Budget - Ko ... takanga me te whakaaetanga o te pūtea

Ia kāwanatanga he ona ake pūtea. Ko maheni ki te nuinga o tangata Russian te whakamāramatanga o tenei wā. I roto i ētahi wā, i huaina ai ko "Tumuaki Law Pūtea" ranei "tuhinga" o te kāwanatanga. Heoi, i reira e ano pūtea rohe, me te terenga. He āhuatanga ratou mahi. He aha te mea te hanganga o te pūnaha pūtea? Kia pehea te ko te "matua" ture pūtea o te kāwanatanga?

Ko te whakamāramatanga

"Budget" - te reira i roto i te reo Ingarihi, "putea". Ko te rahui, e i teie mahana te tino maha matau rite pūtea. kia whai ratou i te ahua, i tetahi o ona āhua mema, pa, te whare, takitahi ranei. He he he pūtea o te whakahaere, e kore e taea e nei e whai i te hononga ki te kāwanatanga. Te wā i roto i te pātai - te ao. Ka taea e whai ia ona ake hanganga pūtea. O te akoranga, kei te nuinga o tono te wā ki te tangi fetu'utaki mo e kakaí. Pehea e tangi reira whakamāramatanga tika?

tukuna nga tohunga Russian te taiao e whai ake nei. Pūtea - unu ake i te Kawanatanga o te whenua, rohe pa ranei rārangi o moni me utu i roto i te pā ana ki te wā motuhake o te wa, kua oti nei te whakaaetia i runga i whakapumautia ture. Tātaitanga o hua me utu e te tikanga tatau - whakaata i te wheako tino pea.

Te ōhanga Russian, ko te tino nui te tūranga o te rāngai tūmatanui. Kua tautuhi ētahi tohunga reira rite te mata. A no te mea e taea te kite i ngā whakarerekētanga i roto i te taiao o waho e pa ana i te hua rite āhuatanga kino mo te ōhanga motu Russian me te tupu o moni.

taumata pūtea i roto i Russia

I roto i te mahi Russian reira e rave rahi taumata o te faaineineraa, me te mahi o te pūtea - hānga, rohe, me te rohe. Ka taea te mahue te taumata-rohe āhua kotahitanga. Ko te hunga e te hunga tino kaha iho o federalism, hei tauira, i roto i te US - ara pūtea terenga taea te wehea ki ngā rerekē.

He he he kē i roto i nei tāpiri ake nga whika mo ia o nga taumata o te pūtea Russian. I hanga he huinga noa o tohu pūtea. I roto i tenei take, he pūtea whakakotahi o te whenua. Kei te whakamahia te reira, ki te hiahia koe ki te matapae te tātai macroeconomic ranei.

Hua me haamau'araa

E puna whiwhi kāwanatanga, rohe municipality ranei? He aha e nga puna matua o te pūtea? Kei te maha takoha moni runga rite, excises, mau ohipa, me ētahi atu utu e pā ana ki a ratou. E tonoa ratou ki te taonga kia homaitanga. Ahakoa i roto i ētahi wā whakarato te ture mo te tetahi ahua o taua ruritanga, i roto i nei ki te tikanga āhua tata i roto i te puka whakataka utu i te pūtea, ano e whakamahia.

Whakapaunga ngā moni, i, i roto i te runga ki paerewa whakapumautia e te ture, tikanga ki te moni i te mahi whakamana i te kāwanatanga, me te terenga mana. Ngā taunekeneke i waenganui i ngā ahanoa takitahi ki te whiwhi i ēnei moni e taea te whakarōpūtia huaina pūtea sistemoy.Raskhody pūtea ki ngā paearu taketake rua. Tuatahi, ko reira ratou hononga tari. E whakarōpūtia Whakapaunga i roto i tenei take e hāngai ana i runga i te tohatoha o ngä roto i pā ana ki ngā kaiwhiwhi motuhake. Tuarua, i te mea he taea me te ōhanga whakarōpū. I roto i tenei take, kua whakarōpūtia utu e hāngai ana i runga i to ratou natura, takotoranga manga.

