakaaro motuhake, pēnei i ngä makawe me flagella. Ano, i etahi wāhanga o te ora e taea e te reira, me te whakauru, e ko, te huānga o te wā. Hei tauira, matūkai pērā i rūrūtia o ngako, te pūmua, māngaro, glycogen, etc ...

Lymphocytes - pūtau matua o te pūnaha ārai mate

Lymphocytes - He pūtau nui no ki te rōpū o ma pūtau toto o te tangata, me te kararehe, me te whai wāhi i roto i tauhohe immunological. E wehea ratou e te rahi me te āhuatanga hanganga ki e toru subgroups:

• iti - iti iho i te 8 microns te whānui;
• reo - diameter o 8 ki te 11 microns;
• tiketike - neke atu i te 11 microns i roto i te whānui.

lymphocytes Iti mua roa i roto i te toto o te kararehe. E ratou he karihi nui a tawhio noa, taea i runga i te rōrahi o te cytoplasm. rite te niao karihi toronaihi ranei, pātata ki te taha o te matua te cytoplasm o lymphocytes i roto i tenei Huingaiti titiro. E mea pinepine i roto i te kopu kei te maha o granules azurophilic rahi iti o. Pungaraungao, nga mea timatanga pereti o te matatini me te EPS he torutoru tubules me e kei tata te kōhao karihi. E whakaritea lymphocytes Waenga me nui ahua rerekē. Ratou karihi he pīni-āhua nui iti o te pūpūira whātatahia roto i. He ngāwari ki te wehewehe i te nucleolus ratou. lymphocytes Cytoplasmic tuarua, me te tuatoru rōpū he awhi whānui. E rua ngā akomanga mohiotia o lymphocytes, te pera-ka karanga B- me T-lymphocytes. hanga i mua i roto i te kararehe i roto i mielovidnoy hinu wheua wheua. Enei pūtau i te kaha ki te hanga i immunoglobulins. Ki te to ratou awhina taunekeneke lymphocytes B ki antigens, te iteraa i te muri. T-lymphocytes mai i ngā pūtau wheua wheua i roto i te thymus (i roto i ona poro wahi cortical). Ko nga antigens membrane mata histocompatibility cytoplasmic, me te maha receptors enei i te tikanga o nei te āhukahuka o matūriki ke. lymphocytes iti te nuinga aroaro T-lymphocytes (70%), i roto i nei i reira ko te maha nui o ngā pūtau roa-ora. Ko te nuinga o te B-lymphocytes nui e noho-poto - hea i tetahi wiki ki te marama.

Te ti'aturi nei tatou i kua to tatou tuhinga kua āwhina, a inaianei e mohio ana koe ki ta te cytoplasm, me hyaloplasm plazmelemma. Ka rite ki te pai mōhio, he aha e nga mahi, hanganga me te hiranga mo te ora o te tinana o te hanganga pūtau.