He aha te mea Cultural? Communication Cultural Studies ki ētahi atu sciences

I muri te pānui i tēnei tuhinga, ka ako koe ki ta rangahau ahurea e titiro te pūtaiao, e kua kitea e tona momo me aha atu pekanga taunekeneke reira. tenei katoa ka titiro tatou ki roto i te taipitopito. Tuatahi o te katoa ko reira e tika ana ki te whakatau i te tikanga, te faufaa e tatou hiahia i roto i te ariā. Cultural - he wā i hanga i enei kupu onamata: "Cultura" (Latin, iritihia rite "māra") me "waitohu" (Kariki, "whakaako"). Huri i te reira i roto i taua i te pūtaiao o te ahurea. Heoi, e kore te mea rite ngāwari katoa rite te mea te reira i mawhiti tuatahi. Ko te kupu "ahurea" He maha ngā tikanga. kia whakaaro tenei i roto i te tikanga ki te hoatu i te whakahoki oti ki te pātai: "? He aha te mea ako ahurea"

He aha te mea te ahurea?

I roto i te "Dictionary" Adelunga 1793, tenei ariā tikanga te whakahoutanga o nga mau huru morare me hinengaro katoa o te iwi tangata ranei. hoatu J. Herder ia he maha o ngā uara rerekē. I roto ia ratou Ko te kaha ki te tūhura whenua hou, kararehe; whanaketanga o te hokohoko, mahi toi, toi, sciences, me etahi atu. haka Herder te tikanga hāngai ki whakaaro o Kant, pēnei te angitu o te ahurea ki te whanaketanga o te hinengaro. Kant whakapono e te haamauraa o te rangimarie ao ko te whāinga hopea rapua e te taata nei.

National ko Ao Culture

Culture Ko te pūnaha taumatarau. Ka taea te wehewehe te reira haere te kawe. Mavahe, i runga i tenei, ahurea-motu, me te ao rānei. Ko te ao, ko te ariā o te whakatutukitanga pai o te ahurea motu rerekē me iwi e noho to tatou paraneta.

National, i roto i te tahuri, ko te kōtuitui o ngā ahurea o ngā rōpū pāpori, ngaahi kalasi, me ngā rōpū o te hapori. whakakitea tona taketake, te taketake me te mana āhua e rua i roto i te ao varua (te reo, karakia, toi, waiata, tuhituhinga), me te rauemi (te whakarerenga iho o te hanga me te mahi, rawa riko).

ahurea pae varua, me te rauemi

Kei te wehea hoki Culture ki puninga me ngā momo. Ko te pūtake mō tenei wehenga - te momo o mahi a te tangata. He he he ahurea wairua, me te rauemi. Heoi, ko te maha te noho tenei wehenga, mai i roto i te hono mo'oní vzaimopronikaemy ratou, ka e tata hono. Ētahi tohunga ahurea whakapono e etahi momo o te ahurea pā anake ki rauemi tano ore, me te wairua. tomo ratou ona pūnaha katoa. Tenei, kaiao, tōrangapū, ahurea ōhanga rerehua.

Culture me Humanism

Kua mua Culture i pā ana ki humanism, rite te pūtake mo ia - he mehua o te whanaketanga tangata. E kore ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao hangarau ranei e kore e tautuhi ratou te taumata ahurea o te hapori, ki te he te reira i reira tangata. Na reira, humanization o te hapori ko tona mehua. Ka taea te whakaaro te whāinga o te ahurea rite katoa-a tawhio noa te whanaketanga o te tangata.

mahi ahurea

Ko ratou he rota, whakarārangi tatou i reira nga mea matua anake. Ko humanistic tangata-auaha ranei te mahi matua. E hopoia hono atu mahi katoa ki reira. i taea e ara mea koe e ahu ratou i reira.

Ko te mahi tino nui o te ahurea ko te whakawhitinga o te wheako pāpori. Kei te karanga a hoki te reira i te mōhiohio, he mahi o te haere tonutanga o mua ranei. Culture Ko te pūnaha tohu matatini - anake te huarahi e i haere wheako pāpori te taata i tetahi āhua ki tetahi, i te tau ki te tau, i te whakatupuranga ki whakatupuranga. Kei te kore tāpiritanga reira i huaina te reira i mahara pāpori o te taata katoa. Ki te whati tonu te, kua mate whakatupuranga hou ki te mate o te mahara pāpori.