Mahi me te uara pūtea

whakaoti tatou i te whakamāramatanga o "pūtea" i te ariā o te mōhiohio i runga i te mea i te mahi matua mahi te reira. Tuatahi, he mea he tohatoha anō ataahua o ngā rauemi pūtea i roto i te anga o te moni motu. Ko te meka e rohe rerekē o te whenua, ina tae mai te reira ki a Russia, i rerekē ngā taumata o te whanaketanga ōhanga. Mai i te wahi hua ake āwhina haere ki te wahi i reira he he hiahia mo te tautoko pūtea. Tuarua, akiaki ana te pūtea i te whanaketanga o te ōhanga ā-motu mā te whakamana tangata, mahi i roto i ngā pokapū kāwanatanga, te mana hoko. A toru, e whakarato ana te reira mo te whanaketanga o ao matua hapori nui - mātauranga, rongoā, te ope.

Te hanganga me te taumata o te pūtea

Kia kite a pehea te hanganga o te pūtea kāwanatanga. Kua karangatia e matou i te reira mahi. Hei whakatika i to ratou whakatinanatanga titau te pūnaha hāngai solves te raruraru o te tohatoha anō o moni, me te mana muri ki runga i tona whakamahi. Ko te kupu, ko te pūtea - ko te rauemi, te tikanga centralized, a ka whakarato hoki i te raupapatanga o ngā kaupapa, kua whakamahia te reira.

Kia pehea te ko te tohatoha o te mana mo te whanaketanga o te iwi whānui rauemi pūtea? Ko te tūranga matua i konei no ki te Federal Treasury. Kia pehea te Ko te pāhekoheko i waenganui i te pokapū me te kaupapa o te Kotahitanga i roto i te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga tari? Hoki tona mahi i roto i te mara o te mātauranga, ko te haepapa Federal Tāhuhu o te faaohiparaa i te mana i runga i te hanganga o te ana'iraa o raro. Waihoki - i roto i te tahi atu tari - te Manatū o Hauora, Tāhuhu o Internal Affairs. hanganga pūtea i roto i te āhuatanga o te tohatoha o moni i waenganui i te pokapū e hānga ana, me te rohe i roto i Russia he rite ki te tauira kāwanatanga. He Office rohe o te Federal Treasury. Ki a ratou, ka tēra te ki te tohatoha o te moni me te whakahaere pūtea o rerenga pūtea.

te whakawhanakehia kupu te pūtea o te rohe, i roto i te akoranga o te ngā tika i waenganui i nga mana i raro ki te Treasury o te Federation. I te wa ano, tautuhi ana ture i te takere roto i te rohe e taea whakakiia ratou ake rahui pūtea. Ka taea te kō atu pūtea o te rohe, me te tahi atu tumu parau o te Kotahitanga i takoha rohe, me te te hea whiwhi i etahi momo o utu e hānga ana.

Ahua rerekē ko te take, ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te taumata terenga. Ko te nuinga o tawhiti i te matatau kāwanatanga City pūtea me te whakahaere. e karangatia hua mo te ētahi o nga municipalities ki te tiki i to ratou ake. Ko te rauemi matua mō tenei whakaaro - te hoko o te taonga e puritia e te pa rohe ranei, me te ratonga utua whakaratohia e ngā tari kāwanatanga ā-rohe. I roto i ētahi wā, riro te taumata o te pūtea rohe te pütea atu i te āhua. Hoki, kua whakakiia te taonga terenga i wehea i roto i runga i te ture tāke - tika, rite whakaritea e te ture o te Federal Tāke Ratonga o hanganga deductions ranei. Pea te ētahi o te pūtea pa i te utu o etahi momo o utu kāwanatanga whakatupato e pareparenga e mahi i runga i te rohe o te municipality.

Pūtea municipalities, rite ratou tairitenga e hānga ana kia whakatōpū hōputu. E ko, ko reira he huinga o hua me te parekura, whakaata whakataunga motuhake. Pūtea e, i roto i te tahuri, ka taea e te hanga kei runga i to ratou rohe o kainga. kia whakahaere ai te whanaketanga o ēnei tuhinga pūtea rohe i runga i te taumata o tinana kāwanatanga-whaiaro.

