Faaino tuhi - he aha te mea tenei? Basics, te mau parau tumu, me ngā tikanga o te tuhi faaino

mohio e kore katoa e he tuhi. сферы распространения этой дисциплины, между тем, имеет огромное практическое значение. Tautuhi i te whānuitanga o te horapa o tenei ako, takiwa, he reira faufaa nui mahi o. Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou i te reira i roto i te kōrero atu.

He aha te mea te tuhi?

, как в дисциплине, собраны многочисленные произведения. I roto i te tuhinga, pera i roto i te ako, kohia maha mahi. Hei waihanga whakamahia ratou he momo o ngā kaupapa, pakiwaitara, paetae tangata. рукописи, посмертные и прижизненные издания разных авторов, их дневников, писем, записных книг. faaino tuhi - ko te ako o tuhinga, me putanga ora murimate o ngā kaituhi, ratou rātaka, reta, pukatuhi, pukapuka. I roto i ako te ako me mahi o te pakiwaitara (tales patupaiarehe, maongoonga me pera atu.). специальная сфера филологии. tuhi Historical - ko te poi motuhake o te philology. tūhura te reira i te peculiarities o te hanga me te whakaputa mahi.

manga

Matua tuhi - ko te ako o te pakiwaitara, me ngā pūkete toi. Manga tu ia ki waho, ki runga ki te raruraru ngā rānei. I runga i tenei pūtake wehewehe wāhi:

1. Tawhito.
2. Middle ake.
3. Pakiwaitara.
4. tuhinga Eastern.
5. Works o ngā wā hou.
6. puna reo.
7. pūkete Historical.

Kei te mea te reira e kore e he momo taua o ahumahi pokanoa ki te ako o te kaute kotahi.

uara

отрасль, которая занимает вполне конкретное и самостоятельное место. faaino tuhi - ko te ahumahi e noho he wahi motuhake, me te motuhake. E āta hono ana te ako ki te tahi atu wāhanga o te philology. I roto i ngā, i te puna ariā, me te kōrero o mua whakamahia i roto i te rangahau. kawea Analysis o nga hua i roto i kore anake i roto i te āhuatanga mokowā, me te pae hopea whakawhanakehia puka. rangahau tuhi te pūtake, me te pae tino.

Hanganga o te ako i roto i Europe

отрасль, существование которой прослеживается с самых древних времен. faaino tuhi - ko te ahumahi nei oraraa taea te takina ki nga wa onamata. I roto i tenei take, ka mau tona hanganga wahi i roto i ngā wāhanga, me te kua kua tata e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te ora pāpori me te ahurea. использовались в античной филологии при корректировке, толковании и комментировании записей. tikanga tuhi e whakamahia ana i roto i te mataotao puāwaitanga ki te whakarite, te whakamārama me te kōrero i runga i ngā tāurunga rangitaki. hanga e te reira i wawe pera-ka karanga "faaino Bibilia" nui. hono Ko tōna ahua kei ki nga ingoa o Origène, whero, Celsus. I muri, te "faaino te Bibilia" āta riro te pūāhua pūtaiao. E te mau tenetere 17-19 i hanga te pūtake mo te whakataki o te tātari reo o ngā pukapuka karakia. He au hou i roto i te mahara o mua puta i roto i te Renaissance. I tenei wa, nui whakakaha hononga tuhi me ao fakaetangatá o pūtaiao. Ko te kaiwhakatū o te ngā Pākehā i roto i te New Era e whakaaro Tiamana, Reyske, Bentley, me ētahi atu Porson.

kura Tiamana

. I roto i te rau tau 19 i hanga reira he wāhi nui ki te māramatanga o te tuhi turanga. arotahi aro matua i runga i te ako o ngā mātāpuna, tautuhi i te "ARCHETYPE" o tātari ōrite o taumu'a. I whakawhanakehia Ahorangi Becker he huarahi tino ki te faaineineraa o mau papai o Greco-Roma puāwaitanga kaituhi. Muri, i mahi ia e Leopold von Ranke ki te mara nui o te rangahau o mua. kura Tiamana rite te pūtake mō te tātaritanga whakamahia te nuinga mahi tawhito.

Ko te ariā mechanistic

timata pūtaiao tuhi Contemporary ki kia hanga e Karlom Lahmanom. whakawhanakehia e ia te ariā o "hapa noa", te whakaaturanga o i tohu te takenga rite o nga tuhinga. Ko te pūtake mō te ariā mechanistic Lachmann i technique tino me whakapumautia te mau parau tumu o te tuhi faaino. kapi ia ake i runga i te whakarite ine o te huānga. Huarahi ki te pūkete tahito o te pūtaiao tukatuka tino tono ki mahi o te German Anotau. te mau parau tumu tuhi i roto i te ako o te Age New o maniusikilipi kua tomo kura Scherer, Bernays. i whakawhanakehia ngā whakaaro o Lachmann i te mahi Prague kura. Na kua ariā mechanistic kua whakahē Bedier tika ki tona ma'á-kore.