Ko tētahi atu mahi nui o te ahurea - āhuatanga (-hinengaro). he whanaunga tata tenei mahi ki te tuatahi. arotahi Culture te wheako o whakatupuranga maha, piki mōhiotanga o te ao, me te reira te hanga tikanga pai mo tona whanaketanga me te hinengaro.

e pā ana ture (ture) mahi e ki te whakamāramatanga o ngā momo rerekē o ngā rōpū, me ngā mahi whaiaro, me te pāpori o te iwi. pānga Culture whanonga o te tangata i roto i te ora rā, mahi, whanaunga pāhekoheko. regulates te reira i te mahi me te whanonga o te iwi, a tae noa te momo o ngā uara wairua, me te rauemi. Me kï reira e hāngai ana te mahi ture kei runga i te ture me te morare rite i runga i te pūnaha ture.

Waitohu (semiotic) - tetahi atu mahi nui. Culture - he pūnaha tohu. presupposes reira mohio o taua mea, ona ki runga ki. Rangatira ona whakatutukitanga e taea kahore ako pūnaha tohu.

Ko te tino nui hoki Axiological (o ngā uara) mahi. Culture Ko te pūnaha o uara. hanga te reira i roto i te tangata etahi takotoranga axiological me whakaaro. E ai ki to ratou taumata o te kounga me te tatou pinepine whakawa iwi o te ahurea. te tikanga he ihirangi Intelligent me morare te aro mātai paearu.

Ko te putanga o te rangahau ahurea

Me kï reira e puta ngā tata te ariā o "ako ahurea", i roto i te mutunga o 19 - wawe rautau 20. Kua timata kairangahau ki te whakamahi i te reira me ki te faaauhia. Hei tauira, E. B. Taylor, Ingarihi kaimātai tikanga me te Pēhi, hoatu te taitara e whai ake nei o te pene matamua o tona pukapuka, tuhituhia i roto i te 1871 ( "Culture mu'á"): ". Ko te pūtaiao o te ahurea" He V. F. Ostvald, he philosopho Tiamana, ahupūngao me te kēmihi, i roto i 1915 "pūnaha pūtaiao" whakaarohia ki te karanga i te huinga o te rangahau, me te ahumahi mohio o nga ara o te mahi e he āta tangata, "akoranga ahurea", ranei "pūtaiao o te ao."

Ko tenei pūtaiao haere i roto i kua tona hītori poto i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga i roto i tona hanganga, me te whanaketanga. Ko te hītori o rangahau ahurea fakatokanga'i te whakatūnga o te maha o ngā huarahi. I tua atu, miramira reira nga tauira maha, me rerekē. I teie mahana, e matau ana tatou e toru huarahi taketake i roto i nei whakaritea pūtaiao e rangahau ahurea. whakaahua poto ia o ratou.

e toru huarahi

Tuatahi, he huinga o te pekanga e ako ahurea. Tuarua, ko reira he wāhanga motuhake o pekanga pāpori-fakaetangatá. I roto i tenei tikanga, e hāngai ana tenei pūtaiao i roto i te ako o te ahurea i runga i to ratou ake tikanga (hei tauira, te rapunga whakaaro o te kaupapa ahurea). Tuatoru, ko reira he ako pūtaiao motuhake, e he āhuatanga ahurei.

ka whakaaro tatou i te tumu parau, me te ahanoa o rangahau ahurea i te tūranga o te huarahi muri.

Ko te ahanoa me te kaupapa o Cultural Studies

Ko te ahanoa o te pūtaiao - he huinga o ngā tukanga kounga motuhake, me tītohunga o mooni, i roto i ona āhuatanga matua, te āhua i roto, nga ture o te whanaketanga me te mahi o te nuinga rerekē i ētahi atu taonga o tenei mooni. Ko te kaupapa o te moni whakahuatia o pūtaiao i roto i te ako o te wāhi ngā o mooni. Ko reira mārama e taea ahurea mahi rite te kaupapa, me te ahanoa o ako. Ka rite ki te ahanoa e whakaaro ai i roto i te tikanga whānui o te kupu. Mai i tenei tirohanga, kei te maha tautuhi reira rite te huinga o ngā huarahi rerekē, me te mahi a te tangata, e kua tuku i te whakatupuranga ki whakatupuranga vnebiologicheski (i te mātauranga, me te whakangungu). Ko tūturu i roto i te akoranga ahurea, ki a ia e kore anake, engari ano hoki ki ngā tikanga ā, me reia tenei ahanoa.

