He aha te mea he Sonnet? Te pehepehe, te Sonnet. Ko nga kaituhi o sonnets

heke te tino o kaitito me pā rotarota Sonnet te i te mahi o troubadours Provençal, nana nei i hanga te lyrics fakamāmani ka ko te tuatahi ki te tito waiata i roto i te ratou reo e, nui atu i roto i te reo Roma. Ko te ingoa o te momo haere hoki ki te sonet kupu Provençal - ponguru, waiata ponguru.

He aha te mea he Sonnet? Ko te hītori o te takanga

Albigensian War (1209-1229) e hipoki te tonga o France, takoha neke maha troubadours ki Sicily, i reira i roto i te 1200 i roto i Naples i te rohi pehe marae me te kaiwhakaruruhau o Frederick II, i hanga e kura whiti. Kua whai wāhi Ko tōna māngai ki te hurihanga o te Sonnet - Italian i huaina e ia SONETTO - te momo ārahi o tona mahi. fiefia kaitito Sicilian te reo Tuscan, i te mea kua i te tahuri o 13-14 tenetere i hanga te pūtake o te reo Itāriana. E rave rahi o te geniuses o te Renaissance tuhituhi sonnets: Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, Per De Ronsard, lopë de Vega, Shakespeare ... a hopoi mai ia o ratou ki te ihirangi o te rotarota, ko te tahi mea hou.

Āhuatanga o āhua

Kei Sonnet Classic o irava ma wha. I roto i te wā o te rohi pehe whiti Italian me Wīwī Renaissance tuhituhia i roto i te ahua o rua quatrains (quatrains) me rua Terzigno (te demoni), me te wā i te Ingarihi - toru quatrains me kotahi irava.

Poem-Sonnet mīharo pōto'i, ko reira na ngāwari ki te tito waiata mo reira. tutuki etahi manawataki i te whakawhetai ki te whakarerekētanga o rotarota tautāne me wahine, ka taka te ahotea i runga i te muri, me te, no reira, i runga i te haupū penultimate. kitea nga kairangahau e kei te Sonnet puāwaitanga 154 haupū, engari e kore i tenei iho haapa'o ki nga kaitito katoa. Italy, France me Ingarangi - te pouraka o toru o te puka whiti. haere mai i ia whenua - - Ko te kaituhi o sonnets kua hanga etahi huringa i roto i te puka, me te hanganga.

karauna o sonnets

Tenei ahua ngā o te rotarota ahu i roto i Itari i te rau tau 13. I roto i ona sonnets 15, me te whakamutunga, ko te kaupapa matua, me te whakaaro o te tahi atu ma wha. Hoki tenei take, kua tīmata matou mahi i te mutunga. I roto i te Sonnet ma rima ko te hoko haké tuatahi e rua nui, me te rite ki te whakarerenga iho, me te Sonnet tuatahi tika timata te aho tuatahi, me te mutunga ki te tuarua whakamutunga. No ngā iti ko te tahi atu wahi o te karauna-ruri. Ko te kotahi tekau ma toru atu sonnets raina whakamutunga o te mua tika i ki hei te raina tuatahi o te muri.

O kaitito Russian i roto i te aamu o te tuhinga ao ki te mahara i te ingoa Vyacheslava Ivanova me Valery Bryusov. Ratou e matau maitai te mea he Sonnet, na whakaatu moni i roto i te karauna o sonnets. I roto i Russia, tenei puka o te tuhituhi ahu i roto i te rau tau 18. Genius Valeriy Bryusov ko te ariki o tenei momo, ka whakarongo ki nga turanga whakapumautia. Tona whiti whakamutunga i te karauna o sonnets ( "raupapa Aue") haamata ki te rārangi:

"Ma korero ahau i reira e tika ana

Ko nga ingoa o tino ora haamana'oraa! "

, Me koe ki te noho i te tātaritanga iti ki te momo o te hanganga i atu mārama. Na roto i te iho, te tumanako whakamutunga o te Sonnet tuatahi haamata me mutu - te tuarua; tīmata te toru Sonnet te raina whakamutunga o te tetahi o mua, i roto i tenei take - "! ora nga ingoa o manatu tino" Ka taea te tohe te reira e tae Valeriy Bryusov tino i roto i tenei momo. Ki te rā, 150 tuhituhi kupenga kiia Sonnets kaitito Russian, me i reira e pā ana ki 600 i roto i te ao o te whiti.

Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374). Ko te Italian Renaissance

ka karanga ratou ki a ia te tangata tuatahi o te Renaissance, a kaiwhakarewa o philology puāwaitanga. I kuraina Franchesko Petrarka ture, meinga he tohunga, engari kihai i ora i rite ki te parau tumu o te theocentrism. haere Petrarch katoa i runga i Europe, i timata te mahi o Cardinal tona mahi tuhituhi i roto i te kainga o Vaucluse i tonga France. Katoa tona ora te tikanga ia nga papai tahito, me te pai Talafungani onamata - Virgil ko Cicero. E rave rahi o ana whiti, tae atu ki ngā sonnets, whakanohoia Petrarch i roto i te kohinga o "Canzoniere", e mooni tikanga "Tohi o Songs". I roto i te 1341 mo ona whakatutukitanga tuhituhi karaunatia ki te pare Loumaile.

Āhuatanga toi

Ko te āhuatanga matua o Petrarch - ki te aroha me te ki kia aroha, engari e kore e kia iti i taua aroha ki nga wahine, engari ano ki hoa, te utuafare, āhua. Ko tenei whakaaro kitea reira i roto i tona mahi. Tona pukapuka "Kantsonere" e pā ana ki te meatanga Laura de hou, te tamahine a te kaiaka. i tuhituhia Collection tata katoa ora me i rua putanga. Sonnets pukapuka tuatahi e huaina "hoki te ora o Laura," te tuarua - ". I te mate o Laura" I roto i te katoa, i te kohinga - 366 irava. Ko te sonnets 317 o Petrarch kitea akiakinga pae tino o te mau mana'o. I roto i te "Canzoniere" kite te kaituhi te mahi o te rotarota i karakia i te Madonna ataahua, me te nanakia. idealizes ia Laura, engari e kore te reira e ngaro ona āhuatanga tūturu. Kei te faaruru i te hero lyrical nga faingata'a katoa o te aroha, whaiāipo me te mamae, i ia ki te ofati i te taurangi mo'a. Ko te kaituhi tino rongonui Sonnet - 61, i roto i, i pai ai ki ia meneti pau ki tona aroha ia:

"Kia whakapaingia te ra, marama, raumati, haora
A te kau, no te tutaki toku kanohi i te hunga kanohi! "

Collection o Petrarch - he whakaaetanga whiti, i roto i nei faaite e ia tona haere noa i roto, me te mana motuhake i te pae varua. Kei te haere ia i roto i, engari e kore e tatarahapa i te aroha. E au ra ia ki te whakatika me te whakakororia weriweri te fenua, no te mea kahore te aroha, e kore e taea e te tangata ora. Veesi, whakaata Sonnet tenei whakaaro, a ka haere tonu te reira ki te tautoko i kaitito o nga wa i muri.

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375). Ko te Italian Renaissance

Ko te kaituhi nui Renaissance (pai mohiotia hoki tona mahi "te Decameron") ko te tamaiti poriro, na te tīmatanga i tukinotia ia ki te whakahawea, engari ka kaha te taranata, a ka mohio te rohi pehe taitamariki i. na oho mate o Petrarch Boccaccio i tuhituhi e ia he Sonnet i tona kororia, i whakaatu te impermanence whakaaro o te ora i te fenua nei.

"Na Sennuchcho ki Chino piri,

Na Dante koutou, me i mua ia koutou

Na huna aroaro faahitihia ano i a tatou. "

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho whakatapua sonnets Dante Aligeri me ētahi atu geniuses, me tino nui - wahine. ka karanga tona aroha ia tetahi ingoa - Fiametta, engari e kore te mea rite hanahana rite Petrarch, me te ake ki raro, ki te whenua i tona aroha. Ia paku ketia te momo Sonnet me whakanui te ataahua o te mata, makawe, paparinga, ngutu, tuhi e pā ana ki tona attraction ki ataahua, me te whakaahua ana i te hiahia whaiaroaro. ka mau whakama i roto i te āhua mea ataahua, me te tinihanga i tukua, Boccaccio i 1362 whakahau tapu: Dodger me te tino o nga wahine tatari te whakarau pakeke.

Per De Ronsard (1524-1585). Ko te French parare

Fanauhia i roto i te utuafare o te mau metua rawa, me te pai, e faingamālie kotoa pē mo te mātauranga pai a Per De Ronsard. I roto i te 1542, i homai e ia iti rotarota French mita whiti me rotarota, deservedly hoki i huaina e ia te "kingi o kaitito." Aue, hoki tona angitu i kino utua e ia, a ngaro tona rongo, engari kihai i waiho e ia te hiahia o te whaiaro whakapai ake-. Arā pehe tahito whakaaro ia Horace me Virgil. Per De Ronsard i arahina e te mahi o ona matua: i mohio ia ki ta te Sonnet, a whakaahuatia te ataahua o nga wahine, tona aroha hoki ratou. Te rohi pehe ko e toru muses: Cassandra Marie ko Elena. I roto i tetahi o nga sonnets, whakaae ia tona aroha ki tetahi kotiro pouri-hina, me te parauri-kanohi, a ka fakapapau'i ia e kore meinga kahore redheads svetlookie ranei reira mana'o marama:

"E ahau ora ki te ahi parauri kanohi,
E ahau kanohi hina, me te kite kore ahau e hiahia ... "

sonnets Translations whakamana e tenei kaituhi kaituhi Russian o te rau tau rua tekau - Vilgelm Levik ko Vladimir Nabokov.