Ko te hanganga o te ako i roto i France

I roto i tenei whenua, whakarongo ki te tuhi faaino kua tupu i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau 19. I tohua te rau tau 20 i te ahua o te kura Lanzon me te mahi kaha o te Paris Institute. I roto i 1970-doma. puta France a i te whakawhanake kaha i te aronga hou - he faaino ira. riro te reira i te pokapū matua o Paris Institute o tuhinga, me ngā tuhinga hou. Ko te pūtake taumauri o te kura ko te ariā o te ngä. Te reira i te nuinga whakamārama te tūranga o te faaino ira. I tenei wā, whakatakoto matou pātai matua e tirotiro tuhi hou. Ko tenei matua te take, ngā pūkete kaupapa, te tākaro wāhanga katoa o hanga o te mahi i roto i te tukanga o te tuhituhi. kihai i nga kairangahau hoatu tetahi hiahia ki te putanga kotahi. e kore e piri whakapono e he painga i runga i te tauira taketake papa'i o te kaituhi tata. i titiro ratou ratou rite wāhanga rerekē o te hanga.

onäianei

Me kï hoki te pū o e ko te tukanga o te hanga o te mahi, tona hītori. в рамках генетической критики существенно расширяет сферу исследования. faaino tuhi i roto i te anga o te ira tino i whakawhanui te hōkai o te ako. E pā ana te reira ki te ngako o te tukanga tuhituhi. Tenei, i roto i te tahuri, tauturu ki te whakapiki ake i te tauine faaino iranga o te ahanoa. Kei te whakahaua te reira i roto i tenei take ko te kuputuhi i roto i te āhuatanga tuhituhi kuiti kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te tikanga whānui. fakahu'unga tenei he huinga mooni o pekanga rerekē. I roto ia ratou hītori, me wetereo, me te rongoā, me te hinengaro, me te pāngarau. Ko te ako o ngā momo puāwaitanga o hou wā toi, he nui, engari iti fakaanga ira.

faaino tuhi i roto i Russia

Works hanga i roto i te 11-17 senituli, te nuinga kanohi i roto i te puka o tuhinga. Tenei meka këtia te āhuatanga matua o te hanga, oraraa, me horahia o maha urupa o tuhinga Russian. He ko hoki etahi raruraru o tuhi faaino. Tuhianō nga pukapuka e te taniwha, arahi ki te mate o te pūmautanga o te whakaaturanga, ki te tapaea nga putanga hou katoa. Ko te roa ko te oraraa o te hua, te atu i tukatuka reira. kitea nga putanga hou pūkenga fakaehikí (ranei kore ona), reka toi, titauraa o te ora. He wā i roto i nei anga ki te whakawhanake i tuhi - he 16-17 tenetere. ka mau ako kaha wahi i roto i enei rau tau, systematization me te whakaahuatanga o maniusikilipi.

te wa o Pita

I roto i tenei wā, utua whakarongo motuhake i ki te tuhinga Russian Old. Kei te mohiotia te reira e raro i te ture o 1722 whakahau te kingi ki te kohikohi me te kawe mai ki lēkooti Petersburg, chronographs, pukapuka mana. I te 1724 ka whakapumautia ai e te Academy o Sciences. Mai i taua wa i timata ai te reira ako kaha o urupa onamata. whai nui ki te ako o te tuhinga i hanga Schletzer me Miller.

he atamira hou

I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 18 ka timata te mahi editsionno-tuhi nahanaha. Ko te kaupae tuatahi i roto i tenei aronga ko te whakaputanga o "parau mau Russian" lēkooti Nestor. I hanga Novikov kohinga, i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki 300 kaituhi i nga wa onamata. He wā hou ai te whanaketanga o te manatārua timatanga. whakatutukitanga Editsionnye i roto i te ahurea pukapuka Pākehā, tona huarahi me te tohungatanga kua whakamahia i roto i te mau papai o nga mahi o Feofana Prokopovicha, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Cantemir.

rau tau 19

i tohua e te whakapai ake o te huarahi tuhi nga tekau tau tuatahi o te rau tau XIX. Methods tono nui taonga ako rārangi pukapuka, me te bibliographical o puna onamata. I roto i te tahuri, te nuinga o te awe tenei tukanga i te putanga o te pakiwaitara - te tukatuka o ngā pūkete o auahatanga-waha o te iwi. Ko te pātai o te tuakiri ahurea i roto i ona faaiteraa ngā, tomo i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā kaupapa o pūtaiao rangahau o te Te Tai Rāwhiti, Makarov, Bourne. , возникали новые определения. Te whakapai ake i te ariā taketake o te tuhi faaino, i reira nga whakamāramatanga hou.