Ko te mahi o municipalities - ki te whakarato i te pūtea rohe toenga e tika ana, tautukunga ki te ture whakapumautia e te ture e hānga ana. Kei roto i tēnei kaupapa here whakatutuki i te mahi kau o mahere pūtea, me te nama.

Ko te wāhi matua o te ngā i waenganui i municipalities me tinana tūmatanui i roto i te rohe o te kaupapa here moni - te pūrongo tuatahi i roto i te faatura ki te muri. Te tikanga, whakaritea nei e te ture e hāngai ana, municipalities tonoa ki te hanganga mana rohe pūrongo i runga i te āhua o i mahi i te pūtea rohe.

Tarepa me te toenga

kia kau, tuwhene me whārite te pūtea. I roto i te take tuatahi, hua mo te wā kotahi - utu o raro. I roto i te take tuarua - i runga i te anga ke. I te toru o te taurite kitea te (i ngā tukunga iti). I roto i economists, whakapono maha tohunga (whakaratohia e kore ko reira tino nui) te täkupu takarepa. Ko te pūtea whakaritea mo te taunoa i roto i te maha ngā take unu na. Ka rite ki te tikanga, puritia, ōhanga whakataetae ko reira nga wa katoa te tahi mea ki te whakaki. He aha?

Tuatahi, ko reira te tuku o ngā momo o peeke (te nuinga o te here kāwanatanga). hokona ratou te investor, i roto i te utu mo etahi ahua o te titauraa (ko te tikanga tenei te utu o te moni i te tahi wa i muri), te āhua - te whakamahi i te hua ki te utu i te tarepa pūtea. I roto i Russia, taua here rawa.

Tuarua, ka taea e te mea taurewa pūtea. Tenei kai, e kia whiwhi ai i te rahui pūtea rohe, me te terenga.

Te toru, ka taea e te pūtea āwhina i te Central Bank i te whakarato i te moni e tika ana.

hanga ake nga whakaritenga i runga ake i te takarepa e ā. Ko reira e ano rauemi waho. Ko ētahi o ēnei:

- te hoko o here i runga i te mākete o te ao;

- kukume loans i hinonga tūmataiti ke;

- pūtea taurewa i kāwanatanga ke;

E mea pinepine e whakamahi nga tikanga roto, o waho te wā kotahi. He maha ngā tohunga whakapono e te rahi te ti'aturiraa i roto i te ōhanga o te kāwanatanga i nga moni motu, me te ao, ka taea e iti te wehi hei te kāwanatanga e pā ana ki te tarepa pūtea. Na reira, kaitätari whakapono reira he iti whakamiharo wāhi e i roto i maha nga whenua whakawhanakehia, tae atu i te Hononga o Amerika, kia rite ki herenga nama kāwanatanga rite ki te 100% o te GDP atu ara ranei. Na e feunga whakawhirinaki kaituku te pūmautanga o te ōhanga o te whenua te wahi e hoko ratou here. Ahakoa, i reira he he wāhi ritenga o te tirohanga. I ona utu ki te pūtea mā te tono ake ki kore e taea e whakarato. Maoro, e mutu te kāwanatanga rauemi ki te taviniraa nama ke.

Kia pehea te ko te pūtea Russian

A feruri i te mea ko to koutou pūtea, te whakamāramatanga o te wā, tirohia pehea te riro i te reira. I runga i te tauira o te tikanga whakahaere i roto i Russia. Tuatahi, me pehea puta pūtea.

Ko te tukanga i roto i te pātai, tā te whakatau i te nui e tika ana o te moni e te hunga e tika ana ki te kāwanatanga ki te pūtea i te mahi o nga tinana haepapa mō te whakaoti etahi raruraru. Kei te whakawhanake te pūtea tauira te Tāhuhu o Finance o Russia. Ka rite ki te tikanga, ka tīmata te mahi i runga i te pūtea mō te ngā i te tau kua i roto i te Hānuere whakamutunga.