Uilyam Shekspir (1564-1616). English parare

Haunga nga comedies kororia me mau ati i tabulahia i roto i te taonga o te tuhinga ao, i tuhituhi Shakespeare 154 sonnets, o ngā moni ki fakaangá tuhituhi nāianei. korerotia ana i tuhituhi ai i taua "tenei kī, ka whakatuwheratia e ia tona ngakau." I roto i te tahi mau sonnets ngā kaituhi ana wheako wairua, i i etahi tutakina, whakaari. i oti rawa Shakespeare chetyrnadtsatistrofnye whiti ki tona hoa, a he parauri Lady. Ia Sonnet he tau, motuhake rawa, na e mea ohie ki te tautuhi i te hurihurihanga o mana'o o te kaituhi: ki te i roto i te mahi tuatahi o te hero lyrical admires ataahua, i muri mai 17 sonnets inoi mo tauutuutu. I roto i te rotarota i raro i te tau 27-28, he mana'o - e kore he koa, engari he pokenga.

sonnets o Shakespeare i tuhituhia e kore anake i roto i te aroha kaupapa: ētahi wā mahi te kaituhi rite te philosopho, moemoea e pā ana ki te tahuti ore, a whakahe i te mau viivii tei. Otiia, i te wahine hoki ia - i reira te mea he tino, a he reira haumaru ki te mea i whakaritea e ataahua te ki te whakaora i te ao. I roto i te Sonnet rongonui admires 130 Shakespeare te ataahua o te whenua o tona aroha: e kore e rite ki te whetu ona kanohi, ko tawhiti te akiākinga i whakamarumaru i ahuareka o rohi, engari ta ia i roto i te irava whakamutunga:

"A ano i hoatu e ia na whakauaua,

Ko wai i roto i te whakarite timera tukuaki'i. "

Italian, Wīwī, me te reo Ingarihi sonnets: ōritenga me ngā rerekētanga

kua homai parare te huitaata maha masterpieces o tuhinga. Ka tīmata i roto i Itari i te tekau ma toru o nga rau, kua oho te taitahi iti i muri mai ki a France, a e rua rau tau i muri mai - i roto i Ingarangi. Katoa kaituhi, he tangata whenua o te whenua, e hopoi mai i roto i te puka o te Sonnet etahi huringa, engari tonu ki hei te kaupapa tino hāngai ana - io wahine ataahua, me te aroha hoki ia.

Ko te aronui quatrains Sonnet Italian tuhituhia i runga i rua rotarota whakaaetia, Terzetto hoki ki te tuhituhi rite e rua e toru ranei, a ka ko kōwhiringa te whakarerekētanga o rotarota tane, he wahine. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te aro i roto i te tumanako taea hinga rite te whakamutunga, a ki runga ki te haupū penultimate.

I roto i France, utaina he kanga i runga i te tāruarua o ngā kupu me te whakamahi o rotarota imprecise. Quatrains i tercets tino wehea i ia atu syntactically. Kaitito o te Renaissance i France tuhituhi sonnets desyatislozhnikom.

whakaurua auaha i roto i Ingarangi. mohio kaitito aha te Sonnet, engari hei utu mo o tona ahua mua, arā, o rua quatrains ka a rua TERCET e toru quatrains me kotahi irava. whakaaro faka'osi irava te he matua, a whanau te parau aphoristic ngangahau. E whakaatu ana te ripanga i te putanga tonu o o rotarota i roto i whenua rerekē.

Sonnet tenei ra

Kua pai te tipu Chetyrnadtsatistrofnaya puka irava taketake me te mahi o ngā kaituhi o nāianei. I roto i te rau tau rua tekau, ko te noa tino ko te tauira French. I muri tīrama whakamaoritia Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak sonnets o Shakespeare, he hiahia i roto i te puka Ingarihi te kaituhi. Ko te whakamutunga i roto i te tono noa i teie nei. Ahakoa te meka i whakamaoritia nga sonnets katoa i geniuses tairanga o tuhinga, tonu moni i roto i tenei momo e hāngai ana ki tenei ra: i roto i te 2009 whakaputaina Alexander Sharakshane te kohinga ki whakamāoritanga o sonnets a Shakespeare.