Ko te putanga o "te aronga o te ore te"

I roto i te wawe 30-doma. rau tau 19 he kura hou. Ona whakaaro i te nuinga e pā ana ki Schlozer whakaaro. Ka rite ki upoko o te "kura taetuí" hanga Kachenovsky. hāngai ana tona huarahi i runga i te whakaaro e taea whakapono koe e kore whakaatu katoa o puna onamata. i herekore me te kororia, me nga ngoikoretanga kitea tēnei māna. whakaaro Critical arahina Kachenovsky tikanga whakapai whakamahia i roto i te ako o ngā mātāpuna kōrero. Ko te taunga ki te aro mātai i te meka i roto i ngā o te tika ā-me te ōrite ki te ture whānui o te whanaketanga o mua ia. Heoi, i tiaki kaitautoko o te kura ki te whakakāhoretanga o te wā Kiev anake no te korerotanga o te rauemi tiaki i roto i ngā mātāpuna i muri mai.

whakatata Pogodin

whakawhanakehia tenei kairangahau nga whakaaro Schlozer tono ki puna toi. tohe Pogodin i te ako o putanga katoa o te kuputuhi, mā te whakamahi i te tikanga o te faaauraa. i taea e ki te whakamatau i te hape o te tau nui o kitenga motuhake o "taunu" ia. I roto i te ako whakamahia Pogodin te tātari o tūkunga hītori motu, me te whānui o te tupu, oraraa, me te tohatoha o te hua. Tona huarahi, i roto i te tahuri, kua whakawhanakehia Buslaev.

kura pūrākau

Ko te māngai nui whakahuatia i runga ake Buslaev. whakawhanakehia e ia te whakaaro o te tonu o te reo, me te iwi pakiwaitara, ngā pūrākau. i whakaaro tona tuhinga pera te wheako tuatahi o wetereo whakatairite me te hītori ki tao'a tahito kupu Slavic. ka whakaaturia muri Buslaev ana whakaaro katoa i roto i te mahi e rua-rōrahi taketake.

19-20 senituli.

Ki te nui haere te moni o kairangahau ki puna i muri i runga i te wā. Haamata hua huarahi hītori ki te tuku iho tuhituhi 18 me 19 senituli. Ko te wa tuatahi e mo te whakapai ake o te ahurea ā-motu i roto i ngā āhuatanga hou, ko te mea e tika ana ki te kawe i roto i "te tātari arohaehae o ngā pukapuka, mahi mātakitaki ā-tau, me te takitahi i te katoa," ko te korero o te parae. i haere tonu te nuinga o ana whakaaro i roto i te mahi o Belinsky. Te whakamahere i roto i te 1841, ka kua wāhanga whakatinana mahi whakamutunga kua arotahi ki runga i te pato'iraa huarahi herenga rerehua ki mahi takitahi o te tirohanga hou o te ai'a katoa o te kaituhi i roto i te raupapa wā, me te tini auaha.

ahurea Editsionnaya

Kua tino tipu te reira me te rau tau pokapū o-19, tae he taumata tiketike. I roto i te ara maha, wāhi tenei ki te hanga i te whakahaere o te mahi mātauranga i runga i te whakaputanga o mahi. Ko te mahi i runga i te whakaputanga o urupa o onamata me te hurihuri whai mahuinga a no Tikhonravov Buslaev. hanga ana e ratou he tauira mo te ahua o te wa o ratou tānga pūtaiao. Kua whakawhanakehia Veselovsky he huarahi hou ki ngā akoranga Philological. Ko o faufaa nui mo te whanaketanga o te tikanga tātari tuhi.

ngohe Annenkov

I te wā wawe o te whanaketanga o te tuhi tohutoro pūtaiao kāinga ki puna whakaputaina o teie tau tuhia reira etahi whakaaro faahua akonga puāwaitanga. Maoro, Heoi, kua timata kairangahau ki te kitea ratou ake tikanga. Ko e tika ana ki te tuku o te raupapa o mahi pūtaiao, me te tino tenei. I roto i te 1851 tīmata Annenkov whakangungu tetahi o ratou. Ko te kairangahau whakahaere ako tuhi o tuhinga a Pushkin. I roto i te whakarara, kua hanga e ia he mahi i roto i i kohia e ia rauemi mo te haurongo o te rohi pehe. ka rua o enei mahi wahi o te ako whānui. mauruuru Innovation Annenkov Nekrasov, Turgenev, Dob, Chernyshevsky me etahi atu.