Ko te mahi tuatahi, ko te Tāhuhu o Finance simulates tauari rerekē i roto i nei te ōhanga e taea te whakawhanake. Ki te whakaaetia e ratou i te Kawanatanga, ka tīmata te ti'amâraa ki faataa puna o ngā tauira moni me te whakapaunga. He mea nui ki te whai wā ki te mahi i reira tae noa ki te 15 o Hōngongoi. I muri - te pūtea tauira tonoa kotahi ano ki te Kawanatanga kia whiriwhiria. Kei a ia he marama i roto i ki te hanga whakaaro hei whakapai ake o te tuhinga. I muri - te pūtea haere ki te State Duma. e tenei tukanga wahi i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga.

Tuatahi, ko te pūtea tauira o nga kawana State Duma e ako ia ratou. Tenei whai wāhi hoki ngā tohunga whai wāhi i roto i te Komiti Budget. I muri, kua tonoa te tuhinga ki te atu hanganga Duma, te peresideni me Counting Whare, a kua te mutunga kua homai. I muri i haere haamata katoa o enei wāhanga whakaaetanga o te pūtea.

Ko te tukanga o te whakaae pūtea

Tenei tukanga, me te te faaineineraa o te tuhinga matua pūtea o te kāwanatanga, timata i roto i te State Duma. Me haere katoa i roto i wha pānuitanga.

I roto i te Ruma State tuatahi ki te whakawhiti kōrero mō te ariā o te pūtea, kei te rite te reira ki te matapae o te whanaketanga o te ōhanga motu, me te ki te kaupapa matua o te kaupapa here tāke. He te ako o nga āhuatanga taketake o te tuhinga - puna o moni, utu, ahakoa kahore ranei i te mahere o te pūtea takarepa.

I roto i te rua i te pānui whakaaetia e nga tūemi o whakapaunga rite ki te kaupapa whakarōpū whakapumautia. Kei te whakaritea te reira e te uara o te tautoko o te Pūtea mo te Russian Federation. Ko te wā i roto i nei kia whai i te State Duma wa ki whakaaro te pūtea i roto i te rua i te pānui, mai i te hanga ona tuatahi - ra 15.

E tāutu ana te toru o pānui tuhinga motuhake i runga i utu, me tari whakaritea haepapa mō te whakamahi tika o moni. Ko te wā, i te mea e tika ana ki te whakatau i te State Duma o te whakatamarikitanga o te tuhinga i roto i te rua i te pānui - 25 ra.

pānui wha ngā whakaaro o ngā whakatikatika ka taea ki te pūtea. Reira torotoro hoki kōwhiringa mō te tohatoha o hua me ngā utu i runga i te pūtake toru marama.

Kua oti ngā wāhanga katoa o kōrero i roto i te State Duma tonoa te pūtea hukihuki kei te ki te whare o runga o te Paremata Russian - te Kaunihera Federation. Ki te whakaae ki te kaumatua te tuhinga, kua tonoa mai te reira no te waitohu ki te peresideni. I muri - riro te mana o te ture e hānga ana. Tīmata tau i muri mai, kei te timata i te tikanga whakaratohia hoki reira ki te kia whakatinana.

Whakatinanatanga o te pūtea

Budget - Ko reira te ture ki te hei mahi tika. Te kawenga mō tana tari - te Federal Treasury, fakamatala ki te Kawanatanga. Ētahi tohunga haapapu te meka e i roto i te mahi o te hanganga pūtea o te whakahaere e kore e taea te hanga i tetahi menemana ki te tuhinga. kia whai ratou i te mana o te ture e hānga ana e kua riro hoki ki te whai wāhitanga o te State Duma, te Kaunihera Federation me te peresideni. Budget - ko te tuhinga, i te mea riro te whakatinanatanga taunoa i roto i tona ahua taketake. Ki te kahore he he hiahia ki te whakahou i nga tūemi o whakapaunga te tuhinga pūtea matua o te kāwanatanga (rite te tikanga, i roto i ngā take pērā e korero tatou e pā ana ki te whakaiti ia ratou), te kitenga o te tukanga o te sequestration te. I roto i Russia, tona āhuatanga matua ko e, ki te ka te tango i te mana whakatau e tika ana, e heke te utu i roto i te pūtea i runga i kaute katoa - i roto i nga marama mai i te whakatamarikitanga o te ture i runga i sequestration taea noatia te mutunga o te tau.