Ko te kaupapa, ka i roto i te tuhinga Russian reira e 2 ngā o tirohanga. Ko te tuatahi ko te e he reira he tikanga "i roto i te tikanga whāiti o te kupu." whakahaua moni rangahau i roto i tenei take e ki te āhuatanga whānui e whai ake nei o te mahi a te tangata:

- he tohu, pūnaha semiotic (BA Uspensky, Yu M. Lotman.);

- ōritetanga i waenganui i ngā taputapu, me te māramatanga i roto i te mahi ngātahi, e ko, o tikanga pāpori (A. Ya pepa.);

- he huinga o tikanga me ngā uara (AA Radugin, NS Chavchavadze).

pā ana te tirohanga tuarua ki te kura Leningrad (Ikonnikova, Kagan, Bol'shakov et al.). E ai ki a ia, he nui hoki rangahau ahurea i roto i kore te mea rite nui te ako o te ahurea ki te whakaaro i tona ringa rehe e. He mea nui atu ki te whakaaro i te reira rite te pūnaha katoa.

Tauira (momo) Studies Cultural

Me kï reira e whakatika te fifi o te whakatau i te ahanoa me te ahanoa o ako i roto i rangahau ahurea i te pū o te ahurea, i te mea te hono i waenganui i te tangata me te ao huri noa ia. I tua atu, ko reira he ahua motuhake o te oraraa tūturu i roto i te hapori, me te takitahi. Na reira, e taea te ako i te reira i roto i ara rerekē, arā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rerekē. I teie mahana i reira he maha ngā tauira o ngā akoranga ahurea, engari e kore kua te pūtaiao kotahi ano hanga. hāngai ēnei tauira e runga huarahi rerekē, me te tikanga i roto i te ako o te ahurea. Ka taea te heke ratou ki te torutoru momo taketake. I roto i ia o ratou aro take motuhake o rangahau ahurea. tohu poto ia o ratou.

kaupapa ahurea tautuhi ana te ngako o te ahurea, me pehea rerekē te reira i te natura. Ko te mahi matua, ko te reira ki te whakamārama me te mahara ki reira na roto i te tātari i te āhuatanga tino nui, me te noa o reira. Ko te ahanoa o ako o tenei tauira ko te tūranga, mahi, me te hanganga o te ahurea i roto i te ora o te hapori, me te takitahi. I tua atu, tāutu reira ngā i roto i te kunenga mai o te ahurea. I te pae hopea, i tenei tauira heheu te take mo tona te pai, me te raruraru, piki me ngā heke.

He aha te mea te rangahau ahurea hītori? Ehara i te mea uaua ki te imi e homai ai tatou i te matauranga o te ahurea ngā i te wā ngā mua. Heoi, ko te ahua whānui tona kaupapa. Ko he, motu, ahurea ao rohe ranei e pā ana ki te wā motuhake. Tenei tauira kī te meka, whakaahua ana ona faaiteraa me ngā roto reira, i te akiaki i te whakatutukitanga tino kōhure o te taata. Ko nga mahi matua o te rangahau ahurea hītori enei.

kihai i whakaaro matou tauira katoa (rerekē). Ko Ngā Akoranga ahurea rangahau pāpori? whakaaro te reira i te ari pāpori me te ahurea, me ngā tukanga tango wahi i roto i te hapori. Tenei tauira tuatapapa i te mahi o te hapori i roto i te ahurea me te mea he katoa. Otiia e kore e anake e. Cultural Akoranga whāinga oraraa totiare ngā te ako o subcultures takitahi.

puta tatou ki te whakaaro i te tauira i muri. He mea tika ki te korero ki, me e rangahau Psychoanalytic rangahau ahurea. tūhura te reira i te raruraru o te tuakiri, e mahi rite te kiritaki me te kaihanga o nga whakatutukitanga o te ao. Ko tōna kaupapa ko te āhuatanga takitahi o te pā ana o tangata ki te ahurea, te mana āhua ake o tona whanonga fakalaumālié.