Te whakapai ake huarahi

I runga i ngā taunakitanga, ako nga kairangahau i te whānui o te auahatanga tuhituhi ngā. Tenei mahi kitea mai i te rau tau waenganui-19, hua hua sino. Ko te hiahia mo te pono, rārangi pukapuka, te whanaketanga o te puna ai te putanga me te whanaketanga angitu o te aronga hou i roto i te ako. timata ngā kairangahau i roto i te ara hou ki te kite i te uara o te rārangi pukapuka. Mintslov, i roto i ngā, i tuhituhi e waho te mahi tuatahi e taea ki te whakaahua i te hītori o te tuhinga. A, i waho taua mea, i roto i te tahuri, kahore rangahau taketake taea kore e angitu.

āhuatanga systematization

Te rapunga manatoko meka ratou tapeke hītori kura i hanga huarahi tino, arahina Maikov ko Saytovym. Ko te tuatahi whakaaro ia ia he akonga Sreznevsky. Na roto i te mau tautooraa o enei pūtaiao i whakaputaina he kohinga o tuhinga Batiushkov. I roto i te heke mai, te whakaaro o te kura i roto i te ahunga o ngā rapunga pūranga, te whakahiato haurongo, mahi ki puna i whakawhanakehia Modzalevsky. i hanga e ia te rongonui kāri-taupū, e ngā 165 mano. Cards. Kei te puritia te reira i roto i te Whare Pushkin, i roto i te Tari o Manuscripts. Ngā tuhia hoki tona takoha ki te ako o nga Decembrists. Te paetae teitei i roto i te akoranga Pushkin mātauranga e whakaaro e ratou e whakamārama ana putanga o "Pushkin. Diary", "Pushkin. Letters". Systematization o te rauemi putu e kua i roto i te rangahau Philological i runga i te hītori o te tuhinga Russian o 19-20 rau tau., Foaki he nui nui o te mōhiohio tohutoro. I roto i a ratou, i roto i era atu mea, i reira e mahi Vengerov, Mezieres taketake mahi. te mau parau tumu matua o te tuhi puāwaitanga motu kupu i hanga e te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20. I hāngai ratou i runga i kē ngā i taua wa editsionnom wheako rahi me te arotake tino o nga whakaaro o te parau haapiiraa formalist Western.

wā hou

Na roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, i kitea St Petersburg Academy o Pūtaiao rite te pokapū o ako tuhi. hanga e te reira i ngā kura ārahi rua. ahu tetahi Shakhmatov tetahi - Parehe. Ēnei kura, i roto i te meka, ka whakanuia whakaaro tino rite. i mahi ratou i roto i te ako o te kuputuhi i roto i te hītori o tona hanganga, me ona huringa katoa. okioki Shakhmatov i runga i ngā rauemi whiwhi i roto i te akoranga o ngā kitenga reo. whakamahia Parehe te i roto i atu huarahi tuhituhi. whakawhanakehia Shakhmatov pukapuka tikanga tātari tauākī. I te wa ano i whakamahia e ia te mau parau tumu o te historicism ka fokotu'u ara o ako puna matatini i roto i ngā puka me putanga katoa. he rota rawa o te wa i oti rawa ia ki papai tahito, te take o te ethnogenesis. whakatakotoria Shakhmatov te pūtake mo te ako hītori o te reo motu tuhituhi, me te te pūtaiao o te tuhi faaino. Ka rite ki mo Parete, te tuatahi arahina e ia i te hui i roto i Kiev. I muri te pōtitia ki te Academy o te pūtaiao whakangaueuetia ia ki mua. hanga noa ia i roto i te Guide parau haapiiraa mua-orurehau e alafalala'anga 'fakaanga. E whakaatu ana tēnei mahi whakaaro mo te māramatanga o te huarahi hou. hāngai Urunga i runga i te aro ki te ako o te puna hītori tuhituhi.

mutunga

He taahiraa tino i roto i te hanganga o te ariā whānui o te tuhi tika ki te mau parau tumu, me huarahi i hanga i roto i te mahi o academician Likhachev. Kua hoatu e te kaituhi mua te whakaaro o te hou qualitatively, whakamana i te hiahia ki te tūhura i te tikanga me te ihirangi o te kaupapa i roto i te pūtake wā. Ko tenei te pae hopea ta te ariā mechanistic, e hāngai ana i runga i te hiahia o te kuputuhi wātaka mua. Ki te wahi o te wā i te wāhi tono, e hāngai ana te nuinga i runga i te otinga o ngā raruraru o te huru whakaputa, kua oho te ako ki te kāwai o te turanga. Whanaketanga o te tuhi rere i roto i te kotahi raina ki te huringa o mua, me te ahurea whānui i roto i te whenua. Tēnei wā tautuhia ngā wāhi matua o te tuhi faaino Russian: literature tahito, ngā wā hou me ngā tuhinga hou, me te pakiwaitara.