Commonwealth o Nations: rārangi o whenua

Commonwealth o Nations - Association o Independent States, e ngā Ingarangi me tokomaha o ona kawanatanga mua, koroni me protectorates. Whenua no ki te Union, e kore e whai mana tōrangapū i runga i tetahi i tetahi. whakatakotoria Ko tōna turanga i roto i 1887, i roto i te tau 1926 tangohia te Whakapuakanga Balfour, a tohutohu tūnga Commonwealth Hakihea 11, 1931 (Ture o Westminster). I muri i ko te Commonwealth rite te uniana o whenua, ngā ki te uniana whaiaro UK.

Pehea ka anga te reira katoa

whakatakotoria te turanga i roto i te rau tau XIX, me i roto i te thirties wawe o te rau tau XX-th i tangohia tikanga tautuhi i te tika o te State Mema o te whakahaere. E ai ki te tuhinga i roto i 1931, te kuini UK ko te upoko o nga whenua ki te ite i te Ture o Westminster, me te mema o te Commonwealth Ingarangi o Nations.

Wä, whakau ana te tuhinga i te mana ā-ture o te kawanatanga, me te waiho i roto i rongoā wahi Conferences o 1926 me 1930. Ka rite ki te hua, e mōhiotia ana te kawanatanga i de märena āhua motuhake, tino rite ki Ingarangi, te ture o Ingarani, me te kore i taea e te tono ki a ratou i waho o ratou whakaae.

I roto i 1947, i te āhuatanga ke ki te huringa o India ki te whenua Republican, me te kore pānga ki te ite i te matenga arii Ingarangi o te kāwanatanga i ki te whakahou i radically nga taketake o te rōpū. Hurihia te ingoa me te whakaaro o te whakahaere - kua riro te reira i te matua misioni fakaetangatá, kaupapa mātauranga, etc ...

I tēnei wā i roto i Commonwealth whenua iwi (tau 53) whakaatu i te huarahi rerekē ki te whakahaere i te āhua. O enei, 16 anake - Commonwealth o te Basileia, ia ite i te British Kuini Elizabeth II Head o State.

Amerika i roto i te uniana

Ko te ara ki te āhuatanga i ngā i roto i te rau tau XXI kua roa. hono State i roto i, me te i roto i o te mema uniana e iri te ka anō tona (tauira tino maitai konei Whītī, nei mema kua whakatārewatia e tika ana ki ngā raruraru uniana ki manapori i roto i te whenua).

Heoi kei te haere tonu Tukanga, hanga, me te huri i te Commonwealth hou. homai te rārangi o whenua e rite ki te kōrero i runga i te paetukutuku mōhiohio:

• Moutere Nehe me Papura;
• Bangladesh;
• Botswana;
• Canada;
• Fiji (anō rite te mema tonu mai Mahuru 26, 2014);
• Guyana;
• Kenya;
• Malawi;
• Malta;
• Namibia;
• Nigeria;
• Rwanda;
• Heikere;
• Motu Horomona;
• Hato Kiti me Newi;
• Tonga;
• Uganda;
• Vanuatu;
• Ahitereiria;
• Barbados;
• Poronai;
• Kaiperu;
• Ghana;
• India;
• Kiribati;
• Malaysia;
• Mauritius;
• Nauru;
• Pakistan;
• St. Lucia;
• Sierra Leone;
• Awherika ki te Tonga;
• Saint Vincent me nga Grenadines;
• Trinidad and Tobago;
• United Basileia;
• Zambia;
• Bahamas;
• Belize;
• Cameroon;
• Tominika;
• Grenada;
• Jamaica;
• Teroto;
• Maldives;
• Mozambique;
• Aotearoa;
• Papua New Guinea;
• Samoa;
• Singapore;
• Sri Lanka;
• Swaziland;
• Tuvalu;
• Tanzania.

Kei roto i te Commonwealth o Nations e fā'ūtaha nga whakaaetanga me mea e kore anake, engari ano tikanga, me te taha wetereo: i roto i 11 whenua, Ingarihi ko tetahi o nga reo e pā ana, a i roto i te tahi atu 11 - te reo mōhiohio anake.

Kāwanatanga o te Commonwealth o Nations

Ka rite ki kī i runga i te paetukutuku e pā ana, ko reira he rōpū tūao o whenua ki ngā uara noa. Ko ōkawa Kuini Elizabeth II upoko o te Commonwealth o Ingarangi o Nations (te rārangi o whenua mema o tenei whakahaere ko tetahi o te nui rawa i roto i te ao), te whakahaere whakahaere o nāianei whakarato te Uepu.