Mana pehea mahi i te pūtea kei te i te wa ano, i te rua peka o te kāwanatanga. Ki te ko te hanganga māngai tenei - ko reira he pātai o te mana pāremata. Ki te tenei ti'amâraa, fakamatala ki te kāwanatanga - te te tirotiro whakahaere e ōrite ana tuku ki.

E whakaritea Taumahi o mana pāremata ki te Chamber o Accounts. Ko te ti'amâraa e te mana ki te whakahaere inspections - i roto i te manatü, i roto i o ratou hanganga, me te hinonga, e ai kia i roto i te tahi mau ara whai wāhi i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te pūtea. takoto te Chamber Tātari te ki tuku pūrongo toru marama ki te anga hanganga ture i runga i te āhua o ki te whakanui i te ture pūtea tūmatanui matua. Ano, te tinana pāremata whakarato whakaaro i runga i te pūrongo hangaia e te Kawanatanga, e pā ana hoki ki te ahunga whakamua pūtea mahia.

Me pēhea te ki te mahi i ngā tukanga ōrite i te taumata-rohe, me te terenga? I roto i te whānui, e rite ki te hunga kawea i roto i na hanganga mana e hānga ana i raro ki te hanganga ture ki te RF Budget Code nga ngā tukanga.

Ka taea te kitea te rerekētanga nui i roto i te ngā tukanga kawea atu i te taumata terenga. Hei tauira, i roto i te tahi mau pa me rohe o Russia te tūranga o te tavana - ārahi, i roto i te tahi mau rave'a rite ki te tūranga o te peresideni o correlative ki ētahi atu mana. Ko reira he municipalities te wahi te pou o te matenga o te whakahaere - kaua iti. He he he wāhi nui takaro e te pāremata rohe.

Ko te taa o te whakaaetanga me te arotake o pūtea terenga wai i roto i te meka e kia te meka katoa mo tenei tukanga e whakaputaina ōkawa. E pā ana tēnei ki ngā wāhanga katoa o te mahi o mana ā-rohe. Tīmata i te whakatau e farii te pūtea, me te mutu ki te pūrongo i runga i te mahia o te tuhinga matua pūtea o te municipality. Ano, hoki ki te kia hanga tūmatanui mōhiohio, ngā te āhua toru marama o te mōhiohio i runga i te āhua o mahi i te pūtea te.

Pūtea tāpiri, subvention moni ranei?

Whakatau he aha te mea te tūranga o te pūtea e ui i te āhua o tenei āhuatanga, ka waiho reira whai hua ki te pānui i etahi o nga ngā hāngai ki te tuhinga matua pūtea o te kāwanatanga. Ko te tohunga pāpāho Russian, etahi o ratou e whakamahia wā.

Ko reira whai hua ki te mohio te mea horo'a mai. Na roto i tenei wā i matau i roto i te moni Russian whakaratohia e te pūtea o tetahi taumata ki tetahi. E hiahiatia ana moni i roto i te wā i reira mana'o te ahanoa o ratou taenga te hiahia ki te taupoki ana i te utu tūturu. whakaratohia ana tēnei mehua te tautoko pūtea mō te kore utu.

Kei te maha te wā "moni" whakamahia i roto i te horopaki ki "subventions". I te tahi taime e tāutuhia ara enei ariā e rua. Otiia e kore e he pono tenei. I raro i te subventions i Russia matau te rite te tikanga ki te pūtea o tetahi taumata ki tetahi me whakawhitinga noa o te tiaki, Heoi, hoki etahi take motuhake.

ngā rua, whakahuatia i runga ake, he tata "pūtea tāpiri". Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i reira, he kite subventions me āwhina a. Ko te ahanoa o whiwhi moni e taea e kore anake te taumata rerekē o te pūtea, engari ano hoki tangata maori, ranei whakahaere. Ko te paearu matua i roto i tenei take - te takenga o te whakapaipai kāwanatanga. Ka rite ki te tikanga, te karaati - ko reira he moni wāhanga. Kei te mohio ki te reira e ko te wāhi pūtea hoki i ētahi atu puna o moni.

He he tetahi āhuatanga ngā - taurewa pūtea. Tenei whakaratonga o te tautoko pūtea kāwanatanga, i roto i te tahuri, i runga i te pūtake tino reimbursable.