Ethnological (matawaka) rangahau ahurea tirohia nga tikanga me ngā tikanga, ngā tikanga, ngā whakapono, me ngā pakiwaitara. I tua atu, he hiahia i roto i te ara i mua i-ahumahi o te ora, hapori tuku iho me te iwi tawhito a ia.

Philological ahurea i ako i te ahurea motu i roto i pakiwaitara, tuhituhinga, me te reo.

whakaahua tatou anake ona momo taketake tauira ranei. Ko te pātai: "He aha te mea rangahau ahurea?" ka mea matou. korero matou ki a koutou inaianei e, ki etahi raupapa, me pūtaiao taunekeneke reira.

Ngā pāhekoheko ki pekanga pāpori-'ofa fakaetangata

i huaina Culture ko "natula tuarua". no tenei faaiteraa ki Democritus, te philosopho Kariki onamata. e kore te Culture riro e te tikanga koiora, engari i roto i te mātauranga, whakangungu, whakataki ki reira anake. Fakakaukau ki he founga te ngākau nuitanga o te pūtaiao pāhekoheko ki ētahi atu pekanga pāpori-fakaetangatá. Kua wehewehea katoa o ratou ki te rōpū e rua e whai ake nei:

- te hunga ahanoa pūtaiao tohaina e te roto i runga ki te ahua o ngā mahi motuhake (hei tauira, te mātauranga, rangahau whakapono, akoranga toi, pūtaiao tōrangapū, etc. pūtaiao ōhanga.);

- te pūtaiao o te āhuatanga whānui o te mahi a te tangata (oraraa totiare, hinengaro, hītori, me ētahi atu.).

Ko te whanaketanga o ngā akoranga ahurea e wahi i roto i te taha ki te rōpū tuatahi. Tenei ko matou hiahia i roto i te pūtaiao tavini rite te hōkai o te kōtuitanga whitinga. miharo ia te mea etahi tauira noa o te whanaketanga e taea te kitea i roto i tōrangapū, ohaoha, karakia me te tahi atu ao o te mahi. Na roto i ngā taunekeneke ki te rōpū tuarua tohaina te he tikanga ahurea motuhake e taea te whakamahi i roto i tetahi o nga momo me te kōtaha pāpori.

Ngā pāhekoheko ki te hītori, ka hia kē, whaipara me te rapunga whakaaro

Ūkuia te hononga o te pūtaiao me te hītori. Ko oti waho te kōrero o te whakatutukitanga ahurea o te wa, e pā ana ki te ora ahurea o te iwi e kore tetahi pukapuka matua i runga i te hītori. I tua atu, he hiahia i roto i te pūtaiao e āwangawanga ki te hia kē, kua mahi i roto i te rangahau o ahurea me te whare āhuatanga o Iwi rerekē matou. Archaeology o rauemi tonu o te ora tangata ako i te hītori o te hapori. Ko te whakatutukitanga o te ahurea - uara wairua, me te rauemi.

tikanga whaipara tangata tukua ki ako i te whakatutukitanga o nga iwi rerekē me wā. Kei te pā hoki Philosophy ki akoranga ahurea. Ko te mea o te matauranga, matapae, tikanga, whakamahia ia ariā. akoranga ahurea, me te tahi atu mau ihi, kua hiahiatia rapunga whakaaro, ki runga ki nei manga katoa o te matauranga. E tauturu te reira ki matau i te ngako o te ao, ki te aromātai i te kamupene me te taumata o te whanaketanga o te tikanga i te tetahi koki.

Na uakina ana e matou te kaupapa i kīia. I roto i te mutunga, tāpiri tatou e te kaha whakawhanake i tenei ra rangahau ahurea. Universities whakahere whakangungu ākonga i roto i tenei rohe. Ahakoa kore tohunga i roto i te mara o te tono rite, mea, i roto i te ao ōhanga, e whakaaro maha paetahi kura nui te aronga o "rangahau tikanga" rite te kaupapa matua.