Ko te āhua o te tohatoha mana i roto i te Union e whai ake: 32 āhua he lepupilika, 5 - arikitanga motu, a 16 ite i te matenga o te Kuini o Ingarangi, māngai i roto i ia whenua i te Kawana Tianara. Heoi, e kore e reira te mahi i tetahi mahi ōkawa ngaahi fatongia ranei.

Pakihi

Whakatu i te Commonwealth o Nations rārangi whenua he faahiahia - kua wehea te āhua ki ngā kāwai rerekē e whā, kia rite ki te whakarōpū World Bank (whakahoutia rangatira te tau ki te whakaatu i te motu matotoru mō ia moni mo te tau o mua). O enei, 11 ki te moni nui, 14 - runga-waenganui moni, 18 - i raro toharite, me te 10 - ko te iti-IRR.

He whenua uniana i roto i te mata i roto i ngā ahumahi maha huri noa i te ao: i roto i te tauira - te maina o kohatu utu nui, me te konganuku, te hangarau mōhiohio me te tāpoi.

hanganga o te Commonwealth

Ko te whenua te tuatahi, he te mau melo o te rōpū te United Basileia, Ahitereiria, Canada, Aotearoa, Awherika ki te Tonga. piri ratou te Commonwealth o Nations i 1931. Kua piri Pakistan me India te Union i 1947. Sri Lanka - i roto i te 1948. Fakataha, i whai ahua ai ratou he rārangi o whenua - te mau melo o te matamua o te rōpū.

I roto i te 1957 i piri ratou e Ghana.

I roto i te Heoi, kua riro te Commonwealth Ingarangi o Nations he tua hou: piri te uniana Nigeria (1960), Sierra Leone me Tanzania (1961), Uganda (1962), Kenya (1963), Zambia (1964 ). Next - Guyana, Botswana ko Lesotho (1966), Swaziland (1968)

piri Bangladesh te rōpū i roto i 1972, Papua New Guinea - 1975

A, i te pae hopea, oti te rārangi o nga whenua o Namibia (1990), Mozambique ko Cameroon (1995), Rwanda (2009)

taupori

I roto i ngā o te taupori kua 2.2 piriona iwi Commonwealth o Nations. arahi Expectedly India - 1236,7 miriona. Tawhiti muri reira e i āhua i te taumata kotahi, Pakistan, Bangladesh me Nigeria - 179,2 miriona me 168,8 miriona me 154,7 miriona aua. I roto i te wahi tuawha, piro nui, (kua tangohia tau katoa me raraunga i te pae tukutuku e pā ana o te Commonwealth) te United Basileia - tona taupori rite ki nga whika hou o 62,8 miriona iwi.

Nui i runga i te rohe Canada ni'ai te katoa 34.8 miriona, a nona tuawhenua Ahitereiria 23.1 miriona te iwi.

tümanako Hauora me te ora

Otiia i roto i te mara o te hauora, me te pai-oranga o te katoa ko te ki te kia tūmanakohia - te teitei toharite tümanako ora i roto i Ahitereiria me Singapore (82), Canada me Aotearoa (81 tau), ko te UK, Kaiperu ko Malta (80 tau). I muri Sierra Leone - tau noa 45 (rite o 2012).

arata'i te taua whenua i runga i te taumata o te tamariki me te tamaiti te tahuti, me te metua vahine (rite o 2010-2012.). Ahakoa Sierra Leone - he whenua ki tetahi o nga reiti whanau rawa i roto i te Commonwealth.

Mozambique ko Rwanda

No te tekau tau, kua riro matou ngā mahi me ngā wāhanga o ētahi atu tuhinga whakahaere i te mahi o te rōpū e ko te reira taea e koutou e kore e taea e. He tuhinga kotahi, me te te kaupapa ture, kahore. Ko te pūtake mo te tomokanga, ko te hononga ki te Basileia United - te ara ki te mema i roto i te Commonwealth he tuwhera ki koroni mua, protectorates me kawanatanga. Tenei ture, Heoi, i reira e rua okotahi: Mozambique, he koroni Portuguese mua, ko Rwanda, he koroni mua o Belgium me Germany.

Ko te tuatahi o ratou - tetahi o whenua rawakore o te ao. Mozambique - he āhua mema o te Commonwealth o Nations "kore i te tika, engari i te aroha noa." ka eke ia ki te rironga i muri i nga hoa tata katoa, kua tono ngā mema o te rōpū o Mozambique (ko tetahi o te ariā tenei).

