Francis Bret Harte: biography, ngā pukapuka, whakaahua

Mai te mate o te kaituhi rongonui ko neke atu i te rau tau Bret Harte. Ko ana mahi i tuhituhia i roto i te 60-70-doma o te rau tau XIX noa nei he o uara mō te hapori i roto i te ao.

meka kia mohiotia i te haurongo o te kaituhi American

August 25, 1836 i roto i te State o New York i Albany whanau ko Francis Bret Harte - te kaituhi rongonui o te tuhi kiko, me te whiti. I huaina e ia i muri i tona papa ruau. mahi papa o Francis rite te kaiako o te reo Kariki i te'inisititiutí. Mai te wawe tau i aroha Bret Harte ki te pānui i ngā pukapuka. ko aroha o te mahi o ngā kaituhi pērā i Shakespeare, Dumas, Dickens, e kore awe tona mahi ia.

I roto i te 1845, ka ko ia tau 9 anake tau, mate tona papa. ka haere mai te whānau kua arahina fifi pūtea ki huringa auau o te noho. ako kaituhi i roto i te kura tae noa ki tau 13, a ka whakatika te papa'i parau ki te whiwhi i te ora, me te tautoko i tona utuafare.

Tona whaea, te rua o nga wa marena ia, i roto i te tau 1854, ka haere Bret Harte ki te ora ki a ia i roto i California i San Francisco, i reira te tōnuitanga o te wiwi koura. I roto i tenei pa, i te kaituhi ki te whiwhi i te kaiako me te rongoā, karere, me te newspaperman. Ko hoki ia he kaiako i roto i mau utuafare tūmataiti, he kairīpoata me te ki ai.

Tīmata mahi tuhi

Jobs i roto i San Francisco i te moheni California tukua Bret ki te whakaputa i o ratou kōrero mo te wa tuatahi i roto i 1856-m. E rua tau i muri mai ka haere ia ki Uniontown i rapu o te ora pai, kei te whakaritea i roto i te whakaputanga "Notern California" kaipūrongo. Otiia i roto i tenei pa kihai i noho kaituhi American roa. I ia ki te hoki atu ki San Francisco rite wawe rite 1860, no te mea o te tānga kinotia ia i roto i te kohuru o neke atu i te 50 Initia tata te paru awa.

I te taenga i roto i California timata te mahi rite te kaituhi i roto i te niupepa "Golden Era" Typewriting, a ētahi wā i tukua e ia ki te tuhituhi i ana tuhipoka. Ko te kupu, i raro i te kaituhi tuhinga anga ki te puta waitohu - Bret Harte.

No te tau toru, whai wāhi te kaituhi i roto i te whakaputanga o te nui tino i roto i te tīmatanga o 70-doma o te moheni Western American te Overland Marama ( "Overland Marama"), a ka roaa rongo. I te tau 1871 kei te mahue Gart Bret California mō te pai. haere ia i runga i te haerenga o Eastern Amerika me Canada. I roto i te ara, e homai e ia kauwhau, e hāngai ana ki te raruraru o te kāwanatanga o California.

I roto i te mutunga, i te tau o wha tekau ma rua nga tau, i mahue Bret Hart te US, a oho ki Europe. tamata te kaituhi ia ia i roto i te tūranga o te kairauhī American i Germany me te UK - i roto i te pa o Krefeld me Glasgow. Mei 5, 1902, i te tau o 66 Gart Bret mate i roto i London.

Ko te mōhiotia tuatahi

kawea World rongonui kaituhi American Francis Bret Harte reira "Stories California". I roto i tona ora, oti rawa ia mau papa'iraa kiko. okioki kaituhi i runga i meka tika e ngā aro tūmatanui whānui ki tona mahi.

Noho i roto i San Francisco, Bret Harte, nei pukapuka o to tatou wa ki te whai i te uara maere, i tuhituhi e ia ana mahi pai. I roto i te 1870 whakaputaina e ia he kohinga ui "oaoa Roaring Camp". Kei tēnei pukapuka taua kōrero: "Mliss", "Ezr Poker Flat," "Pagan Wang Li". e kore e paki, me te Päkehä pūāhua whakamahia i roto i te kōrero. Kaituhi kitea nga meka o te ora tūturu o Ameliká i roto i te wiwi koura i roto i California.

Mahi ki kore angitu

Mai taua wa, ka rite ki Bret Hart mahue California, ka anga ia ki te wheako i te whakapeka poraka o kaituhi. Otiia, he i roto i te whenua ke, kihai i whai wāhi ki te rauemi e tika ana mo a ratou mahi i te kaituhi. Ko tētahi o nga pūrākau pai o te mutunga o te kaituhi ko "Kapariera Conroy", tuhituhia i roto i te 1876. Tenei kohinga ngā taua kōrero kia rite ki "Clarence", "foundling steppe" me "Suzy". I roto i tenei wā, tukua Hart te tākaro "E rua o te Bar Sandy". Fakataha ki Mark Twain, i tuhituhi e ia he tuhinga roa "He hara". kihai i angitu ēnei mahi.

whakamoemiti Tata mo te kaituhi American tahuri ki te faaino e mura. ka mea tona hoa Mark Tven: "mate oaoa, me te harakoa Bret Harte i San Francisco!" Mai 1878, te kaituhi o "kōrero California e pā ana ki Gold Miner" i tukua raruraru hinengaro, me te pūtea. tonu ia ki te mahi i roto i Europe, e kore aufauraa i te whakarongo ki te hauora hōloa, engari i taea ki te whakatutuki angitu wawe.

mahi rongonui

riro paradigmatic tokomaha pūrākau Garth. Ko ia te kaituhi o te pukapuka: "Ko nga tramps toru i Trinidad", "Kimihia uira tonu whetu", "Esmeralda kōrero tele'a kohatu.".

Ko rongo tuatahi, me te kororia kawea te kaituhi kua te kōrero "oaoa Roaring Camp", riro nei kua rongonui kore anake i roto i Amerika, engari ano i tawhiti tua atu ona rohe. I roto i tona mahi, whakaahuatia Bret Harte te aamu hoê mana'ona'oraa e puta i roto i tetahi o ngā hapori o California i roto i kaikeri koura. parau te reira o te āhua o ara te rerekētanga o te tangata o te kainga, me te haurangi tiaki mo te tamaiti, i mahue te pani.

Hoki te wa roa no o tenei kōrero, kua ingoa hapori American Bret Harte kaituhi o te whenua ke, "American kino". Otiia ka rongonui tona mahi ki te tere maere i roto i Europa, i iritihia ratou ki reo maha.