Whakamārama ko e whai ake: i muri i motuhake i roto i te tau 1975, kua kawea hanganga nui ki waho, ka peia te nuinga o ngā tāngata whai Portuguese. whawhati whawhai Civil i roto i, tahi e te aituā nui i roto i te taupori me te hekenga o ngā tau nui o rerenga.

mutu anake te whawhai i roto i te 1992 - kahore he mea whakamiharo i ko te whenua i roto i te heke. Mema i roto i te Commonwealth rite te katoa he hua mo te kāwanatanga - he pono tenei ara mo Rwanda, i whakahaere hoki ki te ora i te wa pakeke (tae atu ki te kohuru).

Ko te tūranga me ngā whāinga i roto i te pā ana ki ona ngā mema

I teie mahana, Kei te whakahaere ngā mema o te Commonwealth Ingarangi o Nations i roto i rua ahunga - ki te whakatairanga i te mau parau tumu, me tikanga o te manapori me te whakatairanga o te whanaketanga. Ko te reira i te rua o nui, i muri i te United Nations, haumi ao. Ingarihi whai wāhi whakakotahi rawa nui, rawa inaianei e kua riro te reo he ara o te kōrero pakihi.

Ingarangi me ētahi atu e whenua whakawhanakehia kawea atu i roto i te anga o ngā misioni fakaetangata o te Union, tautoko i roto i ao ōhanga me te tahi atu. Ahakoa he motuhake ōkawa katoa āhua mema Commonwealth, whai wāhi taua āwhina ki te pānga o te utua te reira ki te hunga e hiahia ana i te reira.

Ko te tūranga o te UK i roto i te Union

I roto i te aamu, i te hanganga o ngā rōpū, me te atu, ke te tūranga o te UK me te huru ki tenei uniana. I roto i te hawhe tuatahi o XX-th rau, i tuku ai ki rite kore anake te Hau Peretane. Neke atu i te wa, kua neke te kaupapa matua kaupapa here ki te taha EU, e titiro rawa whaihua. Heoi, i roto i te marama o whanaketanga tata i roto i te EU, te whakaaro o te whakapakari me te whanaketanga o whanaunga kia titiro piki ataahua, hoatu pehea whānui te rārangi hanga i te āhua Commonwealth.

I roto i te tautoko o tenei akoranga e taea te whakaatu ai me te whanonga Ingarangi ki Ahitereiria. I roto i tenei whenua, kaitautoko o te puka Republican o te kāwanatanga i te tūranga rawa kaha, ka kōrero e pā ana ki te withdrawal i te reo Commonwealth wā.

Haerenga ki Ahitereiria o te mau melo o te utuafare kingi Ingarangi, me te te marena i roto i te 2011 o Prince William ko Keyt Middlton kua kairau a te tūranga i roto i te whakatairanga i te mana o te whare Windsor. Whakatangi i runga i te tauākī 2011 o diplomats Ingarangi, kua turakina enei haerenga te taea o te tahuri Ahitereiria ki te käwanatanga i roto i te heke mai e tata ana.

Tirohia o Kuini Elizabeth II me Prince William, me te te marena kingi Waretini moni Ahitereiria, heoi, ka mea ano rangatira te hapori Ahitereiria i roto i te heke mai ka feinga ki te tiki atu i te kaha o te kuini, ara ki te he fakataipe anake tenei mana.

I roto i te tauākī, kī te FCO e arahina te huringa taupori i roto i te whenua ki te whakaiti i roto i te maha o tangata e ite te hopoia ratou hononga ki Ingarangi. I te wa ano, he ōrau nui o te taupori whakapono e te haamauraa o te käwanatanga - he wā faufaa i roto i te hanganga o te kāwanatanga.

Etahi o te tahi atu mau fenua o te Commonwealth o Nations, Heoi, tautoko te whakaaro o te mahi piri. Kua oti whakahuatia taua tono, engari kihai i riro te tautoko te nuinga no te mea o āwangawanga i mua i nga hiahia emepaea o te Basileia United.

He iti tonu te tūponotanga o te tuitui - taumata rawa rerekē o te whanaketanga e kore whakatairanga kïnakitanga whakawhanakehia production, te nuinga o nga whenua i te taumata o raro, whakataetae, rite hua ratou nga taonga taua rite ranei. Otiia, he reira tautoko painga i atu whakawhanakehia. He drawback nui o te Commonwealth, Heoi, whakaaro e kore e whai reira tikanga kaha ki te whakaawe ona ngā mema - anake te kōwhiringa ko te whakatārewatanga o mema i roto i te whakahaere.